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again in some corner; and grasping his dirty coat; trembling 

and licking his dry lips; looked into his face with a deep; 

tragic glance; without articulate words。



〃Can't you?〃 asked the Captain sullenly。



The teacher answered by bowing his head and letting it fall on 

his breast; his tall; thin body trembling the while。



〃Wait another day 。 。 。 perhaps you will be all right then;〃 

proposed Kuvalda。  The teacher sighed; and shook his head 

hopelessly。



The Captain saw that his friend's thin body trembled with the 

thirst for the poison; and took some money from his pocket。



〃In the majority of cases it is impossible to fight against 

fate;〃 said he; as if trying to justify himself before someone。 





24  CREATURES THAT ONCE WERE MEN





But if the teacher controlled himself for a whole week; then 

there was a touching farewell scene between the two friends; 

which ended as a rule in the eating…house of Vaviloff。  The 

teacher did not spend all his money; but spent at least half 

on the children of the main street。  The poor are always rich 

in children; and in the dirt and ditches of this street there

were groups of them from morning to night; hungry; naked and 

dirty。  Children are the living flowers of the earth; but 

these had the appearance of flowers that have faded 

prematurely; because they grew in ground where there was no 

healthy nourishment。  Often the teacher would gather them round 

him; would buy them bread; eggs; apples and nuts; and take 

them into the fields by the river side。  There they would sit 

and greedily eat everything he offered them; after which they 

would begin to play; filling the fields for a mile around with

careless noise and laughter。  The tall; thin figure of the

drunkard towered above these small people; who treated him 

familiarly; as if he were one of their own age。  They called 

him 〃Philip;〃 and did not trouble to prefix 〃Uncle〃 to his 

name。  Playing around him; like little wild animals; they 

pushed him; jumped upon his back; beat him upon his bald head; 

and caught hold of his nose。  All this must have pleased him; 

as he did not protest against such liberties。  He spoke very 

little to them; and when he did so he did it cautiously as if

afraid that his words would hurt or contaminate them。  He 

passed many hours thus as their companion and plaything; 

watching their lively faces with his gloomy eyes。 





25  CREATURES THAT ONCE WERE MEN





Then he would thoughtfully and slowly direct his steps to the 

eating…house of Vaviloff; where he would drink silently and 

quickly till all his senses left him。



*       *       *       *       *       *       *       *       *       *         



Almost every day after his reporting he would bring a 

newspaper; and then gather round him all these creatures that 

once were men。  On seeing him; they would come forward from 

all corners of the court…yard; drunk; or suffering from drunken 

headache; dishevelled; tattered; miserable; and pitiable。  Then 

would come the barrel…like; stout Aleksei Maksimoviteh 

Simtsoff; formerly Inspector of Woods and Forests; under the 

Department of Appendages; but now trading in matches; ink; 

blacking; and lemons。  He was an old man of sixty; in a canvas 

overcoat and a wide…brimmed hat; the greasy borders of which 

hid his stout; fat; red face。  He had a thick white beard; out 

of which a small red nose turned gaily heavenward。  He had 

thick; crimson lips and watery; cynical eyes。  They called him 

〃Kubar; a name which well described his round figure an 

buzzing speech。  After him; Kanets appeared from some

cornera dark; sad…looking; silent drunkard:  then the former 

governor of the prison; Luka Antonovitch Martyanoff; a man who 

existed on 〃remeshok;〃 〃trilistika〃 and 〃bankovka;〃 * and many 

such cunning games; not much appreciated by the police。 



Note by translator。Well…known games or chance; played by the 

lower classes。 The police specially endeavor to stop them; 

but unsuccessfully。





26 CREATURES THAT ONCE WERE MEN





He would throw his hard and oft…scourged body on the grass 

beside the teacher; and; turning his eyes round and scratching 

his head; would ask in a hoarse; bass voice; 〃May I?〃



Then appeared Pavel Solntseff; a man of thirty years of age; 

suffering from consumption。  The ribs of his left side had 

been broken in a quarrel; and the sharp; yellow face; 

like that of a fox; always wore a malicious smile。  The thin 

lips; when opened; exposed two rows of decayed black teeth; 

and the rags on his shoulders swayed backward and forward as 

if they were hung on a clothes pole。  They called him 

〃Abyedok。〃  He hawked brushes and bath brooms of his own 

manufacture; good; strong brushes made from a peculiar kind 

of grass。



Then followed a lean and bony man of whom no one knew anything; 

