pathology of lying-第3部分

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　all　delinquents　are　liars　many　times　over。　　But　as　a　matter　of　fact　we　have　been　profoundly　astonished　to　discover　that　a　considerable　percentage　of　the　cases　we　have　studied；　even　of　repeated　offenders；　have　proved　notably　truthful。　　Occasionally　the　very　person　who　will　engage　in　a　major　form　of　delinquency　will　hesitate　to　lie。　　Our　experience　shows　this　to　be　less　true；　however；　of　sex　delinquency　than　perhaps　of　any　other。　　This　statement　is　based　on　general　observations；　the　accurate　correlations　have　not　been　worked　up。　　Occasionally　the　professional　criminal　of　many　misdeeds　is　proud　of　his　uprightness　in　other　spheres　of　behavior；　including　veracity。　　But　even　here　one　would　have　to　classify　carefully；　for　it　is　obvious　that　the　typical　swindler　would　find　lying　his　best　cloak　of　disguise。　　On　the　other　hand；　a　bold　safe…blower　may　look　down　with　scorn　upon　a　form　of　criminality　which　demands　constant　mendacity。


＇6＇　loc。　cit。



Realizing　that　pathological　lying　is　a　type　of　delinquency；　and　following　the　rule　that　for　explanation　of　conduct　tendencies　one　must　go　to　youthful　beginnings；　we　have　attempted　to　gain　the　fullest　possible　information　about　the　fundamentals　of　developmental　and　family　history；　early　environment；　and　early　mental　experiences。　　Fortunately　we　have　often　been　able　to　obtain　specific　and　probably　accurate　data　on　heredity。　　The　many　cases　which　have　been　only　partially　studied　are　not　included。　　Successive　cross…section　studies　have　been　made　in　a　number　of　cases；　and　it　has　been　possible　to　get　a　varying　amount　of　after…history。　　Observational；　historical；　and　analytical　data　thus　accumulated　have　given　us　a　particularly　favorable　opportunity　for　discerning　the　bases　of　this　special　delinquent　tendency。　　The　results　of　the　various　kinds　of　social　treatment　which　have　been　undertaken　are　not　the　least　interesting　of　our　facts。

To　enumerate　the　results　obtained　on　the　many　mental　tests　given　in　most　cases　seems　quite　unnecessary　for　the　purpose　of　this　monograph。　　We　have　referred　to　a　few　points　of　special　interest　and　rarely　have　designated　the　results　on　tests　in　our　series。　　In　general；　the　reader　probably　will　be　better　off　with　merely　the　statement　of　the　principal　findings　and　of　the　mental　diagnosis。

