pathology of lying-第51部分

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n　the　idea　of　self…preservationafter　all　the　backbone　of　much　of　our　morals。　　When　it　comes　to　specific　details　of　treatment　these　must　be　educational；　alterative；　and　constructive。　　In　Cases　1　and　3　under　treatment　we　know　that　when　the　lying　was　discovered　or　suspected　the　individual　was　at　once　checked　up　and　made　to　go　over　the　ground　and　state　the　real　facts。　　The　pathological　liar　ordinarily　reacts　to　the　accusation　of　lying　by　prevaricating　again　in　self…defense；　but　when　with　the　therapeutist　there　has　been　the　understanding　that　the　tendency　to　lying　is　a　habit　which　it　is　necessary　to　break；　the　barricade　of　self…　defense　may　not　be　thrown　up。　　An　alterative　measure　of　great　value；　then；　is　directly　to　meet　the　specific　lie　on　the　spot；　as　it　were；　when　it　is　told。

Next；　accuracy　of　report　may　well　be　practiced　as　a　special　discipline。　　In　these　normal　cases　we　have　seen　that　there　could　be　little　doubt　about　the　individual　having　self…control　enough　to　stick　to　the　truth；　if　the　will　was　properly　directed。　　Indeed；　many　of　our　cases　were　exceptionally　bright　individuals　with　many　good　powers　of　observation　and　memory。　　Had　one　the　opportunity；　there　can　be　little　doubt　but　that　training　in　the　power　to　do　well　on　such　a　test　as　that　afforded　by　the　‘‘Aussage''　picture　would　have　yielded　good　results。　　Indeed；　there　is　some　suggestion　of　this　in　our　table　of　findings　on　this　test；　where　we　note　that　pathological　liars；　when　left　merely　to　themselves　and　their　first　often　comparatively　meagre　report　on　the　picture；　give　few　incorrect　details。　　The　difference　in　their　report　as　compared　with　other　observers　of　the　picture　was　found　when　they　answered　questions。　　Since　this　is　the　case；　there　can　be　little　question　that　training　in　the　power　to　respond　accurately　might　be　gained。

It　may　be　of　value　in　considering　therapeutics　of　pathological　lying　to　enumerate　the　general　run　of　treatment　which　was　carried　out　in　those　instances　where　we　know　that　betterment　took　place。　　Nearly　always　only　a　part　of　what　we　advised　could　be　carried　out；　but；　even　so；　a　brief　statement　of　the　conditions　under　which　betterment　was　accomplished　seems　worth　much。

Case　1　was　treated　first　in　an　institution　for　delinquents　where　every　effort　was　made　to　cure　her　disease　and　where　she　was　taught　to　employ　herself　in　constructive　work。　　It　was　found　she　had　ability　to　design；　and　this　was　used　to　the　utmost。　　Then　her　lying　tendencies　were　checked　by　social　disapprobation　as　much　as　possible。　　A　special　effort　was　made　toward　this。　　The　girl　was　undoubtedly　made　more　serious…minded　by　the　after…effects　of　her　experience　and　perhaps　by　her　disease。　　She　was　later　successfully　handled　at　home　by　her　sensible　mother。　　Leaving　the　years　of　adolescent　instability　behind　her　was　also　undoubtedly　a　factor　in　betterment。

Case　4　was　taken　in　hand　by　a　sterling　character　who　restrained　very　carefully　the　tendency　to　lying；　and　by　firm　methods　showed　her　the　social　advantages　of　self…control　in　this　respect。　　At　the　same　time　she　was　given　a　vastly　better　environment；　particularly　in　the　matter　of　her　friends。　　However；　there　is　little　doubt　that　nothing　would　have　been　accomplished　in　this　case　without　first　a　deep　understanding　of　the　girl's　troubles　and　of　her　mental　conflicts。

Case　7　was　treated　for　her　sex　difficulties　under　the　constant　care　of　a　vigorous　mother；　who　first；　naturally；　had　to　gain　an　understanding　of　the　case。　　With　her　bettered　physical　and　mental　conditions；　the　girl　was　able　steadily　to　hold　a　position　for　which　earlier　she　had　no　capacity。

