pathology of lying-第7部分

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！


　swindling　and　law　breaking。　　A　degenerative　alteration　furnishes　the　basis　from　which　a　wish　or　wish…complex　arises；　increasing　in　force　until　it　becomes　autosuggestion；　hence　it　is　pathological。　　Then　follow　the　practical　consequences；　and　we　have　developed；　on　the　one　side；　pathological　lying；　and；　on　the　other；　swindling；　i。e。；　criminality。　　Purely　symptomatically　pseudologia　phantastica　is　characterized　by　the　groundlessness　of　the　fabrications；　the　heightened　suggestibility　of　the　patient；　and　in　its　wake　arises　double　consciousness　and　inadequate　powers　of　reproduction　of　reality。


＇17＇　‘‘Ein　Beitrag　zur　Kasuistik　der　Pseudologia　phantastica。''　　Allgemeine　Zeitschrift　fur　Psychiatrie；　LXVIII；　Heft　4；　pp。　482…500。



Wendt　gives　at　length　the　history　of　a　precocious　boy；　the　son　of　an　official　of　medical　rank；　who　had　lived　always　with　older　people。　　He　lied　from　early　childhood。　　He　was　a　chronic　sufferer　from　severe　headaches。　　Between　the　ages　of　15　and　17　this　boy　showed　evidences　of　literary　talent；　but　was　poor　in　mathematics。　　From　a　tender　age　he　had　an　overmastering　desire　to　become　great；　he　said　he　wished　to　become　a　jurist　because　only　jurists　get　the　high　offices。　　He　entered　a　South　German　university；　rented　a　fine　apartment；　stated　he　was　accustomed　to　a　Schloss；　his　father　was　a　high　state　official。　　He　later　called　himself　Graf　Friedrich　Gersdorf　auf　Blankenhain。　　The　young　man's　deceits　grew　rapidly；　he　obtained　much　money　falsely；　traveled　first　class　with　a　body　servant。　　He　passed　to　other　universities；　was　always　quiet　and　industrious。　　After　many　adventures　he　fell　into　the　hands　of　the　law　and　was　adjudged　insane。　　Most　interesting　was　the　fact　that　he　discussed　intelligently　his　career。　　‘‘My　capacity　for　considering　my　thoughts　as　something　really　carried　out　in　life　is　unfortunately　too　great　to　permit　my　having　full　conception　of　the　boundary　between　appearance　and　reality。''

The　family　history　of　the　above　case　included　swindling；　hysteria；　and　epilepsy。　　His　fabricating　tendency　first　reached　its　height　at　14　years；　thus　showing　the　influence　of　puberty。　　Wendt　regarded　the　etiological　factors　as　family　degeneracy；　a　wish…complex　which　in　activity　amounted　to　autosuggestion；　double　consciousness；　and　a　periodical　preponderance　of　the　wished　for　personality。

Bresler＇18＇　in　proposing　two　reforms　in　the　German　‘‘Strafgesetzbuch''　undertook　a　discussion　of　pathological　accusations；　as　material　using　cases　reported　by　several　authors。　　He　attempted　a　classification　as　follows：　　1。　Deliberately　false　accusations　based　upon　the　pathological　disposition　or　impulse　to　lie；　the　content　of　the　accusation　being　fabricated。　　2。　False　accusation　upon　a　basis　of　pathologically　disturbed　perceptions　or　reasoning。　　Content　of　the　accusation　is　here　illusion；　hallucination；　or　delusion。　　3。　Accusations　correct　in　content；　but　pathologically　motivated。


＇18＇　‘‘Die　pathologische　Anschuldigung。''　　Juristisch…psychiatrische　Grenzfragen；　Band　V；　Heft　8；　pp。　42。