with a frightened expression in his eyes; the left one of 

which had a squint。  He was silent and timid; and had been 

imprisoned three times for theft by the High Court of Justice 

and the Magisterial Courts。  His family name was Kiselnikoff; 

but they called him Paltara Taras; because he was a head and 

shoulders taller than his friend; Deacon Taras; who had been 

degraded from his office for drunkenness and immorality。  The 

Deacon was a short; thick…set person; with the chest of an 

athlete and a round; strong head。  He danced skilfully; and 

was still more skilful at swearing。  He and Paltara Taras 

worked in the wood on the banks of the river; and in free 

hours he told his friend or any one who would listen; 〃Tales 

of my own composition;〃 as he used to say。  On hearing these 

stories; the heroes of which always seemed to be saints; kings; 

priests; or generals; even the inmates of the dosshouse spat 

and rubbed their eyes in astonishment at the imagination of the

Deacon; who told them shameless tales of lewd; fantastic

adventures; with blinking eyes and a passionless expression of 

countenance。 





27  CREATURES THAT ONCE WERE MEN





The imagination of this man was powerful and inexhaustible; he 

could go on relating and composing all day; from morning to 

night; without once repeating what he had said before。  In his 

expression you sometimes saw the poet gone astray; sometimes 

the romancer; and he always succeeded in making his tales

realistic by the effective and powerful words in which he told 

them。



There was also a foolish young man called Kuvalda Meteor。  One 

night he came to sleep in the dosshouse; and had remained ever 

since among these men; much to their astonishment。  At first 

they did not take much notice of him。  In the daytime; like all 

the others; he went away to find something to eat; but at 

nights he always loitered around this friendly company till at 

last the Captain took notice of him。

     

〃Boy! What business have you here on this earth?〃



The boy answered boldly and stoutly:  



〃I am a barefooted tramp。 。 。 。〃



The Captain looked critically at him。  This youngster had long 

hair and a weak face; with prominent cheekbones and a turned…up 

nose。  He was dressed in a blue blouse without a waistband; and 

on his head he wore the remains of a straw hat; while his feet 

were bare。



〃You are a fool!〃 decided Aristid Kuvalda。 〃what are you 

knocking about here for? You are of absolutely no use to us 。 。 。 

Do you drink vodki? 。 。 。 No? 。 。 。 Well; then; can you steal?〃 

Again; 〃No。〃 〃Go away; learn; and come back again when you know 

something; and are a man。 。 。 。〃





28  CREATURES THAT ONCE WERE MEN





The youngster smiled。  〃No。 I shall live with you。〃



〃Why?〃



〃Just because。 。 。 。〃



〃Oh; you 。 。 。 Meteor!〃 said the Captain。



〃I will break his teeth for him;〃 said Martyanoff。



〃And why?〃 asked the youngster。



〃Just because。 。 。 。〃



〃And I will take a stone and hit you on the head;〃 the young 

man answered respectfully。



Martyanoff would have broken his bones; had not Kuvalda 

interrupted with:  〃Leave him alone。 。 。Is this a home to 

you or even to us?  You have no sufficient reason to break his

teeth for him。  You have no better reason than he for living 

with us。〃



〃Well; then; Devil take him! 。 。 。 We all live in the world 

without sufficient reason 。 。 。 We live; and why? Because! 

He also because 。 。 。 let him alone。 。 。 。〃



〃But it is better for you; young man; to go away from us;〃 

the teacher advised him; looking him up and down with his sad 

eyes。  He made no answer; but remained。  And they soon became 

accustomed to his presence; and ceased to take any notice of 

him。 But he lived among them; and observed everything。



The above were the chief members of the Captain's company; and 

he called them with kind…hearted sarcasm 〃Creatures that once 

were Men。〃  For though there were men who had experienced as 

much of the bitter irony of fate as these men; yet they were 

not fallen so low。 





29  CREATURES THAT ONCE WERE MEN





Not infrequently; respectable men belonging to the cultured 

classes are inferior to those belonging to the peasantry; and 

it is always a fact that the depraved man from the city is 

immeasurably worse than the depraved man from the village。 

This fact was strikingly illustrated by the contrast between 

the formerly well…educated men and the mujiks who were living 

in Kuvalda's shelter。

     

The representative of the latter class was an old mujik

called Tyapa。  Tall and angular; he kept his head in such a 

position that his chin touched his breast。  He was the 

Captain's first lodger; and it was said of him that he had a 

great deal of money hidden somewhere; and for its sake had 

nearly had his throat cut some two years ago:  ever since then 

he carried his head thus。  Over his eyes hung grayish eyebrows; 

and; look

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