°Ëϲµç×ÓÊé > ¾­¹ÜÆäËûµç×ÓÊé > ¿ñÒ°Ö§ÕÐȨ¹ó¿ñ½øµÄ"ÕÅÎÞ³£" >

µÚ1²¿·Ö

¿ñÒ°Ö§ÕÐȨ¹ó¿ñ½øµÄ"ÕÅÎÞ³£"-µÚ1²¿·Ö

С˵£º ¿ñÒ°Ö§ÕÐȨ¹ó¿ñ½øµÄ"ÕÅÎÞ³£" ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡À¸¡¡Ä¿¡¡Ê÷¡¡ÐΡ¡µ¼¡¡º½



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡×¢²á¡¡¡¤¡¡µÇ¼¡¡¡¤¡¡·¢±íÎÄÕ¡¡¡¤¡¡¶ÌÏûÏ¢¡¡¡¤¡¡ÉèΪÊ×Ò³¡¡¡¤¡¡¼ÓÈëÊղء¡¡¤¡¡·±ówÖÐÎÄ¡¡¡¤¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ã«Ö÷ϯ¼ÍÄîÌá¡£ü¡¡ÎÚÓÐÖ®ÏçÊéÉç¡¡£ü¡¡ÍøÕ¾Ê×Ò³¡¡£ü¡¡È«Õ¾ÎÄÕÂË÷Òý¡¡£ü¡¡×îÐÂÆÀÂÛÎÄÕ¡¡£ü¡¡×îÐÂÎÄÕ¡¡£ü¡¡×îÐÂÖö¥¡¡£ü×îÐÂÈÈÃÅ¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ÎÄÕÂÖÐÐÄÊ×Ò³
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ÎÚÓÐÖ®Ïç
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ÀíÏëÖ®ÂÃ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡·ç»ªÕýï
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡²Æ¾­ÊÓµã
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ê±´ú¹Û²ì
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¹ú¼Ê×ݺá
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ë¼³±Åöײ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ÀúÊ·ÊÓÒ°
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ºÏ×÷֮·
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü


¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ÖлªÎÄ»¯
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¶ÁÊé½»Á÷
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ÎÄÒÕÐÂÉú
