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four arthurian romances-第28部分

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…209; iii。      513…539; iv。 655…675。  Also M。 Wilmotte; 〃L'Evolution du      roman francais aux environs de 1150〃 (Paris; 1903)。  Scenes      from classical and medieval romance were for a long time      favourite subject of portrayal upon cloths and tapestries;      as well as of illuminations for manuscripts。 (36) Various conjectures have been advanced concerning the      significance of this strange adventure and its mysterious      name 〃La Joie de la cour〃。  It is a quite extraneous      episode; and Tennyson in his artistic use of our hero and      heroine in the Idyl of 〃Geraint and Enid〃 did well to omit      it。  Chretien's explanation; a little farther on; of 〃La      Joie de la cour〃 is lame and unsatisfactory; as if he      himself did not understand the significance of the matter      upon which he was working。  Cf。 E。 Philipot in 〃Romania〃;      xxv。 258…294; K。 Othmer; 〃Ueber das Verhaltnis Chrestiens      Erec und Enide zu dem Mabinogion des rothen Buch von      Hergest〃 (Bonn; 1889); G。 Paris in 〃Romania〃; xx。 152 f。 (37) The following description of Erec's reception is repeated      with variations at the time of Yvain's entrance in the      〃Chastel de Pesme Avanture〃 (〃Yvain〃; 5107 f。) (F。)。 (38) For such conventional mediaeval descriptions of other…world      castles; palaces; and landscapes; cf。 O。M。 Johnston in      〃Ztsch fur romanische Philologie〃; xxxii。 705…710。 (39) Tiebaut li Esclavon; frequently mentioned in the epic poems;      was a Saracen king; the first husband of Guibourne; who      later married the Christian hero Guillaume d'Orange。  Opinel      was also a Saracen; mentioned in 〃Gaufrey〃; p。 132; and the      hero of a lost epic poem (see G。 Paris; 〃Historie poetique      de Charlemagne〃; p。 127)。  Fernagu was another Saracen king;      killed in a famous encounter by Roland; 〃Otinel〃; p。 9 (F。)。       For further references to these characters; see E。 Langlois;      〃Table des noms propres de toute nature compris dans les      chansons de geste〃 (Paris; 1904)。 (40) There is a similar picket fence topped with helmets in the      〃Las de la Mule sanz frain〃; v。 433 (ed。 By R。T。 Hill;      Baltimore; 1911)。 (41) For such magic horns; cf。 A。 Hertel; 〃Verzauberte      Oertlichkeiten〃; etc。 (Hanover; 1908)。 (42) In fact; nothing is known of this 〃lai〃; if; indeed; it ever      existed。  For a recent definition of 〃lai〃; se L。 Foulet in      〃Ztsch。 fur romanische Philologie〃; xxxii。 161 f。 (43) The sterling was the English silver penny; 240 of which      equalled 1 Pound Sterling of silver of 5760 grains 925 fine。       It is early described as 〃denarius Angliae qui vocatur      sterlingus〃 (〃Ency。 Brit〃)。 (44) Macrobus was a Neoplatonic philosopher and Latin grammarian      of the early part of the 5th century A。D。  He is best known      as the author of the 〃Saturnalia〃 and of a commentary upon      Cicero's 〃Somnium Scipionis〃 in that author's 〃De      republica〃。  It is this latter work that is probably in the      mind of Chretien; as well as of Gower; who refers to him in      his 〃Mirour l'omme〃; and of Jean de Meun; the author of the      second part of the 〃Roman de la Rose〃。 (45) For fairies and their handiwork in the Middle Ages; cf。      L。F。A。 Maury; 〃Les Fees du moyen age〃 (Paris; 1843);      Keightley; 〃Fairy Mythology〃 (London; 1860); Lucy A。 Paton;      〃Studies in the Fairy Mythology of Arthurian Romance〃;      Radcliffe Monograph (Boston; 1903); D。B。 Easter; 〃The Magic      Elements in the romans d'aventure and the romans bretons〃      (Baltimore; 1906)。



CLIGES (1)

(Vv。 1…44。)  He who wrote of Erec and Enide; and translated into French the commands of Ovid and the Art of Love; and wrote the Shoulder Bite; (2) and about King Mark and the fair Iseut; (3) and about the metamorphosis of the Lapwing; (4) the Swallow; and the Nightingale; will tell another story now about a youth who lived in Greece and was a member of King Arthur's line。  But before I tell you aught of him; you shall hear of his father's life; whence he came and of what family。  He was so bold and so ambitious that he left Greece and went to England; which was called Britain in those days; in order to win fame and renown。 This story; which I intend to relate to you; we find written in one of the books of the library of my lord Saint Peter at Beauvais。 (5)  From there the material was drawn of which Chretien has made this romance。  The book is very old in which the story is told; and this adds to its authority。 (6)  From such books which have been preserved we learn the deeds of men of old and of the times long since gone by。  Our books have informed us that the pre…eminence in chivalry and learning once belonged to Greece。  Then chivalry passed to Rome; together with that highest learning which now has come to France。  God grant that it may be cherished here; and that it may be made so welcome here that the honour which has taken refuge with us may never depart from France: God had awarded it as another's share; but of Greeks and Romans no more is heard; their fame is passed; and their glowing ash is dead。