Of　much　interest　for　the　present　subject　is　the　development　of　psychological　studies　of　testimony　or　report。　　Because　of　the　natural　expectation　that　the　pathological　liar　might　prove　to　be　an　unreliable　witness　our　studies　on　this　point　will　be　offered　in　detail。　　For　years　we　have　been　giving　a　picture　memory　test　on　the　order　of　one　used　extensively　abroad。　　This　‘‘Aussage''　Test　is　the　one　described　as　Test　VI　in　our　monograph　on　Practical　Mental　Classification。＇7＇　　More　recently　our　studies　on　the　psychology　of　testimony　have　led　us　into　wider　fields　of　observation；　and　here　the　group　of　cases　now　under　discussion　may　have　to　stand　by　themselves。　　The　picture；　the　record　of　testimony　on　which　is　given　in　some　detail　in　our　case　histories；　is　that　of　a　butcher's　shop　with　objects　and　actions　that　are　universally　comprehended。　　After　careful　and　fair　explanation　of　what　is　about　to　be　undertaken；　the　picture　is　exposed　for　ten　seconds；　and　then　the　examinee　is　asked　to　give　a　free　recital　of　all　he　saw。　　When　he　states　that　no　more　is　remembered　he　is　questioned　on　omitted　details。　　（All　told；　there　are　about　50　details　of　varying　importance　in　the　picture。）　　During　the　progress　of　this　part　of　the　examination　he　is　asked　if　he　saw　7　objects　which　might　well　be　in　a　butcher　shop；　but　which　are　not　in　the　picture。　　This　is　the　test　for　susceptibility　to　suggestion。　　All　points　are　carefully　scored。　　Norms　on　this　test；　as　on　many　others；　it　seems　hardly　fair　to　give　by　averagesthere　is　much　variation　according　to　mentality　and　even　personality　groups。　　Practically　all　of　our　cases　of　pathological　lying　range　above　the　age　of　young　childhood；　so　it　is　not　necessary　here　to　discuss　the　characteristics　of　young　children's　testimony。　　Perhaps　it　is　sufficient　to　say　that　the　ordinary　individual　recalls　voluntarily　or　upon　questioning　upwards　of　20　items；　and　does　not　give　incorrect　items　to　any　extent。　　On　questioning　he　may　perhaps　accept　one　or　two　of　the　seven　suggestions；　but　when　details　in　general　are　asked　for　he　does　not　add　fictional　items　more　than　are　accounted　for　by　some　little　slip　of　memory。　　One　can　find　definite　types　of　intellectual　honesty；　even　among　children　of　10　or　12　years　of　age；　when　there　is　no　tampering　with　the　truth；　if　an　item　has　not　been　observed；　there　is　no　effort　to　make　it　seem　otherwise。　　For　discussion　of　the　results　on　this　test　among　our　pathological　liars　we　refer　to　our　chapter　on　conclusions。


＇7＇　‘‘Tests　for　Practical　Mental　Classification；''　by　William　Healy　and　Grace　M。　Fernald；　Monograph　No。　54。　Psychological　Review　Pub。　Co。；　1911；　Princeton　University；　Princeton；　N。　J。



The　short　summary　of　causative　factors　given　at　the　end　of　the　case　study　deals　only　with　the　factors　of　delinquency。　　To　avoid　misinterpretation　of　the　coordinated　facts；　what　they　are　focused　upon　should　ever　be　remembered。　　The　statement　of　these　ascertained　factors　brings　out　many　incidental　points　which　should　be　of　interest　to　lawyers　and　other　students　of　criminalistics。

It　should　be　needless　to　state　to　our　professional　readers　that　the　personalities　represented　in　our　case　histories　are　entirely　fictitious；　but　that　alterations　have　been　made　only　in　such　facts　as　will　not　impair　scientific　values。　　We　confess　to　no　particular　pleasure　in　writing　up　this　rather　sordid　material；　the　task　is　undertaken　because　such　studies　offer　the　only　way　to　gain　that　better　understanding　which　is　necessary　for　adequate　treatment　of　special　types　of　human　beings。




CHAPTER　II

PREVIOUS　STUDIES

The　subject　of　pathological　lying　was　first　definitely　brought　to　the　attention　of　the　medical　and　legal　professions　by　the　studies　of　Delbruck。＇8＇　　The　aim　of　this　work　was　to　follow　the　development　of　a　symptom　but　little　commented　upon　up　to　this　time；　a　symptom；　as　he　says；　found　in　every　healthy　person　in　slight　degree；　but　in　some　cases　rising　to　pathological　significance　and　perhaps　dominating　the　entire　picture　of　abnormal　traitsthus　becoming　pathognomonic。　　This　symptom　he　at　the　outset　calls　lying。


＇8＇　‘‘Die　pathologische　Luge　und　die　psychisch　abnormen　Schwindler。　　Eine　Untersuchung　Uber　den　allmahlichen　Uebergang　eines　normalen　psychologischen　Vorgangs　in　ein　pathologisches　Symptom；　fur　Aerzte　und　Juristen。''　　Pp。　131；　Stuttgart；　1891。



Through　an　elaborate　and　exhaustive　investigation　of　the　lies　told　by　five　patients　over　a　period　of　years；　he　came　to　the　conclusion　that　the　form　of　falsifying　in　these　cases　deserves　a　new　and　separate　name。　　It　was　not　ordinary　lying；　or　delusion；　or　false　memory；　these　words　express　only　part　of　the　conception；　hence　he　coined　the　new　term；　pseudologia　phantastica；　to　cover　the　species　of　lying　with　which　he　was　concerned。　　Later　German　writers　have　also　adopted　his　terminology。