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ÍøÓÑÖ®Éù
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ÍøÓÑʱÆÀ
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü





¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ÄúÏÖÔÚµÄλÖ㺡¡ÎÚÓÐÖ®Ïç¡¡¡·¡·¡¡ÎÄÕÂÖÐÐÄ¡¡¡·¡·¡¡²Æ¾­Êӵ㡡¡·¡·¡¡ÕýÎĽñÌìÊÇ£º¡¡2010Äê9ÔÂ13ÈÕ¡¡ÐÇÆÚÒ»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Õ¾ÄÚÎÄÕÂËÑË÷ÎÄÕ±êÌâÎÄÕÂ×÷Õß¼¡¡Èë¡¡Õ߹ؼü×Ö¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ËùÓÐÀ¸Ä¿ÎÚÓÐÖ®ÏçÀíÏëÖ®Â÷绪Õýï²Æ¾­ÊÓµãʱ´ú¹Û²ì¹ú¼Ê×ݺá˼³±ÅöײÀúÊ·ÊÓÒ°ºÏ×÷֮·ÖлªÎÄ»¯¶ÁÊé½»Á÷ÎÄÒÕÐÂÉúÍøÓÑÖ®ÉùÍøÓÑʱÆÀ¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡


¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¿ñÒ°Ö§ÕÐȨ¹ó¿ñ½øµÄ¡°ÕÅÎÞ³£¡±

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡×÷ÕߣºÀϹ²²úµ³ÈË¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ÎÄÕ·¢ÓÚ£ºÎÚÓÐÖ®Ïç¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡µã»÷Êý£º3707¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¸üÐÂʱ¼ä£º2010¡­9¡­10¡¡¡¡¶¥¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¼ö¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¾×ÖÌ壺С¡¡´ó¡¿
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¾¸´ÖƱ¾ÎÄ¡¿¡¡¡¾ÏÂÔر¾ÎÄ¡¿¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¿ñÒ°Ö§ÕÐȨ¹ó¿ñ½øµÄ¡°ÕÅÎÞ³£¡±