Betterment　in　Case　14　came　about　mainly　as　the　result　of　an　understanding　of　the　child's　mental　conflicts　and　somewhat　through　partially　bettered　environmental　conditions。　　We　learned　lately　that　the　severe　visual　defect　had　been　neglected。

In　Case　15　the　false　accusations　were　made　upon　the　basis　of　mental　conflict。　　Investigation　of　the　case；　followed　by　the　personal　services　of　a　probation　officer　and　by　the　legal　proceedings；　served　to　clear　up　conditions；　including　those　of　the　family　in　general；　so　that　the　girl　was　given　a　greater　chance　for　success。

Case　19　seems　to　have　been　largely　cured　through　the　girl　herself　being　able　to　work　out　her　mental　conflicts。　　Adolescence　was　a　factor　and　she　was　tided　over　this　period　in　a　good　environment　and　with　friends　who　understood　her　type　of　case　and　who　were　willing　to　put　up　with　her　aberrancies　for　this　time。　　Although　we　would　not　minimize　the　efforts　of　stalwart　friends；　we　may　say　that　there　were　more　evidences　of　cure　by　self…help　in　this　case　than　in　any　other　we　have　seen。　

Lest　we　should　seem　to　be　placing　too　much　emphasis　upon　adolescence；　with　the　idea　that　the　mere　passing　of　that　period　will　lead　to　change　in　behavior；　we　cite　Cases　3；　5；　and　6；　where　the　addition　of　years　has　brought　no　betterment。　　In　neither　of　these　was　the　essential　nature　of　the　difficulty　explored　during　earlier　troublous　periods。

An　interesting　consideration　for　treatment　is　embodied　in　the　rational　idea　of　utilizing　the　special　powers；　so　that　there　may　be　ample　gratification　in　self…expression；　and　in　use　of　the　imagination。　　Through　this　new　satisfaction　there　may　be　a　mental　swerving　from　the　previous　paths　strewn　with　pitfalls。　　The　inclination　to　verbal　composition；　already　spoken　of　as　existing　in　so　many　cases；　may　be　utilized；　and　imagination　be　given　full　sway　in　harmless　directions。　　It　seems　likely　that　just　this　deliberate　practice　may　serve　to　more　clearly　demarcate　truth　from　falsehood　in　the　individual's　mind。　　Unfortunately　we　have　had　too　little　actual　proof　of　the　value　of　this　method；　some　cases　being　worked　on　now　are　too　recent　for　report；　but　there　is　plenty　of　indication　of　the　possibilities。　　Had　we　been　able　to　control　environment　better；　much　more　of　this　type　of　work　would　have　been　carried　out。

A　favorable　outcome　through　this　constructive　treatment　based　upon　utilizing　the　characteristic　linguistic　powers　of　the　pathological　liar；　is　witnessed　to　by　Stemmermann　in　her　story　of　Delbruck's　G。　N。　　In　the　history　of　this　case　a　delightful　note　of　comedy　is　struck。　　G。　N。　was　found　to　be　a　man　of　considerable　literary　ability。　　He　had　been　observed　over　the　period　of　13　years。　　After　he　was　first　studied　he　twice　managed　to　go　3　years　without　succumbing　to　his　falsifying　tendencies；　and　then　found　his　chance　for　leading　a　blameless　life　by　becoming　a　newspaper　man。　　In　fact；　he　reached　an　honored　place　as　an　editor。　　Stemmermann　suggests；　naively；　that　perhaps　this　calling　is　especially　calculated　to　give　the　talents　correlated　with　pseudologia　phantastica　space　for　free　play；　so　that　the　individual's　special　abilities　may　not　come　in　conflict　with　the　law；　or　with　social　customs；　and；　on　the　other　hand；　may　be　utilized　in　fruitful　pursuits。