To　emphasize　the　method　by　which　he　arrived　at　this　conclusion　and　to　gain　at　the　same　time　some　knowledge　of　the　problems　he　dealt　with；　we　may　review　in　bare　outline　his　case…studies。

The　first　patient　presented　by　Delbruck　was　an　Austrian　maid…servant　who　in　her　wanderings　through　Austria　and　Switzerland　had　played　at　various　times　the　roles　of　Roumanian　princess；　Spaniard　of　royal　lineage；　a　poor　medical　student；　and　the　rich　friend　of　a　bishop。　　Her　lying　revealed　a　mixture　of　imagination；　boastfulness；　deception；　delusion；　and　dissimulation。　　She　romanced　wonderfully　about　her　royal　birth　and　wrote　letters　purporting　to　be　from　a　cardinal　to　herself。　　She　fled　disguised　as　a　man　from　an　educational　institution　to　Switzerland　where　her　sex　was　discovered。　　It　appeared　that　she　was　subject　to　contrary　sex　feelings　and　thought　of　herself　as　a　man。　　She　was　under　the　observation　of　Krafft…Ebing　at　one　time。　　He　considered　it　at　least　as　a　case　of　paranoia。　　Others　had　determined　the　girl　to　be　a　psychopath　who　indulged　in　simulations　and　lies。　　Delbruck　denominated　it　a　case　of　direct　lying　with　a　tendency　to　phantasies；　delusions；　and　dissimulations。　　Delbruck　from　this　case　argues　that　a　mixture　of　lies　and　delusions　is　possible；　comparing　such　a　state　with　dreaming　and　with　the　hypnotic　condition　in　which　one　follows　the　suggestion　of　the　hypnotizer　and　is　still　aware　of　the　fact。　　It　was　evident　at　times　that　this　girl　half　believed　her　own　stories；　then　again　that　she　had　forgotten　her　former　lies。　　In　her；　Delbruck　considers　perverted　sex　feeling　and　hysteria　revealed　a　brain　organization　abnormal　from　birth。　　There　was　the　instinctive　tendency　to　lie。

The　second　patient；　an　epileptic　girl；　had　been　many　times　imprisoned　and　also　sent　to　the　Charite　for　examination　into　her　sanity　before　Delbruck　saw　her。　　Her　peculiar　method　was　to　approach　strangers；　claiming　to　be　a　relative　coming　from　another　city　to　visit。　　If　cordially　received　she　would　stay　as　long　as　her　welcome　lasted；　then　depart　taking　with　her　any　of　their　possessions　her　fancy　chose。　　Many　prominent　physicians　examined　her　and　were　unable　to　decide　as　to　her　responsibility；　judges　and　others　said　she　was　a　willful　deceiver；　a　refined　swindler。　　Delbruck；　looking　deeper；　found　that　she　was　suffering　from　hysteria；　having　hystero…epileptic　seizures　with　following　delirium；　or　rather　twilight　states。　　Though　her　delinquencies　seemed　to　show　cunning　and　skill；　a　careful　investigation　revealed　the　fact　that　this　was　merely　aberrant。　　Generally　her　thieving　was　undertaken　in　feebleminded　fashion；　many　times　she　stole　things　worthless　to　herself。　　Evidences　of　her　pathological　mentality　were　that　she　would　give　orders　for　groceries；　would　buy　children's　clothes；　or　send　for　a　physician　under　an　assumed　name。　　She　might　not　go　back　for　the　groceries；　but　after　ordering　them　would　say　she　would　return　with　the　carriage。　　The　characteristic　fact　throughout　her　career　was　that　she　wished　to　appear　to　be　some　one　wealthier；　more　influential　than　she　was。　　Delbruck　classifies　her　as　high…grade　feebleminded；　suffering　from　convulsive　attacks　and　peculiar　states　of　consci