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ë¼Î¬¼«¶ËÊÞÐÔ¡¢Òâʶ·èñ²¹ÖÒì¡¢ÓïÑÔ¿ñÀ˲»¾ÐµÄ×ʲú½×¼¶ºÍ×ʱ¾Ö÷ÒåÏÈ·æÕÅÎå³£¡ª¡ª¡°ÕÅÎÞ³£¡±£¬1935Äê³öÉúÔÚÏã¸Û£¬1945ÄêÔڹ㶫·ðɽ»ªÓ¢ÖÐѧ¸½Ð¡¶ÁÊé²¢ÓÚ1948Äê·µ»ØÏã¸Û£¬1957Äêµ½¼ÓÄôóÁôѧ£¬1959Äêµ½Âåɼ·¯¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ¾Í¶Á£¬1967Äê»ñµÃ²©Ê¿Ñ§Î»ÓÖµ½Ö¥¼Ó¸ç´óѧ¶Á²©Ê¿ºó£¬1969ÄêÖÁ1982ÄêÔÚÃÀ¹úÎ÷ÑÅͼ»ªÊ¢¶Ù´óѧ½ÌÊ飬1982ÄêÆðÖÁ2000ÄêÔÚÏã¸Û´óѧ¾­¼Ã½ðÈÚѧԺÈÎÔº³¤¡£ÕÅÎå³£1967Ä꡶µèÅ©ÀíÂÛ¡·µÄÂÛÎÄ»ñÖ¥¼Ó¸ç´óѧÕþÖξ­¼Ãѧ½±£¬ÔÚ»ªÊ¢¶Ù´óѧÆÚ¼äÔøÎå´Î»ñµÃÃÀ¹ú¿Æѧ»ù½ð»áÑо¿×ÊÖú£¬½øÐÐËùνµÄ½»Ò×·ÑÓᢺÏÔ¼ÀíÂÛ¡¢Ïã¸Û×âÎݺÏÔ¼¼°·¢Ã÷רÀûµÈÑо¿£¬1967ÄêÆðÔøÊÜƸÓÚÃÀ¹úµç»°¹«Ë¾¡¢ÃÀ¹úºÍ¼ÓÄôóÕþ¸®»ú¹¹£¬ÒÔ¼°ÃÀæڵȶà¼ÒʯÓ͹«Ë¾µ±¹ËÎʹ¤×÷¡£¾Ý˵Öйú¸Ä¸ï¿ª·ÅºóµÄ1980Ä꣬ÃÀ¹ú¹Ù·½ÎªÁË¡°°ïÖúÖйúÈËÌá¸ß¾­¼Ãѧ֪ʶˮƽ¡±¡ª¡ª°´¾­¼Ã¹æÂÉ°ìÊ£¬¾­¾«ÐÄÌôÑ¡ÕÅÎå³£À´»ª³Ðµ£ÒýÁìºÍ´«½Ì×ßÏò×ʱ¾Ö÷ÒåµÄʹÃü£¬¸ÛÓ¢µ±¾ÖÁ¢¼´½«Æä°²ÅÅΪÏã¸Û´óѧµ£Èξ­¼ÃѧԺԺ³¤¡£ÕÅÎå³£×÷Ϊ½Ìʦ½²¿Î´ÓÀ´²»±¸¿Î£¬Ò²²»Òª½²Ò壬¸ü²»ÔÚºÚ°åÉÏÊéдʲô¶«Î÷£¬ÔÚ¡°ÕÅ¿ñ˽¡±¿´À´±¸¿ÎÊǶà´ËÒ»¾Ù£¬´ÓÀ´¾ÍûÓÐÏëµ½ÏëÒªÒ»±¾½Ì¿ÆÊ飬¶øÊÇÐØÖеÄÀíÄîת»»³É½Ì¸øѧÉúÈçºÎÓ¦ÓÃ×ʱ¾Ö÷Òå¾­¼ÃѧµÄÍÆÀí¡¢·½·¨¼°¼ÙÉèȥ˼¿¼ÎÊÌâ¡¢½âÊÍÏÖʵµÄ¾­¼ÃÉú»î£¬Òò¶øÔÚ1991ÄêÏã¸Û´óѧ¾ÙÐеġ°×î²î½Ìѧ½±¡±ÍÆÑ¡Öб»ÍƾÙѡΪ¡°×îÁӵĽÌʦ¡±¡£ÕÅÎå³£1997¡ª1998Äê¶È±»ÃÀ¹ú°²ÅÅΪÎ÷²¿¾­¼Ãѧ»á»á³¤£¬ÔÚʵʩÆä¡°ÒÔÏã¸ÛΪ»ùµØ£¬ÏòÖйú´ó½´«²¥¹ØÓÚ˽Óл¯µÄÊг¡ÀíÂÛ¡±µÄʹÃü¹ý³ÌÖУ¬1988ÄêÇ××Ô°²ÅŲ¢ÅãͬÐÂ×ÔÓÉÖ÷Òå´óʦ¸¥ÀïµÂÂüÀ´»ª·ÃÎÊ£¬Êܵ½µ±Ê±Ö÷¿ØÖйúÊг¡¾­¼ÃÖ÷½«µÄÕÔ×ÏÑô½Ó¼û£¬²¢ÍƼöÁ˼۸ñ¸Ä¸ï¡°Ò»²½µ½Î»¡±¡¢¡°¼Û¸ñ´³¹Ø¡±¡°³¤Í´²»Èç¶ÌÍ´¡±£¬ÒÔ¼°¡°Ò»À¿×ÓÊг¡¸Ä¸ï¡±µÈËùν¡°¸Ä¸ï¡±£¬½á¹û´Ù·¢Í¨»õÅòÕÍ£¬Òý·¢1989¶¯ÂÒ²¢´ßÉúÁËÕÔÊϵÄÏĄ̂£¬ÓÉ´ËÕÅÎå³£¼¸ºõ±ä³ÉÁËÎÞÈ˲»Öª¡¢ÎÞÈ˲»ÏþµÄÖØÁ¿¼¶ÈËÎï¡£´ÓÕÅÎå³£µÄÃæÏàÉÏ¿´¾ÍÏñÒ»Ö»ÕøÄüµÄ¹ÖÊÞ£¬´ÓÆäËùÖ÷Õźͷ¢±íµÄÑÔ´ÇÀ´ËµÊÇÒ»¸ö·è¿ñµÄ¡°Ò»Ë½¾ÍÁ顱ħÊÞ£¬ÈýÊ®ÄêÀ´Ò»Ö±æÜæܲ»¾ëµØµã²¦Öйú¸ß¹ÙȨ¹ó¼¯ÍÅÏò±©¸»µÄÊг¡¾­¼Ã¹ý¶É£¬Æä×÷Æ·¡¶µèÅ©ÀíÂÛ¡·¡¢¡¶ÂôéÙÕßÑÔ¡·¡¢¡°Éç»á³É±¾µÄÉñ»°¡±¡¢¡°Öйú»á×ßÏò¡®×ʱ¾Ö÷Ò塯µÄµÀ·Â𣿡±¡¢¡°ÖйúµÄǰ;¡±¡¢¡°ÔÙÂÛÖйúµÄǰ;¡±µÈ£¬ÒÔ¼°ÎÄÕ¡°Ë½ÓвúȨÓë·Ö³É×âµè¡±¡¢¡°½»Ò׳ɱ¾¡¢·çÏÕ¹æ±ÜÒÔ¼°ºÏÔ¼°²ÅŵÄÑ¡Ôñ¡±¡¢¡°ºÏÔ¼½á¹¹ºÍ·ÇרÓÐ×ÊÔ´ÀíÂÛ¡±¡¢¡°¼Û¸ñ¹ÜÖÆÀíÂÛ¡±¡¢¡°ÆóÒµµÄºÏÔ¼ÐÔÖÊ¡±¡¢¡°½»Ò׳ɱ¾·¶Ê½¡±µÈ£¬ÕâЩÆæ̸¹ÖÂ۵ijöÁýºÍ±»¸ß¹ÙƵƵ²ÉÓ㬶ÔȨ¹óÔÚÖйúʵʩ°þ¶áÐÔ±©¸»ºÍ×ʱ¾Ö÷ÒåÁìÓòµÄ¸´±ÙÍƽø£¬ÔÚ·¢»ÓÁËÖØÒªÍƽø×÷ÓõÄͬʱ£¬Ö±½Ó¶ÔÖйúÀͶ¯´óÖÚ²úÉúÁËÉîÖصĺó¹û¡£¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡×Û¹Û¡°ÕÅ¿ñ˽¡±²ú³öµÄËùÓÐÖøÊöÓëÑÔÂÛ£¬Æä·ÖÎöÉç»áºÍÎÊÌâµÄÁ¢×ãµãÊÇ˽ÓÐÖÆ£¬Ö÷ÕÅ·¢Õ¹µÄÁ¢³¡ºÍ·½ÏòÊÇ˽ÓÐÖÆ£¬²ÉÓõķ½·¨ºÍµÃ³öµÄ½áÂÛÒ²Ö»ÓС°Ò»Ë½¾ÍÁ顱£¬Æ伫Á¦ÐûÑï¡¢ÍÆÏúÒÔ¼°º´ÎÀºÍ·¢Õ¹µÄÊÇÏÖ´ú×î¾ßµäÐÍÒâÒåµÄ×ʱ¾Ö÷ÒåÖƶÈ×îÒ°ÂùµÄ³ÔÈËÌåϵ¼°ÆäºÈѪµÄ»úÖÆ£¬ÆäÃ÷°×ÎÞÎó¶øÓÖ¼«Á¦Ëù·´¶Ô¡¢Ëð»ÙºÍµÐÊÓ¡¢³ðºÞµÄÊÇÂí¿Ë˼Ö÷Òå¡¢Éç»áÖ÷ÒåµÄÕýÒåÖƶȼ°Æ乫ƽÕýÒåµÄÉç»áÌåϵ¡£¡°ÕÅ¿ñ˽¡±ÍÆÏúµÄËùνÐÂÐÂÖƶȾ­¼ÃѧÓÐÁ½´óÄ¿µÄ£¬Ò»ÊÇ°ïÖúÖйúÕþ¸®Éè¼ÆÒ»¸ö²úȨ˽Óл¯µÄ¾­¼ÃÖƶȣ¬¶þÊÇÏòÖйú֪ʶ½ç¹àÊä×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåºÍ²úȨÃ÷ÎúÂ۵ľ­¼ÃÒâʶÐÎ̬£»ÆäÌåÏÖµÄÊÇÁ½´óÖ÷Ö¼£¬Ò»ÊÇÈËΪÖÆÔìµØÊг¡±³ºóÄÇÖ»¡°¿´²»¼ûµÄÊÖ¡±£¬¶þÊÇ¡°Ë½ÓÐȨµ¼ÖÂÔð¡¢È¨¡¢Àû×î´ó»¯¡±£»ÆäËù±íÏÖ³öÀ´µÄ¿ñÒ°¡¢¿ñÔë¡¢¿ñÍý¡¢¿ñ·Å¡¢¿ñ·èÐÔ¸ñºÍÕøÄüÃæÄ¿£¬¼È¿ÉÒÔ˵ÊDz»ÄѱçÈÏ£¬Ò²¼òµ¥µÃÈÃÈËһĿÁËÈ»¡£µ«¾ÍÊÇÕâÑùÒ»¸ö³äÂúºÍÏÕ¶ñÓÃÐĵĿñħ£¬È´ÔںųÆÊÇÉç»áÖ÷ÒåÖйúµÄ¹Ù·½ºÍѧÊõ¡¢¾­¼Ã½çµÃµ½¼«¶ÈµÄ´µÅõ¡¢ÍưΣ¬ÉõÖÁÊܵ½Á˳ç°ÝÐÔµÄÍƳçºÍÉñ»¯£¬Õâ²»ÄÑ¿´³