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新东方白易礼语法笔记-第21部分

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  例如:The supermarket which was opened two months ago is now closed down。
  两个月前开的那家超市现在已经倒闭了。(限定)
  The supermarket; which was opened two months ago; is now closed down。
  那家超市现在已经倒闭了,那家超市两个月前开的。(非限定)
  The book(which) you’re reading is mine 。
  你正在读的那本书是我的。(限定)
  The book; which you’re reading; is mine。
  那本书是我的,你正在读那本书。(非限定)
  如果以上例子的差别不十分明显,再看下面的例句:
  I’ve been to London ; which is a beautiful city。
  我去过伦敦,那是个美丽的城市。
  Your father; whom I respect very much; is a kind old man。
  你父亲是个很和善的老头,我很尊重他。
  Nanjing; where I lived for five years; is very hot in summer。
  南京夏天非常热,我在那里生活过五年。
  在以上三例当中,定语从句不就能是限定性的。若变成限定性定语从句,其意就成了“我去过那个是座美丽的城市的伦敦。你那个我很尊重的父亲是个很和善的老头。我在那里生活过五年的南京夏天非常热。”言外之意是还有别的伦敦、父亲和南京。
  通过这几个例子我们可以看出,专用名词以及世界上独一无二的东西都不能有限定性定语从句。因为它们的意义本身已经非常清楚,不需要对其进行限定。另外,非限定性定语从句的先行词还可以是整个主句所表达的意义。如:He did well in the physics exam; which surprised me。
  他物理考得很好,这使我很吃惊。(学地道的英语有两个重要的练习方法:parallel writing; and reverse translation,即平行写作和逆翻译。所谓平行写作,就是模仿英语的句子写类似的句子。而逆翻译就是先把英语译成汉语,或根据汉语的译文,再把汉语翻译成英语,再把英语译文同原文比较,分析差异。这两种方法能避免汉语式英语。)
  He did well in the physics exam; which surprised me。
  他物理考得很好,这使我很吃惊。
  请把这句话逆翻译。有的同学会翻译为:He did well in the physics exam; this surprised me。 这句话错在什么地方呢?错在句法。这句话有两个主谓结构,是两个并列的分句,但没有连词(this 是代词),这就成了串句。再如:He’s very particular about wording; which I am not。
  他很咬文嚼字,而我不。
  I said nothing; which made her angry。
  我什么也没说,这使她很生气。
  Tom didn’t go to the show; which was a pity。
  没去看演出,这很遗憾。
  下面看看各个关系词的用法:1.指人的关系代词:who; whom; whose; that 的用法:(1)作主语(who; that )Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 1:30 after lunch。那些参加比赛的人午饭后1:30在大门口集合。
  在本句中,先行词是those;关系代词who引导定语从句,同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词are going to play 的主语。The man who/that is talking with Mr。 Wang is a famous doctor。正在和王先生说话的那个人是一个有名的医生。
  在本句中,先行词是the man;关系代词who/that引导定语从句,同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词is talking的主语。这个复合句可以还原成两个句子:The man is a famous doctor。 He is talking with Mr。 Wang。(2)作宾语包括作介词宾语(whom; that )。此种情况下的关系代词可以省略;This is just the man(whom/that) I want for the job。这正是我要的做这份工作的人。
  在本句中,先行词是the man;关系代词whom/that 引导定语从句,同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词want 的宾语。Is he the manager (whom/that) you are looking for?他是你在找的那位经理吗?(3)当关系代词紧跟介词作介词宾语时,不能用that,也不能省略,如:The book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist。我从中得到许多有用信息的那本书是一位著名科学家写的。Who is the boy with whom you were talking a moment ago。你刚才和他说话的那个男孩是谁?I know the young couple from whose house the music is ing。但是当介词放在从句末尾时,作为介词宾语的关系代词可以用that 并且可以省略。如上头两句可改为:The book (that /which) I got a lot of information from was written by a famous scientist。Who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with a moment ago?2.指物的关系代词which和that的用法:(1)作主语This is the instruction manual which/that tells you how to operate the puter。这是那本教你如何操作计算机的说明手册。(2)作宾语包括作介词宾馆。此种情况下的关系代词可以省略:The chair (which /that) you broke yesterday is now being repaired。你昨天弄坏的那把椅子现在正在修理。The film (which/that) I saw last night was about a soldier who fought in WWII。我昨天晚上看的那部电影是关于一个在二战中打过仗的士兵的。(本句有两个定语从句。)This is the bike for which I paid  100。这就是我花了100美元买的那辆自行车。The car(which/that)he went in was a black Cadillac。他坐在里面走了的那辆汽车是一辆黑色的卡迪拉克。The accounts of the pany; (which/that) I’ve been paying great attention to; are in balance。我一直非常注意的公司账目,是保持平衡的。3.whose 和of which 指代人或事物,作定语。of which 可用whose 代替;The car whose lights (of which the lights/the lights of which) were all broken was my father’s。那辆所有的灯都破了的汽车是我父亲的。例:His house of which the windows (the windows of which /whose windows) were all broken was a depressing sight。
  他那所有窗户都坏了的房子真是目不忍睹。
  That is the book whose cover (of which the cover/the cover of which ) was broken。
  这就是那本封皮破了的书。4.关系代词的格应与它在从句中充当的成分一致。特别要注意插入语,如:Peter is the one who everybody believes will fail to bring off the contract。 Peter 是那个人人都认为不能完成合同的人。(everybody believes 是插入语)
  At the election I voted for the man whom I believed to be the most suitable。
  在选举的时候我投了我认为最合适的那个人的票。5.关系代词作从句的主语时,从句的动词必须和先行词的人称和数一致:例:These are the operating instructions that/which are written in English 。
  这就是用英文写成的使用说明。
  Are you staying at the white house which/that is newly pleted and which /that has 15 bedrooms; 3 kitchens and 4 toilets?