All　together；　one　would　certainly　advise　every　effort　being　made　towards　specifically　stabilizing　the　pathological　liar　in　the　matter　of　truth…tellingby　checking　the　springs　of　misconduct；　and　by　diverting　energies　and　talents　into　their　most　suitable　channels。　　The　problem　must　ever　be　one　for　individual　therapy。　　Failures　of　treatment　there　may　be；　but　from　our　study　we　are　much　inclined　to　believe　that　well…calculated；　constructive　efforts　will　achieve　goodly　success　among　those　who　are　mentally　normal。




INDEXES


INDEX　OF　AUTHORS

Belletrud　Bresler；　Johannes

Crothers；　T。　D。

Delbruck；　A。　Duprat；　G。…L。

Ferriani；　Ifino　Forel

Gross；　Hans

Hall；　G。　Stanley　Healy；　William　Healy；　William；　and　Fernald；　Grace　M。　Henneberg　Hinrichsen

Jorger

Keller　Koelle；　Th。　Koppen

Longard

Mercier　Meunier

Risch；　Bernard　Rouma

Spaulding；　Edith　R。；　and　Healy；　Willlam　Stemmermann；　Anna

Vogt

Wendt　Wulffen；　E。




INDEX　OF　TOPICS


Aberrational　cases　not　definitively　insane　Accessory　to　murder；　false　self…accusation　of　Accusations；　pathological；　Bresler's　classification　of　Adolescence　Adolf　von　X。；　case　of　Age　of　onset　of　pathological　lying　　Amanda　R。　Annie　F。　Apperception；　lack　of；　in　certain　cases　Attitude；　strong；　of　pathological　liars；　see　POISE　‘‘Aussage；''　psychology　of　‘‘Aussage''　Test；　see　TESTIMONY　TEST　

Bessie　M。　Betterment；　conditions　of　in　special　cases　Betterment；　possibilities　of　　Beula　D　　Birdie　M。

Chorea；　psychosis　of　Choreic　psychosis　　Constitutional　excitement　　Constitutional　inferior；　The　　Constitutional　inferiority

Day　dreaming　in　special　cases　Delinquency；　lying　considered　relatively　a　minor　　Delinquency；　relation　of；　to　lying　〃Der　grune　Heinrich''　Developmental　conditions　Diagnosis　of　pathological　lying　Drug　habitues；　lying　of

Edna　F。　Egocentrism　in　certain　cases　Emma　X。　Emotions；　abnormality　of；　in　certain　cases　Environmental　causes　Epilepsy；　case　of　Epileptic　mental　states　Episodic　pathological　lying

False　accusations　of　illtreatment；　of　incest；　of　murder；　of　poisoning　attempt；　of　sex　assault；　of　sex　immorality；　of　sex　perversions；　of　thieving　False　self…accusations　of　accessory　to　murder；　of　sex　immorality　Feeblemindedness；　relation　of；　to　pathological　lying　

Georgia　B。　Gertrude　

Habit；　formation　of　lying　Habits　in　our　eases　Hazel　M。　Headaches　Headaches　of　pathological　liars；　Stemmermann　on　Heredity　Hypomania；　case　of　Hysteria；　case　of

Illtreatment；　false　accusations　of　Incest；　false　accusation　of　Inez　B。；　case　of　Insane；　fabrications　of　Insanity　and　criminalism；　relation　of　Itinerancy；　correlated　with　pathological　lying

Janet　B。　John　B。　John　F。　John　S。

Language　ability；　cases　of　special　Language　aptitude　related　to　lying　Libby　S。　Lies　mixed　with　delusions　Literary　composition　in　certain　cases；　see　Language　ability　Lying；　relation　of；　to　delinquency

Marie　M。　Memory；　special　features　of；　in　certain　cases　Mental　abnormality　not　typically　insane；　case　of　Mental　conflicts　Mental　conflicts　and　repressions；case　material　bearing　on　Mental　discipline　in　treatment　Mental　experiences；　early　Mental　findings　Murder；　false　accusation　of　Mythomania

Nellie　M。

Pathological　accusations；　Bresler's　classification　of　Pathological　accusation；　definition　of　Pathological　liars；　analysis　of　qualities　of；　by　Risch　Pathological　lying　a　symptom　of　various　disorders；　Wendt　on　　Pathological　lying；　characteris