öʱϸ߹ÙÅɺ͡°Ö÷Á÷¡±Õþ¿Íʽ¾­¼Ã¡¢Ñ§Êõ½çËù¾ß±¸µÄ»­Æ¤×ìÁ³¡£¡°ÕÅ¿ñ˽¡±Äܹ»ÔÚÖйúµÄ³ÔÏãºÍ´óÐÐÆäµÀ£¬Æä²úÉúºÍÐγɵĸù±¾Ô­ÓÉÔÚÓÚ¹Ù·½¼±Ðè¡°¿ñÊÞ¡±Ö÷Ô×µÄÊг¡£¬¡ª¡ªÖйú¸ß²ãȨ¹óµÄ¶¨Ïò×ʱ¾Ö÷Ò帴±ÙµÄ·ÏߺÍ×Ü·½Ïò£¬Óɴ˶ø²úÉú³öÁËרÃÅ¿¿Ö§ÕÐȨ¹óÈçºÎ±©¸»£¬ÈçºÎ²ÅÄܸüºÃµØÈÃʵÏÖ¸´±ÙµÄ±©¸»È¨¹óʵʩͳÖεÄËùνÖ÷Á÷¾­¼Ãѧ¼Ò£¬È¨¹ó¿¿Õþ¿Í¡°Ö÷Á÷¾­¼Ãѧ¼Ò¡±ÃùÂ࿪µÀʵÏÖÌûʱ©¸»£¬Õþ¿Í¡°Ö÷Á÷¾­¼Ãѧ¼Ò¡±¿¿È¨¹óȨÁ¦ÔìÂÛʵÏÖ±©Àû±©Ãû£¬¹²Í¬´òÔì³öÁËȨ¹ó¹Ù·½ÓëȨ¹ó¾­¼Ãѧ¼Ò¹²Í¬Ö÷Ô׵ģ¬ÎÒÓÐȨÓÐÊÆ¡¢ÎÒÔìÀíÔìÂÛµÄÎÒÅÂË­£¬¿¿È¨¿¿ÊÆÍƽøµÄºáÐаԵÀµÄÒ°ÂùÖйúÌØÉ«×ʱ¾Ö÷Ò帴±ÙµÄÀúÊ·¡£ÔÚÕû¸ö¡°¸Ä¸ï¿ª·Å¡±µÄ½ø³ÌÖУ¬¹úÄÚ×ʲú½×¼¶»¯Õþ¿ÍÓë¾³Íâ×ʲú½×¼¶£¬µ³ÄÚ×ʲú½×¼¶ºÍµ³Íâ×ʲú½×¼¶£¬¹²Í¬ÁªºÏµ¼ÑݺͱíÑÝÖйúÈçºÎ¸´±Ù×ʱ¾Ö÷ÒåµÄÒ»³¡³¡ÀúÊ·Ë«»ÉÏ·£¬Ä¿µÄ¾ÍÖ»ÓÐÒ»¸ö£¬ÄǾÍÊÇÈçºÎ¹ÄÀø¡¢ÖÆÔì¡¢·¢Õ¹³öÒ»¸öÄܹ»ÔÚÖйúÐÐʹרÕþÖ°ÄܵÄÒ°Âù±©¸»µÄȨ¹ó×ʲú½×¼¶£¬¡ª¡ªÕâÆäÖС°ÕÅ¿ñ˽¡±´ÓÆäÌØÊâµÄ½Ç¶È²¢·¢»ÓÁËÌØÊâµÄ×÷Ó㬲¢Êܵ½ÌØÊâµÄÓÅÔ½ÀñÓöºÍ»ñµÃÌØÊâµÄÑÔÂÛÉñÊ¥»¯£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇÇéÀíÖ®ÖкͱØȻ֮ÊÂÁË¡£¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¡¿ñÍÆ˽Óл¯ÊÇÉç»á·¢Õ¹µÄÖÕ¼«¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ö÷ÕÅ˽ÓÐÖÆ¡¢ÍÆÐÐ˽ÓÐÖƺÍʵÏÖ˽ÓÐÖÆ£¬Ö÷ÕÅ˽Óл¯¡¢ÍÆÐÐ˽Óл¯ºÍʵÏÖ˽Óл¯£¬¼ÈÊÇÒ»ÇаþÏ÷½×¼¶¸öÈ˵ķܶ·Ä¿±ê£¬Ò²ÊÇÒ»ÇаþÏ÷½×¼¶´ïµ½°þÏ÷±ðÈ˺ÍѹÆȱðÈ˵Ä×îÖÕÃüÌ⣬¼ÈÊÇÒ»ÇÐÊÞÐÔ»¯ÈËÎïÄܹ»·¢»Ó×÷ÓúÍÌåÏÖ¼ÛÖµµÄ³¡ËùÌåϵ£¬Ò²ÊÇÒ»ÇÐÊÞÐÔ»¯ÈËÎïʵÏÖ²¢½øÈëÀíÏëÌìÌõÄÖƶÈËùÔÚ¡£ÕâÊDZ»ÈËÀàÀúÊ··´¸´ËùÖ¤Ã÷×ŶøµÃ³öµÄ½áÂÛ¡£ÈËÀàÉç»áÔÚÂþ³¤µÄ·¢Õ¹½ø³ÌÖУ¬²Æ²úµÄ˽ÓÐÖƶÈÊǽü¼¸Ç§Äê²Ð¿áÎÄÃ÷µÄÒ»ÖÖ²úÎ´ÓÆäÖƶȺÍÌåϵµÄ±äǨ¹ì¼£ºÍЧ¹ûÀ´¿´£¬Ë½ÓÐÖÆ×ÔÈ»ÓÐ×Ų»¿ÉÄ¥ÃðµÄ¶Ô´Ù½øÀúÊ·Ç