新东方白易礼语法笔记-第22部分
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那些明年出国受训的人员,将从明天开始学习外语。注:①先行词有最高级形容词修饰时,常用that,而不用which:例:Edison was one of the greatest inventors that ever lived。
爱迪生是曾经有过的最伟大的发明家之一。
This is the best film that I’ve ever seen。
这是我曾经看过的最好的电影。
She was the greatest woman that/who has ever lived。
她是曾经有过的最伟大的女人。
②先行词有the same; the very; the first; the last; all; no; the only; much; little; none; any; every等时,常用that; 而不用which:例:He was the first man that we saw in the village。
他是我们在那个村子里看到的第一个人。
There is little that is interesting。
没什么令人感兴趣。
I still remember the first time that we met。
我仍然记得我们第一次见面的时候。
I’ll do anything (that) I can to help you。
我将尽一切可能帮助你。
Everything that can be done has been done。
能做的一切都做了。
God bless this ship and all who sail in her。
愿上帝保佑此船和所有乘此船航行的人。
All that I can say is thank you very much。
我能说的是(千言万语变成一句话):非常感谢你。
③当先行词既有人又有物时,用that,不用which,如:We were deeply impressed by the workers and their working conditions that we had visited。
我们参观过的工人及他们的工作条件留下了深刻印象。
We listened to him talk about the men and books that interested him。
我们听他谈论他感兴趣的人物和书籍。
④在same和such之后,定语从句用as引导,如:Let’s discuss only such questions as concern us。
让我们只讨论与我们有关的问题。
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells。
我从来没听说过他讲的这种故事。
I shall be surprised if he does this in the same way as I do。
如果他做这件事的方法和我一样,那就奇怪了。
She works in the same office as I do。
她和我在同一个办公室工作。
She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister does。
她姐妹俩穿同样的衣服。
He’s wearing the same dress as he wore at Mary’s wedding。
他穿着与他在Mary的婚礼上穿的一样的衣服。
This is the same watch as I have lost。
这块表和我丢的那块一样。
I’ve never seen such kind of people as they are。
我从来没见过像他们这样的人。
I’ve never seen such kind people as they are。
我从来没见过象他们这样厚道的人。
I want the same shirt as my friend’s。
我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in china。
我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。但是,如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生,则两部分都要用来将来时,注:④在same和such之后,定语从句用as引导,
偶尔,the same 后面也用that,如:He’s wearing the same suit that he wore at Mary’s wedding。
他穿着与他在Mary的婚礼上穿的一样的衣服。
She works in the same office that I do。
她和我在同一个办公室工作。
This is the same watch that I have lost。
这块表和我丢的那块一样。
as 引导非限定性定语从句即可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接下列句型。如:as is known; as is said; as is reported as is announced 等。例如:As we all know; Mr。 Wang is a good teacher。
As is known to all; the earth revolves round the sun。
He is tired; as you can see。
As I expected; he didn’t believe me。
As 引导非限定性定语从句时与which的区别:当主句和从句语义一致时,用as;反之,用which。如:He made a long speech; as was expected。
He made a long speech; which was unexpected。
Tom drinks a lot every day; which his wife doesn’t like at all。(3)但是,如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生,则两部分都要用来将来时,注:⑤在“介词+关系代词”的结构中,也可用复杂介词,如:by means of (用,依靠),as a result of (作为结果)等:例:I have three children; one daughter and two sons; all of whom graduated from the same university 。
我有三个孩子:一个女儿、两个儿子,他们都毕业于同一所大学。
The police; in whom I have great confidence; are trying to find out who did it。
我对警察有极大的信心,他们正在努力寻找是谁做的这件事。
This is the part of the river in which I like to swim。(in which=where)
我喜欢在这条河里面游泳,这就是(我喜欢游的)那个地方。
The man from whom you bought the house is my uncle。
你从他那里买下房子的那个人是我叔叔。
This is the desk by means of which he jumped over the wall。
这就是他用来跳过墙去的那张桌子。
She was running a fever; as a result of which she failed in the exam。
她当时正发烧,所以考试失败了。
He is the man from whose house the picture was stolen。
他就是那个家里的画被偷了的人。注:⑥一个先行词后面可以跟一个以上的定语从句,这种现象叫双重关系从句:例:Here are some words which are often used but which are very confusing。
这里有些常用但非常混乱的词。
He is the only person that I can find who is able to solve the problem。
他是我能找到的唯一解决这个问题的人。
名词性从句
在主从复合句中,从句可以充当主句的主语、表语、宾语或同位语。由于在多数情况下,主语、表语、宾语或同位语这四种句子成分由名词性词类充当,所以,我们把这些作用相当于名词的从句统称为名词性从句,把充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语的从句分别称为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句或同位语从句。也就是说充当什么成分就叫什么从句。名词性从句由连接词(或关联词)引导。
常用的连接词有:连接词作用whether是否that(本身无词义)只起连接词作用,引导从句,在从句中不作任何成分在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语who,whom,whosewhich哪一个what什么,所…的在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语除了起连接词作用外,还在从句中作状语when什么时候,where什么地方how怎样,怎么,why为什么
疑问词(who; whom; whose; what; which; where; why; when; how)可以引导主语、宾语和表语从句。
它们的特点是:1、疑问词有本身的词义;2、疑问词在从句中担当句子成分,如主语、宾语或状语;3、这种疑问词引导的从句一律用陈述语序,不能用疑问语序。
For example:
Do you know whom they are looking for? 你知道他们在找谁吗?(宾语从句,陈述语序。不能是whom are they looking for?)
