four arthurian romances-第51部分
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il they arrive in Greece; where they receive him with the jubilation which they ought to show to their rightful lord; and they give him his sweetheart to be his wife。 Both of them are crowned at once。 His mistress he has made his wife; but he still calls her his mistress and sweetheart; and she can complain of no loss of affection; for he loves her still as his mistress; and she loves him; too; as a lady ought to love her lover。 And each day saw their love grow stronger: he never doubted her; nor did she blame him for anything。 She was never kept confined; as so many women have been who have lived since her time。 For never since has there been an emperor who did not stand in fear of his wife; lest he should be deceived by her; upon his hearing the story of how Fenice deceived Alis; first with the potion which he drank; and then later by that other ruse。 Therefore; every empress; however rich and noble she may be; is guarded in Constantinople as in a prison; for the emperor has no confidence in her when he remembers the story of Fenice。 He keeps her constantly guarded in her room; nor is there ever allowed any man in her presence; unless he be a eunuch from his youth; in the case of such there is no fear or doubt that Love will ensnare them in his bonds。 Here ends the work of Chretien。 (44)
ENDNOTES: NOTE: Endnotes supplied by Prof。 Foerster are indicated by 〃(F。)〃; all other endnotes are supplied by W。W。 Comfort。
(1) There is no English version corresponding to the old French 〃Cliges〃。 The English metrical romance 〃Sir Cleges〃 has nothing to do with the French romance。 (2) Ovid in 〃Metamorphosis〃; vi。 404; relates how Tantalus at a feast to the gods offered them the shoulder of his own son。 It is not certain; however; that Chretien is referring here to this slight episode of the 〃Metamorphosis〃。 (3) This allusion is generally taken as evidence that the poet had written previously of the love of Tristan and Iseut。 Gaston Paris; however; in one of his last utterances (〃Journal des Savants〃; 1902; p。 297); says: 〃Je n'hesite pas a dire que l'existence d'un poeme sur Tristan par Chretien de Troies; a laquelle j'ai cru comme presque tout le monde; me parait aujourd'hui fort peu probable; j'en vais donner les raisons。〃 (4) The story of Philomela or Philomena; familiar in Chaucer's 〃Legende of Good Women〃; is told by Ovid in 〃Metamorphosis〃; vi。 426…674。 Cretiens li Gois is cited by the author of the 〃Ovide moralise〃 as the author of the episode of Philomena incorporated in his long didactic poem。 This episode has been ascribed to Chretien de Troyes by many recent critics; and has been separately edited by C。 de Boer; who offers in his Introduction a lengthy discussion of its authorship。 See C。 de Boer; 〃Philomena; conte raconte d'apres Ovide par Chretien de Troyes〃 (Paris; 1909)。 (5) The present cathedral of Beauvais is dedicated to St。 Peter; and its construction was begun in 1227。 The earlier structure here referred to; destroyed in 1118; probably was also dedicated to the same saint。 (F。) (6) The real kernal of the Cliges story; stripped of its lengthy introduction concerning Alexandre and Soredamors; is told in a few lines in 〃Marques de Rome〃; p。 135 (ed。 J。 Alton in 〃Lit。 Verein in Stuttgart〃; No。 187; Tubingen; 1889); as one of the tales or 〃exempla〃 recounted by the Empress of Rome to the Emperor and the Seven Sages。 No names are given except that of Cliges himself; the version owes nothing to Chretien's poem; and seems to rest upon a story which the author may have heard orally。 See Foerster's 〃Einleitung to Cliges〃 (1910); p。 32 f。 (7) This criticism of ignoble leisure on the part of a warrior is found also in 〃Erec et Enide〃 and 〃Yvain〃。 (8) This allegorical tribute to 〃largesse〃 is quite in the spirit of the age。 When professional poets lived upon the bounty of their patrons; it is not strange that their poetry should dwell upon the importance of generosity in their heroes。 For an exhaustive collection of 〃chastisements〃 or 〃enseignements〃; such as that here given to Alexandre by his father; see Eugen Altner; 〃Ueber die chastiements in den altfranzosischen chansons de geste〃 (Leipzig; 1885)。 (9) As Miss Weston has remarked (〃The Three Days' Tournament〃; p。 45); the peculiar georgraphy of this poem 〃is distinctly Anglo…Norman rather than Arthurian〃。 (10) For this intimate relation between heroes; so common in the old French heroic and romantic poems; see Jacques Flach; 〃Le compagnonnage dans les chansons de geste〃 in 〃Etudes romances dediees a Gaston Paris〃 (Paris; 1891)。 Reviewed in 〃Romania〃; xxii。 145。 (11) Here begins one of those long dialogues; where one person is represented as taking both sides of an argument。 This rhetorical device; so wearisome to modern readers; is used by Chretien preferably when some sentiment or deep emotion is to be portrayed。 