(Vv。 45…134。)  Chretien begins his story as we find it in the history; which tells of an emperor powerful in wealth and honour who ruled over Greece and Constantinople。  A very noble empress; too; there was; by whom the emperor had two children。  But the elder son was already so far advanced before the younger one was born that; if he had wished; he might have become a knight and held all the empire beneath his sway。  The name of the elder was Alexander; and the other's name was Alis。  Alexander; too; was the father's name; and the mother's name was Tantalis。  I shall now say nothing more of the emperor and of Alis; but I shall speak of Alexander; who was so bold and proud that he scorned to become a knight in his own country。 He had heard of King Arthur; who reigned in those days; and of the knights whom he always kept about him; thus causing his court to be feared and famed throughout the world。  However; the affair may result and whatever fortune may await him; nothing can restrain Alexander from his desire to go into Britain; but he must obtain his father's consent before proceeding to Britain and Cornwall。  So Alexander; fair and brave; goes to speak with the emperor in order to ask and obtain his leave。  Now he will tell him of his desire and what he wishes to do and undertake。  〃Fair sire;〃 he says; 〃in quest of honour and fame and praise I dare to ask you a boon; which I desire you to give me now without delay; if you are willing to grant it to me。〃  The emperor thinks no harm will come from this request: he ought rather to desire and long for his son's honour。  〃Fair son;〃 he says; 〃I grant you your desire; so tell me now what you wish me to give you。〃  Now the youth has accomplished his purpose; and is greatly pleased when the boon is granted him which he so greatly desired。  〃Sire;〃 says he; 〃do you wish to know what it is that you have promised me?  I wish to have a great plenty of gold and silver; and such companions from among your men as I will select; for I wish to go forth from your empire; and to present my service to the king who rules over Britain; in order that he may make me a knight。  I promise you never in my life to wear armour on my face or helmet upon my head until King Arthur shall gird on my sword; if he will graciously do so。  For from no other than from him will I accept my arms。〃 Without hesitation the emperor replies: 〃Fair son; for God's sake; speak not so!  This country all belongs to you; as well as rich Constantinople。  You ought not to think me mean; when I am ready to make you such a gift。  I shall be ready soon to have you crowned; and to…morrow you shall be a knight。  All Greece will be in your hands; and you shall receive from your nobles; as is right; their homage and oaths of allegiance。  Whoever refuses such an offer is not wise。〃

(Vv。 135…168。)  The youth hears the promise how the next morning after Mass his father is ready to dub him knight; but he says he will seek his fortune for better or worse in another land。  〃If you are willing in this matter to grant the boon I have asked of you; then give me mottled and grey furs; some good horses and silken stuffs: for before I become a knight I wish to enrol in King Arthur's service。  Nor have I yet sufficient strength to bear arms。  No one could induce me by prayer or flattery not to go to the foreign land to see his nobles and that king whose fame is so great for courtesy and prowess。  Many men of high degree lose through sloth the great renown which they might win; were they to wander about the world。 (7)  Repose and glory ill agree; as it seems to me; for a man of wealth adds nothing to his reputation if he spends all his days at ease。  Prowess is irksome to the ignoble man; and cowardice is a burden to the man of spirit; thus the two are contrary and opposite。  He is the slave of his wealth who spends his days in storing and increasing it。 Fair father; so long as I have the chance; and so long as my rigour lasts; I wish to devote my effort and energy to the pursuit of fame。〃

(Vv。 169…234。)  Upon hearing this; the emperor doubtless feels both joy and grief: he is glad that his son's intention is fixed upon honour; and on the other hand he is sorrowful because his son is about to be separated from him。  Yet; because of the promise which he made; despite the grief he feels; he must grant his request; for an emperor must keep his word。  〃Fair son;〃 he says; 〃I must not fail to do your pleasure; when I see you thus striving for honour。  From my treasure you may have two barges full of gold and silver; but take care to be generous and courteous and well…behaved。〃  Now the youth is very happy when his father promises him so much; and places his treasure at his disposal; and bids him urgently to give and spend generously。  And his father explains his reason for this: 〃Fair son;〃 he says; 〃believe me; that generosity is the dame and queen which sheds glory upon all the other virtues。  And the proof of this is not far to seek。  For where could you find a man; be he never so rich and powerful; who is not blamed if he is mean?  Nor could you find one; however ungracious he may be; whom generosity will not bring into fair rep

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