°½øµÄÒâÒåºÍ×÷Óá£ÌرðÊǽøÈëµ½×ʱ¾Ö÷Òåʱ´ú£¬Ëæ׎üÏÖ´ú¿Æѧ¼¼ÊõµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬Ç¿´ó¶¯Á¦»úÆ÷µÄ²ÉÓ㬻¯Ñ§ÔÚÔÚ¹¤ÒµºÍÅ©ÒµÖеÄʹÓ㬺£Â½¿ÕÔ˼¼ÊõµÄ¹ã·ºÔËÓã¬ÆäÕ÷·þ×ÔÈ»Á¦µÄÄÜÁ¦±»Íƽøµ½ÁË¿ÕÇ°µÄÌØÊâµÄ¼«Öµز½£¬É±ÈËÄÜÁ¦ºÍ´Ý»ÙµØÇò´æÔÚµÄÄÜÁ¿Ò²´ïµ½ÁËÎÞÒÔ¸´¼ÓµÄˮƽ¡£Ë½ÓÐÖÆÔÚÍƶ¯ÈËÀàÉç»á·¢Õ¹µÄͬʱ£¬Ò²¸øÈËÀàºÍ×ÔÈ»½çÔì¾ÍÁËÎÞÓëÂױȵÄÉîÖØÔÖÄÑ£¬ÕâÖÖͨ¹ý¸öÈËÌ°À·ºÍ±°ÁÓµÄÌ°Óû´Ì¼¤³öÀ´µÄÎÄÃ÷ʱ´ú£¬´ÓËüËù²úÉúµÄµÚÒ»ÌìÆðµÄÖÕ¼«Ä¿±ê£¬¾ÍÊǸöÈËÒªÎÞÖ¹¾³µØÕ¼ÓÐÒ»ÇеÄÎïÖʲƸ»¡¢¾«Éñ²Æ¸»ºÍʱ¿Õ²Æ¸»£¬Æä±ØÈ»µÄ½á¹û¾ÍÊÇÔÚÎÞÐÝÖ¹µÄÏ໥ռÓеÄÕù¶·ÖУ¬Ò»²½Ò»²½µØ³¯×ÅÈËÀà´Ý»Ù×ÔÉíºÍµØÇòµÄ×Ü·½ÏòÂõ½ø¡£µ±ÈËÀàÉç»áµÄÉú²úÁ¦ºÍÎÄ»¯ÒѾ­Ê®·ÖÇ¿´óºÍ·¢´ïµÄ½ñÌ죬˽Óû¿ØÖÆϵÄÎïÖÊÉú²úºÍÎïÖÊÏû·ÑÒѾ­½øÈëÁ˵ØÇò¿ÕÇ°ÄÑÓÚ³ÖÐø³ÐÊܵľ³µØ£¬Ë½ÓÐÖÆÒѾ­±ä³ÉÁËÊø¸¿ºÍÕÏ°­ÈËÀàÉç»áÕæÕýÏòÇ°·¢Õ¹×î´ó¡¢×î¸ù±¾µÄî¿°í¡£ÊǼá³ÖÕ¾ÔÚ·¢Õ¹Ë½ÓÐÖÆÒ»±ß»¹ÊÇÕ¾ÔÚÖ÷ÕÅÏûÃð˽ÓÐÖÆÒ»±ß£¬Öð²½±ä³ÉÁ˼ìÑéÒ»¸ö¹ú¼Ò¡¢Ò»¸ö¼¯ÍÅ¡¢Ò»ÖÖ˼ÏëÊÇ·ñ½â³ýÃÉÃÁÊø¸¿¶ø¾ß±¸Éç»áÁ¼ÖªµÄ·ÖË®Á룬Ҳ±ä³ÉÁËÅжÏÈËÃÇÊÀ½ç¹Û¡¢¼ÛÖµ¹Û¡¢ÈËÉú¹ÛÊÇÇãÏò¹«Æ½ÕýÒ廹ÊÇÇãÏò·ñ¸¯ÐàûÂäµÄÊÔ½ðʯ£¬»¹ÊDZæ±ðÈËÃÇ˼ÏëÏȽøÓëÂäºóµÄÒ»µÀÏÔÖø·ç¾°Ïß¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Ò»£©Î޳ܵØÎä¶Ï×Ô˽ÊÇÈ˵ı¾ÐÔ¡£¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡°ÕÅ¿ñ˽¡±ÔÚ¡¶¾­¼Ã½âÊÍ¡·µÈÊéÖÐдµÀ£º¡°¾­¼ÃѧÉϵĵÚÒ»¸ö»ù´¡¼ÙÉèÊÇ£º¡°Ã¿¸öÈ˵ÄÈκÎÐÐΪ£¬¶¼ÊÇ×Ô˽×ÔÀûµÄ£¡ÄÇÊÇ˵£¬Ã¿¸öÈËÔÚÓоÖÏÞµÄÇé¿ö϶¼»áΪ×Ô¼ºÕùÈ¡×î´óµÄÀûÒæ¡£ÎÞÂÛÊÇÇÚ·Ü¡¢ÐÝÏ¢¡¢ÆÛÆ­¡¢¾èÇ®¡­¡­¶¼ÊÇÒÔ×Ô˽Ϊ³ö·¢µã¡£¡±¡°´Ó¾­¼Ã˼ÏëÊ·ÄÇ·½Ãæ¿´£¬¡®×Ô˽¡¯³ÉΪһ¸ö»ù´¡¼ÙÉèÊÇÊ®¾ÅÊÀ¼ÍÄ©ÆÚ¡¢Ð¹ŵ䣨Neoclassical£©¾­¼ÃѧÐËÆðÒÔºóµÄÊ¡£