I don’t know who did it。 我不知道这是谁干的。(宾语从句。在从句中如果疑问词作主语,其陈述语序和疑问语序一致。)
She asked me where I had been。 她问我到哪儿去了。(宾语从句。陈述语序,不能是where had I been。 直接引语,间接引语。注意这句话的时态。)
Can you tell me when the train will arrive? 你能告诉我火车什么时候到吗?(宾语从句。陈述语序,不能是when will the train arrive。 直接引语,间接引语。)
I don’t know why he hasn’t e yet。 我不知道他为什么还没来。(宾语从句,陈述语序。不能是why hasn’t he e yet。)
He didn’t tell me what you were doing。 他没和我说你在干什么。(宾语从句,陈述语序。不能是what were you doing。)
What you have done might do harm t other people。 你所做过的事情有可能伤害别人。(主语从句。what 作从句的宾语。陈述语序,不能是what have you done。 如果用疑问语序,意思发生了变化,成了“你做了什么?”。)
I don’t know where he is now。 我不知道他现在在哪里。(宾语从句,陈述语序。不能是where is he now。)
Where he went for his weekend is not known。 不知道他去哪里过的周末。(主语从句,where 作从句的地点状语。陈述语序,不能是where did he go for his weekend。)
Whose fault this is is not important。 这是谁的过错并不重要。(主语从句,whose 作从句的定语。陈述语序,不能是whose fault is this。)
What I want to know is where he has gone for his weekend。 我想知道的是他到哪里度周末去了。(这句话包含两个名词性从句:what I want to know是主语从句,what 在从句中作宾语,从句用陈述语序,不能是What do I want to know。 Where he has gone for his weekend 是表语从句,where 在从句中作状语,从句用陈述语序,不能是where has he gone for his weekend。)
下面我们再分别讲述主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句。主语从句1.that 引导主语从句时,that 没有意义,但不能省略。(that 引导宾语从句时可以省略。)
For example:
It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray。 她的头发正在变白,这使她很不安。that引导主语从句,it 作形式主语,that 不能省略。
That she is a rich woman is known to us all。 众所周知,她是个富有的女人。这是that 引导主语从句,that 不能省略。这句话可以改为用it 作形式主语的句型。请同学们改写:It is known to us all that she is a rich woman。)
We didn’t know (that) you had sold your house。 我们不知道你已经把你的房子卖了。这是that引导宾语从句,that 可以省略。注意这句话的时态。2.从句作主语时,多数情况下由 it 作形式主语,而把主语从句放在后面,尤其是谓语部分(包括宾语)较短的情况下。
For example:
It wasn’t very clear what she meant。 不清楚她是什么意思。
It is important that he should e on time。 他按时来是很重要的。
It is true that that man on the left is a well…known writer here。 左边那个人是本地的一位著名作家,这是真的。这里,第一个that 引导主语从句,是单纯的连词,无词义,不作句子成分。第二个that 是指示代词,作句子成分,是man 的定语。3.whether 既可以引导主语从句也可以引导宾语从句,但if不能引导主语从句。whether 后面可以加or not; 而if 不能与or not 连用。作介词宾语时不用if。
For example:
Whether I knew John doesn’t matter。 = It doesn’t matter whether I knew John。 我是否认识约翰没有关系。
Whether or not she’ll e isn’t clear。 = Whether she’ll e or not isn’t clear。 = It isn’t clear whether …。 她是否来还不清楚。
It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation。 这是主语从句还是宾语从句?it 是形式主语吗?it 是代词,whether 引导的是宾语从句,作介词on 的宾语,不能用if引导。请翻译这句话。这完全取决于我们是否能得到他们的合作。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings。 宾语从句,介词宾语,不能用if 引导。请翻译这句话。
She asked me whether/if you were married。 宾语从句,既可以用whether; 又可以用if 引导。注意时态的对应。请翻译这句话。
We haven’t decided whether/if we shall give them aid。
I’m not sure whether/if the report is believable。
Now let’s do some translation:
现在还很难预测谁会赢得下一届总统选举。
It is still hard to predict who will win the next presidential election。
对于多数公民来说,谁当选总统无关紧要。
Who will bee the president doesn’t matter much to most citizens。
这位前总统是否会被判处死刑还有待观察。
It remains to be seen whether the ex…president will be sentenced to death。
真可惜,王教授不能出席我们的英语晚会。
It is a pity that Prof。 Wang can’t attend our English Evening。
我们需要的是更多的时间。
What we need is more time。宾语从句
在谓语动词、介词、动词不定式、分词、动名词之后都可以带有宾语从句。某些形容词如sure; happy; glad;