Ovid may well have suggested the device; but Ovid never abuses it as does the more prolix mediaeval poet。 For the part playing by the eyes in mediaeval love sophistry; see J。F。 Hanford; 〃The Debate of Heart and Eye〃 in 〃Modern Language Notes〃; xxvi。 161…165; and H。R。 Lang; 〃The Eyes as Generators of Love。〃 id。 xxiii。 126…127。 (12) For play upon words and for fanciful derivation of proper names in mediaeval romance literature; see the interesting article of Adolf Tobler in 〃Vermischte Beitrage〃; ii。 211… 266。 Gaston Paris (〃Journal des Savants〃; 1902; p。 354) points out that Thomas used the same scene and the play upon the same words 〃mer〃; 〃amer〃; and 〃amers〃 in his 〃Tristan〃 and was later imitated by Gottfried von Strassburg。 (13) According to the 12th century troubadours; the shafts of Love entered the victim's body through the eyes; and thence pierced the heart。 (14) For fanciful derivation of proper names; cf。 A。 Tobler; 〃Vermischte Beitrage〃; ii。 211…266。 (15) Ganelon; the traitor in the 〃Chanson de Roland〃; to whose charge is laid the defeat of Charlemagne's rear…guard at Ronceval; became the arch…traitor of mediaeval literature。 It will be recalled that Dante places him in the lowest pit of Hell (〃Inferno〃; xxxii。 122)。 (NOTE: There is a slight time discrepance here。 Roland; Ganelon; and the Battle of Ronceval were said to have happened in 8th Century A。D。; fully 300 years after Arthur and the Round Table。DBK)。 (16) For the ceremonies attendant upon the conferring of knighthood; see Karl Treis; 〃Die Formalitaten des Ritterschlags in der altfranzosischen Epik〃 (Berlin; 1887)。 (17) The 〃quintainne〃 was 〃a manikin mounted on a pivot and armed with a club in such a way that; when a man struck it unskilfully with his lance; it turned and landed a blow upon his back〃 (Larousse)。 (18) This conventional attitude of one engaged in thought or a prey to sadness has been referred to by G。L。 Hamilton in 〃Ztsch fur romanische Philologie〃; xxxiv。 571…572。 (19) Many traitors in old French literature suffered the same punishments as Ganelon; and were drawn asunder by horses (〃Roland〃; 3960…74)。 (20) The same rare words 〃galerne〃 and 〃posterne〃 occur in rhyme in the 〃Roman de Thebes〃; 1471…72。 (21) This qualified praise is often used in speaking of traitors and of Saracens。 (22) The failure to identify the warriors is due to the fact that the knights are totally encased in armour。 (23) A reference to the 〃Roman de Thebes〃; 1160 circ。 (24) The disregard of Alis for his nephew Cliges is similar to that of King Mark for Tristan in another legend。 In the latter; however; Tristan joins with the other courtiers in advising his uncle to marry; though he himself had been chosen heir to the throne by Mark。 cf。 J。 Bedier; 〃Le Roman de Tristan〃; 2 vols。 (Paris; 1902); i。 63 f。 (25) See Endnote #14 above。 (26) Cf。 Shakespeare; 〃Othello〃; ii。 I; where Cassio; speaking of Othello's marriage with Desdemona; says: 〃he hath achieved a maid That paragons description and wild fame; One that excels the quirks of blazoning pens; And in the essential vesture of creation Does tire the enginer。〃 (27) Ovid (〃Metamorphosis〃; iii。 339…510) is Chretien's authority。 (28) Cf。 L。 Sudre; 〃Les allusions a la legende de Tristan dans la litterature du moyen age〃; 〃Romania〃; xv。 435 f。 Tristan was famed as a hunter; fencer; wrestler; and harpist。 (29) 〃The word ‘Thessala' was a common one in Latin; as meaning ‘enchantress'; ‘sorceress'; ‘witch'; as Pliny himself tells us; adding that the art of enchantment was not; however; indigenous to Thessaly; but came originally from Persia。〃 (〃Natural History〃; xxx。 2)。D。B。 Easter; 〃Magic Elements in the romans d'aventure and the romans bretons; p。 7。 (Baltimore; 1906)。 A Jeanroy in 〃Romania〃; xxxiii。 420 note; says: 〃Quant au nom de Thessala; il doit venir de Lucain; tres lu dans les ecoles au XIIe siecle。〃 See also G。 Paris in 〃Journal des Savants〃; 1902; p。 441 note。 Thessala is mentioned in the 〃Roman de la Violetta〃; v。 514; in company with Brangien of the Tristan legend。 (30) Medea; the wife of Jason; is the great sorceress of classic legend。 (31) This personage was regarded in the Middle Ages as an Emperor of Rome。 In the 13th…century poem of 〃Octavian〃 (ed。 Vollmuller; Heilbronn; 1883) he is represented as a contemporary of King Dagobert! (32) This commonplace remark is quoted as a proverb of the rustic in 〃Ipomedon〃; 1671…72; id。; 10; 348…51; 〃Roman de Mahomet〃; 1587…88; 〃Roman de Renart〃; vi。 85…86; Gower's 〃Mirour de l'omme〃; 28; 599; etc。 (33) It is curious to note that Corneille puts almost identical words in the mouth of Don Gomes as he addresses the Cid (〃Le Cid〃; ii。 2)。 (34) For this tournament and its parallels in folk…lore; see Miss J。L。 Weston; 〃The Three Days' Tournament〃 (London; 1902)。 She argues (p。 14