ÔÚÕâ¸öеķ¶³ëÄÚ£¬ÊýѧµÄ΢»ý·Ö±»¹ã·ºµØÒýÓã¬Ìá³öÁË¡®±ß¼Ê¡¯£¨Marginalism£©µÄ·ÖÎö£¬¡®¼«´ó»¯¡¯£¨Maximization£©Óë¡®¼«Ð¡»¯¡¯£¨Minimization£©µÄ¸ÅÄî¾Í±»¹ã·ºµØ½ÓÊÜÁË¡£È˵ÄÐÐΪÒÔÂú×ã˽ÓûΪԭÔò£¬¾Í³ÉÁË¡®ÔÚ¾ÖÏÞÌõ¼þϸöÈËÕùÈ¡×î´óÀûÒ桯¡ª¡ª»òÕùÈ¡×îС·ÑÓ᪡ªÕâ¸ö¼ÙÉè¡£¼ò»¯µØ³Æ֮Ϊ¡®×Ô˽¡¯£¬ÊDZȽÏͨË×µÄ˵·¨¡£¡±¡°¾­¹ý¶àÄê¶Ô¡¶Ô­¸»¡·µÄ¡®Ïû»¯¡¯£¬ÎÒÈÏΪʷÃÜ˹µÄ¡®×Ô˽¡¯¹ÛµãÓÐÁ½´¦ÊÇÒª²¹³äµÄ¡£ÆäÒ»£¬Ê·ÊÏÕýÈ·µØÖ¸³ö×Ô˽¿ÉÒÔ¸øÉç»áÕûÌå´øÀ´ºÜ´óµÄÀûÒ棬µ«È´ÇáÊÓÁË×Ô˽Ҳ»á¸øÉç»á´øÀ´º¦´¦¡£ÕâºóÕßÖØÒªµØÇ£Éæµ½½»Ò×·ÑÓü°²úȨµÄÎÊÌ⣬ÊÇÎÒ×Ô¼º×÷Ñо¿µÄÖØÐÄËùÔÚ¡£¡­¡­È»¶ø£¬ÎÒµÄÖ÷Òª½áÂÛ²»½öûÓÐÍÆ·­Ê·Ç°±²£¬·´¶ø¸üÇ¿Á¦µØÖ§³Ö×ÅËû¡£ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬ÒòΪÎÒ¶Ô×Ô˽µÄ¿´·¨±È½ÏÈ«Ã棬ËùÒÔ¶ÔÐÐΪµÄ½âÊÍÊDZȽÏÓÅʤµÄ¡£¡±¡°µÚ¶þ¸ö¹ØÓÚÊ·Ç°±²µÄ×Ô˽¹Ûµã£¬ÊÇËûûÓÐ˵È˵Ä×Ô˽ÊÇÌìÉúµÄ¡£ËûµÄº¬Ò壬ÊÇ×Ô˽ÊDZ»±Æ³öÀ´µÄ£º·ÇËùÓûÒ²£¬²»Äܲ»×Ô˽Ҳ¡£Õâ¸ö¡®ÊÊÕßÉú´æ¡¯µÄ¹Ûµã¡ª¡ªÔÚ¡¶Ô­¸»¡·ºÃЩÎÊÌⶼÊÇÄÇÑù¿´¡ª¡ªºóÀ´Ó°ÏìÁË´ï¶ûÎÄ£¨C¡¤Darwin£¬1809¡­1882£©µÄ¾ªÌ춯µØÖ®×÷£º¡¶½ø»¯ÂÛ¡·¡£¡±¡°°¬ÖÇÈʵÄÂ۵㣬ÓëÊ·ÃÜ˹µÄÓÐÀ×֮ͬ´¦£¬µ«À´µÃ¸üΪǿÁÒ¡£Ê·Êϵĺ¬Ò壬ÊÇ×Ô˽ÊÇΪÁËÊÊÕßÉú´æ£»°¬Êϵĺ¬Ò壬ÊǺÁ²»×Ô˽µÄ°×³ÕÒ²²»´ò½ô£¬ÒòΪÌÔÌ­ºóÊ£ÏÂÀ´µÄ°×³ÕµÄÐÐΪ£¬±ØÈ»Óë×Ô˽ÎǺϡ£¡±¡°Ò»¾ÅÆßÁùÄ꣬ÉúÎïѧ¼ÒµÀ¸ü˹·¢±íÁË¡¶×Ô˽µÄ»ùÒò¡·£¨R¡¤Dawkins£¬The¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Selfish¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Gene£©£¬ÅÔÕ÷²©Òý£¬ÓÃÁËÊýÖ®²»¾¡µÄÀý×ÓÖ¤Ã÷¡®×Ô˽¡¯ÊǶ¯ÎïÓëÉú¾ãÀ´£¬ÊÇÒÅ´«µÄ£¬²»¿É¸ü¸Ä¡£Õâ±¾ÖØÒªµÄÊéÆô·¢ÁËÒ»ÃÅеÄѧÎÊ¡ª¡ª¡®ÉúÎï¾­¼Ãѧ¡¯¡£ÎÒµÄÁíһλÀÏʦºÕÊæÀ­·¢£¨J¡¤Hirshleifer£©ÊÇÕâÃÅÐÂѧÎʵÄÒ»¸öÖ÷Òª