  你是住在那幢刚刚竣工、有15个卧室、3个病房和4个卫生间的白色房子里吗?
  So far as I know; there are many VIPs who are going to attend the reception。
  就我所知有很多达官贵人将出席这个招待会。6.非限定性定语从句不用that,只用who(whose; whom)和which代表人和物;例:Her brothers; both of whom work in America; ring her up every week。
  她的兄弟们??两个人都在美国工作??每个星期都给她打电话。
  The buses; most of which were already full; were surrounded by an angry crowd,
  那些公共汽车??大多已经坐满了人??被一群愤怒的人围着。
  That tower block; which cost five million dollars to build; has been empty for five years。
  那个塔楼空着已经5年了。建它花了500万美元。
  Cricket; which I know very little about; is a very popular sport in England。
  板球是英格兰非常流行的体育活动,我对它知之甚少。
  The accounts of the pany ;which I’ve been paying great attention to; are in balance。
  公司的账目是保持平衡的。我一直非常注意这些账目。7.关系副词(=介词+关系代词):
  关系副词先行词在从句中的作用说明when(=at / on / in / during which)时间名词时间状语非正式文体中,有时用that代替关系副词where(=in / at which)地点名词地点状语
  why=(for which)只有reason原因状语例:I shall never forget the day when (=on which) we first met。
  我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
  The rain came at a time when (=at which) it was not needed。
  雨下得不是时候。
  This is the puter where (=by/on which) he has stolen top…secret documents。
  这就是他用来盗窃绝密文件的计算机。
  Here is the place where (=at which) the murder took place。
  这就是谋杀发生的地方。
  He didn’t give any reason why (=for which) I had been fired。
  他没给任何解雇我的理由
  This is the house in which (=where) my parents used to live。
  这就是我父母以前住过的房子。注意事项:(1)在非正式场合, that有时可用来代替关系副词或相当于关系副词的“介词+which”,而且经常全部省略,如:In all the years that (=when/during which) I was at collage
  在我读大学的那些年里
  the reason that(=why/for which)he is not happy
  他不高兴的理由
  The direction(that)(=in which )the heavenly bodies move can’t be changed。
  天体运行的方向是不可改变的。
  He is unpopular because people don’t like the offensive way (that)(=in which) he talks。
  他不受欢迎的原因是他说话的方式让人讨厌。(2)是用关系代词还是用关系副词:关系词(包括关系代词和关系副词)是学习英语定语从句的关键。用关系代词还是用关系副词,一要看关系词在从句当中作什么成分;二要看关系词所代表的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因;三要看所引导的是限定性定语从句还是非限定性定语从句。所以同样的先行词会有不同的关系词,这是因为关系词在从句当中担当的作用不同而决定的。如:This is the room where/in which we’ll celebrate the New Year。
  这是我们将要在里面庆贺新年的房间。(充当地点状语)
  This is the room(that /which)we’ll celebrate the New Year in。
  这是我们将要在里面庆贺新年的房间。(充当介词宾语,可省略。)
  This is the room which /that will be used for the celebration of the New Year。
  这是那个将要被用来庆贺新年的房间。(充当主语)
  This is the room (which/that) we’ll use for the New Year dinner party。
  这是我们将要用来举行新年晚宴的房间。(充当宾语,可省略。)
  The reason (that /which) he had given was not sound enough。
  他给的理由不够充分。(充当宾语,可省略)
  The reason why/for which he had done that was not sound enough。
  他做那件事的理由不够充分。(充当原因状语)This is the house where she lives。这是她住的房子。【比较:This is the house (that/which) she has bought。 这是她买的房子。This is the house that/which I’ve told you is extremely expensive。这就是我和你说过极其昂贵的那幢房子。】
  I met him in the year when I was first in Xi’an。
  我刚到西安的那年遇到了他。
  That is the reason why he did not e that morning。
  那就是那天上午他没来的原因。(3)定语从句中的时态。如果主句是一般将来时或过去将来时,从句的动作与主句的同时发生,那么该从句要用一般现在时表示一般将来时、用一般过去时表示过去将来时。例:Anyone who/that touches the wire will get an electric shock。
  任何碰这根电线的人将受到电击。(不用will touch)
  I would give her anything that she asked for。
  她要什么我就给她什么。(不用would ask)
  The first person who/that opens the door will get a shock。
  第一个开门的人将被吓一跳。(不用will open)
  There will be a special price for anybody who orders a suit in the next two weeks。
  任何人在下两周内定做套装都将享受优惠价格。(不用will order)
  但是,如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生,则两部分都要用来将来时,如:Those who will go abroad for training next year will start learning English tomorrow。
  那些明年出国受训的人员,将从明天开始学习外语。注:①先行词有最高级形容词修饰时,常用th

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