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four arthurian romances-第51部分

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il they arrive in Greece; where they receive him with the jubilation which they ought to show to their rightful lord; and they give him his sweetheart to be his wife。  Both of them are crowned at once。  His mistress he has made his wife; but he still calls her his mistress and sweetheart; and she can complain of no loss of affection; for he loves her still as his mistress; and she loves him; too; as a lady ought to love her lover。  And each day saw their love grow stronger: he never doubted her; nor did she blame him for anything。  She was never kept confined; as so many women have been who have lived since her time。  For never since has there been an emperor who did not stand in fear of his wife; lest he should be deceived by her; upon his hearing the story of how Fenice deceived Alis; first with the potion which he drank; and then later by that other ruse。  Therefore; every empress; however rich and noble she may be; is guarded in Constantinople as in a prison; for the emperor has no confidence in her when he remembers the story of Fenice。  He keeps her constantly guarded in her room; nor is there ever allowed any man in her presence; unless he be a eunuch from his youth; in the case of such there is no fear or doubt that Love will ensnare them in his bonds。 Here ends the work of Chretien。 (44)

ENDNOTES: NOTE: Endnotes supplied by Prof。 Foerster are indicated by 〃(F。)〃; all other endnotes are supplied by W。W。 Comfort。

(1)  There is no English version corresponding to the old French      〃Cliges〃。  The English metrical romance 〃Sir Cleges〃 has      nothing to do with the French romance。 (2)  Ovid in 〃Metamorphosis〃; vi。 404; relates how Tantalus at a      feast to the gods offered them the shoulder of his own son。       It is not certain; however; that Chretien is referring here      to this slight episode of the 〃Metamorphosis〃。 (3)  This allusion is generally taken as evidence that the poet      had written previously of the love of Tristan and Iseut。       Gaston Paris; however; in one of his last utterances      (〃Journal des Savants〃; 1902; p。 297); says: 〃Je n'hesite      pas a dire que l'existence d'un poeme sur Tristan par      Chretien de Troies; a laquelle j'ai cru comme presque tout      le monde; me parait aujourd'hui fort peu probable; j'en vais      donner les raisons。〃 (4)  The story of Philomela or Philomena; familiar in Chaucer's      〃Legende of Good Women〃; is told by Ovid in 〃Metamorphosis〃;      vi。 426…674。  Cretiens li Gois is cited by the author of the      〃Ovide moralise〃 as the author of the episode of Philomena      incorporated in his long didactic poem。  This episode has      been ascribed to Chretien de Troyes by many recent critics;      and has been separately edited by C。 de Boer; who offers in      his Introduction a lengthy discussion of its authorship。       See C。 de Boer; 〃Philomena; conte raconte d'apres Ovide par      Chretien de Troyes〃 (Paris; 1909)。 (5)  The present cathedral of Beauvais is dedicated to St。 Peter;      and its construction was begun in 1227。  The earlier      structure here referred to; destroyed in 1118; probably was      also dedicated to the same saint。 (F。) (6)  The real kernal of the Cliges story; stripped of its lengthy      introduction concerning Alexandre and Soredamors; is told in      a few lines in 〃Marques de Rome〃; p。 135 (ed。 J。 Alton in      〃Lit。 Verein in Stuttgart〃; No。 187; Tubingen; 1889); as one      of the tales or 〃exempla〃 recounted by the Empress of Rome      to the Emperor and the Seven Sages。  No names are given      except that of Cliges himself; the version owes nothing to      Chretien's poem; and seems to rest upon a story which the      author may have heard orally。  See Foerster's 〃Einleitung to      Cliges〃 (1910); p。 32 f。 (7)  This criticism of ignoble leisure on the part of a warrior      is found also in 〃Erec et Enide〃 and 〃Yvain〃。 (8)  This allegorical tribute to 〃largesse〃 is quite in the      spirit of the age。  When professional poets lived upon the      bounty of their patrons; it is not strange that their poetry      should dwell upon the importance of generosity in their      heroes。  For an exhaustive collection of 〃chastisements〃 or      〃enseignements〃; such as that here given to Alexandre by his      father; see Eugen Altner; 〃Ueber die chastiements in den      altfranzosischen chansons de geste〃 (Leipzig; 1885)。 (9)  As Miss Weston has remarked (〃The Three Days' Tournament〃;      p。 45); the peculiar georgraphy of this poem 〃is distinctly      Anglo…Norman rather than Arthurian〃。 (10) For this intimate relation between heroes; so common in the      old French heroic and romantic poems; see Jacques Flach; 〃Le      compagnonnage dans les chansons de geste〃 in 〃Etudes      romances dediees a Gaston Paris〃 (Paris; 1891)。  Reviewed in      〃Romania〃; xxii。 145。 (11) Here begins one of those long dialogues; where one person is      represented as taking both sides of an argument。  This      rhetorical device; so wearisome to modern readers; is used      by Chretien preferably when some sentiment or deep emotion      is to be portrayed。  