³«µ¼Õß¡£×î½üËûÀ´ÐÅ˵£¬ÕâÃÅѧÎʵķ¢Õ¹´óÓп´Í·¡£¡±¡°ËäÈ»ÎÒÃÇÓÐÀíÓÉÏàÐÅ×Ô˽ÊÇÈ˵ı¾ÖÊ£¬ÊÇÕæÀí£¬ÊDz»¿É¸ü¸ÄµÄ£¬µ«´Ó¾­¼Ã¿ÆѧµÄ½Ç¶È¿´£¬ÕâÕæÀí²»ÖØÒª¡£ÖØÒªµÄÊÇ°Ñ×Ô˽×÷Ϊһ¸ö±æÖ¤µÄ»ù´¡¼ÙÉ裬ÔÚÕâ¸öÆðµãÉϲ»ÈÝÓÐËùÕùÒé¡£¶øÒÔÕâ¼ÙÉèÀ´½âÊÍÈ˵ÄÐÐΪÊÇ·ñ¿ÉÈ¡£¬ÊÇÒª¿´Õâ¸ö¼°ÆäËû¸½´øµÄ¼ÙÉèÄÜ·ñÍƳöһЩ¿ÉÄܱ»ÊÂʵÍÆ·­µÄº¬Ò⣬Ôٿ͹۵ØÒÔÊÂʵÑéÖ¤¡£ÔÚÕâ¸ö¿Æѧ±æÖ¤µÄÓÎÏ·ÖУ¬ÒòΪÂß¼­µÄ¹æÏÞ£¬ÎÒÃDz»ÄÜ˵ÈËÓÐʱ×Ô˽£¬ÓÐʱ²»×Ô˽£¬ÒÔÖÂÔÚÂß¼­ÉÏÎÒÃÇÎÞ·¨ÍƳöÈκοÉÄܱ»ÊÂʵÍÆ·­µÄº¬Òâ¡£¡±¡°ÕâÑù´¦Àí£¬×Ô˽µÄ¼ÙÉèÈ·ÊÇÓоªÈ˵ĽâÊÍÁ¦¡£µ±È»½«À´Ä³Ð©Ìì²Å¿ÉÄÜ´´³öÁíÒ»¸ö¼ÙÉèÀ´´úÌæ×Ô˽£¬¶øÓÖ±È×Ô˽Õâ¸ö¼ÙÉè¸üÓÐÓó¡µÄ¡£½ñÌ죬ÎÒÃÇδÓнϺõÄÑ¡Ôñ£¬ËùÒÔ²»Äܲ»Ä«ÊØÕâ¸ö×Ô˽µÄ¼ÙÉè¶ø³É¹æÁË¡£Õâ²»ÊÇÍç¹Ì£¬¶øÊÇ¿Æѧ·½·¨»®¶¨ÏÂÀ´µÄ¹æÔò¡£¡±¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡°ÕÅ¿ñ˽¡±Ê¼ÖÕ¼á³Ö˵£º¡°µ«¼ÙÈôÈ˵ı¾ÖÊÕæµÄÊÇ×Ô˽£¨ÊÇ»ò·ñÖ»ÓÐÉϵÛÖªµÀ£©£¬²»Äܸü¸Ä£¬ÄÇôһ¸ö»ùÓÚÈ˵Ä×Ô˽¿ÉÒÔ±»¸ü¸ÄµÄ¡®Ö÷Ò塯£¬ÆäÖƶÈÕþ²ß¾Í±Ø¶¨»áÒ»°ÜÍ¿µØ£¡ÕâÊÇÖйú¹²²úÖƶÈÔÚ³õÆڵľ­Ñé¡£µ½Á˺óÒ»¶ÎÈÕ×Ó£¬ÏàÐÅÕâ¡®ÎÞ˽Ö÷Ò塯µÄÈËÔ½À´Ô½ÉÙ£¬µ«»¹ÊDZ»Ò»Ð©×Ô˽×ÔÀûµÄÈËÀûÓÃÀ´Ôö¼Ó×Ô¼ºµÄȨÁ¦£¬ÒÔÖð˽Àû¡£¡±¡°»¹ÓÐÒ»¸öÓÐȤµÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÄǾÍÊÇ£º¼ÙÈôÈ˵Ä×Ô˽±¾ÖÊÕæµÄ¿ÉÒÔ±»¸ü¸Ä£¬¶ø¸ÄÔìÕßÓÖÓÐÉϵÛÖ®ÄÜ£¬ËûÃǻὫÈ˸ÄÔì³ÉÔõÑùµÄÄØ£¿ËµÈË¿ÉÒÔ±»¸ÄΪ²»×Ô˽²¢Ã»ÓÐ˵¼°ÈËÓ¦¸ÃÊÇÔõÑùµÄ¡£Èç¹ÏËƲˣ¿ÈçµçÄÔ£¿Èç¿Æѧ¹ÖÈË£¿ÎÒ²»ÖªµÀ¶ÁÕßÓÐʲô¸ß¼û¡£ÎÒ×Ô¼ºµÄÏëÏñÊÇ£¬¼´Ê¹Ò»¸öÈ˺ÁÎÞ×Ô˽֮ÐĶøÏñÌìʹÄÇÑù£¬Õâ¸öÈËÓ¦¸ÃÔ¶±È×Ô˽µÄÈË¿Ö²À¡£¡±¡°ËµµÃ²»ÑÅÒ»µã£¬¼´Ã¿¸öÈ˵ÄÐÐΪ¶¼ÊÇÒ»¹áµØ£¬ÓÀÔ¶²»±äµØ£¬ÒÔ×Ô˽Ϊ³ö·¢µã¡£¡±¡°µÁÇԺκ¦Ö®ÓУ¿¡­¡­µÁÇÔÊ

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