Ovid may well have suggested the      device; but Ovid never abuses it as does the more prolix      mediaeval poet。  For the part playing by the eyes in      mediaeval love sophistry; see J。F。 Hanford; 〃The Debate of      Heart and Eye〃 in 〃Modern Language Notes〃; xxvi。 161…165;      and H。R。 Lang; 〃The Eyes as Generators of Love。〃 id。 xxiii。      126…127。 (12) For play upon words and for fanciful derivation of proper      names in mediaeval romance literature; see the interesting      article of Adolf Tobler in 〃Vermischte Beitrage〃; ii。 211…      266。  Gaston Paris (〃Journal des Savants〃; 1902; p。 354)      points out that Thomas used the same scene and the play upon      the same words 〃mer〃; 〃amer〃; and 〃amers〃 in his 〃Tristan〃      and was later imitated by Gottfried von Strassburg。 (13) According to the 12th century troubadours; the shafts of      Love entered the victim's body through the eyes; and thence      pierced the heart。 (14) For fanciful derivation of proper names; cf。 A。 Tobler;      〃Vermischte Beitrage〃; ii。 211…266。 (15) Ganelon; the traitor in the 〃Chanson de Roland〃; to whose      charge is laid the defeat of Charlemagne's rear…guard at      Ronceval; became the arch…traitor of mediaeval literature。       It will be recalled that Dante places him in the lowest pit      of Hell (〃Inferno〃; xxxii。 122)。 (NOTE: There is a slight      time discrepance here。  Roland; Ganelon; and the Battle of      Ronceval were said to have happened in 8th Century A。D。;      fully 300 years after Arthur and the Round Table。DBK)。 (16) For the ceremonies attendant upon the conferring of      knighthood; see Karl Treis; 〃Die Formalitaten des      Ritterschlags in der altfranzosischen Epik〃 (Berlin; 1887)。 (17) The 〃quintainne〃 was 〃a manikin mounted on a pivot and armed      with a club in such a way that; when a man struck it      unskilfully with his lance; it turned and landed a blow upon      his back〃 (Larousse)。 (18) This conventional attitude of one engaged in thought or a      prey to sadness has been referred to by G。L。 Hamilton in      〃Ztsch fur romanische Philologie〃; xxxiv。 571…572。 (19) Many traitors in old French literature suffered the same      punishments as Ganelon; and were drawn asunder by horses      (〃Roland〃; 3960…74)。 (20) The same rare words 〃galerne〃 and 〃posterne〃 occur in rhyme      in the 〃Roman de Thebes〃; 1471…72。 (21) This qualified praise is often used in speaking of traitors      and of Saracens。 (22) The failure to identify the warriors is due to the fact that      the knights are totally encased in armour。 (23) A reference to the 〃Roman de Thebes〃; 1160 circ。 (24) The disregard of Alis for his nephew Cliges is similar to      that of King Mark for Tristan in another legend。  In the      latter; however; Tristan joins with the other courtiers in      advising his uncle to marry; though he himself had been      chosen heir to the throne by Mark。  cf。 J。 Bedier; 〃Le Roman      de Tristan〃; 2 vols。 (Paris; 1902); i。 63 f。 (25) See Endnote #14 above。 (26) Cf。 Shakespeare; 〃Othello〃; ii。 I; where Cassio; speaking of      Othello's marriage with Desdemona; says:           〃he hath achieved a maid           That paragons description and wild fame;           One that excels the quirks of blazoning pens;           And in the essential vesture of creation           Does tire the enginer。〃 (27) Ovid (〃Metamorphosis〃; iii。 339…510) is Chretien's      authority。 (28) Cf。 L。 Sudre; 〃Les allusions a la legende de Tristan dans la      litterature du moyen age〃; 〃Romania〃; xv。 435 f。  Tristan      was famed as a hunter; fencer; wrestler; and harpist。 (29) 〃The word ‘Thessala' was a common one in Latin; as meaning      ‘enchantress'; ‘sorceress'; ‘witch'; as Pliny himself tells      us; adding that the art of enchantment was not; however;      indigenous to Thessaly; but came originally from Persia。〃      (〃Natural History〃; xxx。 2)。D。B。 Easter; 〃Magic Elements      in the romans d'aventure and the romans bretons; p。 7。      (Baltimore; 1906)。  A Jeanroy in 〃Romania〃; xxxiii。 420      note; says: 〃Quant au nom de Thessala; il doit venir de      Lucain; tres lu dans les ecoles au XIIe siecle。〃  See also      G。 Paris in 〃Journal des Savants〃; 1902; p。 441 note。       Thessala is mentioned in the 〃Roman de la Violetta〃; v。 514;      in company with Brangien of the Tristan legend。 (30) Medea; the wife of Jason; is the great sorceress of classic      legend。 (31) This personage was regarded in the Middle Ages as an Emperor      of Rome。  In the 13th…century poem of 〃Octavian〃 (ed。      Vollmuller; Heilbronn; 1883) he is represented as a      contemporary of King Dagobert! (32) This commonplace remark is quoted as a proverb of the rustic      in 〃Ipomedon〃; 1671…72; id。; 10; 348…51; 〃Roman de Mahomet〃;      1587…88; 〃Roman de Renart〃; vi。 85…86; Gower's 〃Mirour de      l'omme〃; 28; 599; etc。 (33) It is curious to note that Corneille puts almost identical      words in the mouth of Don Gomes as he addresses the Cid (〃Le      Cid〃; ii。 2)。 (34) For this tournament and its parallels in folk…lore; see Miss      J。L。 Weston; 〃The Three Days' Tournament〃 (London; 1902)。       She argues (p。 14

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