The　first　group　nearly　always　is　the　action　of　hystericals；　and　many　are　centered　on　sex　affairs。　　Bresler's　cited　cases　of　this　class　seem　merely　to　impress　the　idea　of　revenge；　or　of　protection　from　deserved　punishment。　　A　very　complicated　case　was　that　of　a　girl　who　had　been　rejected　in　marriage　after　the　discovery　by　her　lover　that　she　had　attacks　of　major　hysteria。　　She　entered　into　a　conspiracy　with　her　mother　to　destroy　him。　　She　first　maliciously　cut　grape　vines　and　accused　him　and　his　brother　of　doing　it。　　Then　she　slandered　his　whole　family。　　A　year　later；　suddenly　appearing　wounded；　she　accused　his　uncle　of　trying　to　kill　her　and　obtained　a　verdict　against　him。　　Then　she　attempted　the　same　with　another　uncle　who；　however；　maintained　an　alibi。　　After　this　her　role　changed；　for　her　mother　summoned　people　to　see　her　daughter　lying　with　a　wreath　around　her　head；　brought　by　an　angel；　with　a　scroll　on　which　was　inscribed　‘‘Corona　Martyri。''　　The　church　now　took　her　part　and　she　toured　the　country　as　a　sort　of　saint。　　Later　she　returned　to　her　former　tactics；　she　set　fire　to　a　house；　cut　off　a　cow's　udder；　and　accused　her　former　lover　of　these　deeds。　　Now　for　the　first　time　it　went　badly　with　her。　　She　was　finally　imprisoned　for　life　on　account　of　attempts　to　poison　people。

In　Bresler's　second　group　he　places　the　false　accusations　of　alcoholics；　paranoiacs；　querulants　（whom　he　calls　a　sub…class　of　paranoiacs）　and　sufferers　from　head　injuries。　　Besides　these；　he　here　classes　the　false　accusations　of　children。

The　third　class　is　so　rare　that　it　receives　almost　no　discussion。

Longard＇19＇　reports　an　interesting　case　of　a　chronic　liar　and　swindler；　a　man　who　on　account　of　the　peculiarities　of　his　swindling　was　placed　under　custody　for　study。　　Upon　detention　he　went　into　convulsions　and　later　seemed　entirely　distracted。　　He　was　then　24　years　old。　　Investigation　of　his　case　showed　that　his　abnormalities　dated　from　early　life　and　were　probably　due　to　the　fact　that　in　childhood　he　had　a　bad　fall　from　a　height。　　When　he　was　23　he　had　served　six　months　on　account　of　swindling。　　At　that　time　he　had　been　going　about　in　the　Rhine　country　dressed　as　a　monk；　begging　things　of　little　worth；　such　as　crucifixes；　candles；　medals；　etc。　　His　pious　behavior　and　orderliness　gave　him　a　good　reception。　　He　sometimes　took　money　or　begged　it　in　order　to　read　masses　for　poor　souls。　　In　one　village　he　said　he　had　come　to　reconnoiter　for　a　site　to　build　a　hospital。　　Some　cloister　brothers　in　one　place　took　him　for　a　swindler　and　decided　he　was　overwrought　religiously；　and　that　he　really　thought　he　was　what　he　wished　to　become。　　He　was　studied　at　length　in　prison　where　he　had　one　attack　of　maniacal　behavior　and　tried　to　hang　himself。　　The　physician　there　thought　him　a　simulator。　　He　was　excused　from　his　military　service　because　of　stomach　trouble。　　At　that　time　mental　abnormalities　were　not　noticed。　　After　this　he　again　acted　the　part　of　a　monk；　wandering　through　France　and　Germany；　living　in　monasteries；　and　being　helped　along　by　different　organizations；　Protestant　as　well　as　Catholic。　　He　was　arrested　in　Cologne　when　discovered　to　be　a　fraud。　　He　lay　four　days　in　jail　apparently　unconscious　and　then　appeared　stupefied　and　staggered　about。　　When　questioned　he　responded；　‘‘I　am　born　again。''　　He　spoke　mostly　in　Biblical　terms　and　was　fluent　with　pious　speeches。　　He　was　found　quite　sound　physically。　　He　ate　a　great　deal　and　was　known　to　take　bread　away　from　other　prisoners　at　night。　　He　was　sentenced　for　15　months　for　swindling。　　He　himself　related　that　in　youth　he　had　seen　many　monks　and　had　become　possessed　of　the　idea　of　being　one。　　He　was　a　sex　pervert。


＇19＇　‘‘Ein　forensisch　interessanter　Fall。　　Pseudologia　phantastica。''　Allg。　Zeitschrift　f。　Psych。　LV；　p。　88。



The　author　considered　this　not　a　pure　case　of　simulation；　the　patient　was　an　abnormal　being；　none　of　his　keepers　thought　him　normal。　　His　entire　appearance；　his　excited　way　of　speaking；　his　gestures　and　play　of　features　were　all　striking　to　a　high　degree。　　His　method　of　going　about　begging　was　unreasonable；　he　gained　so　little　by　it。　　His　tendency　to　untruthfulness　stood　out　everywhere。　　He　imitated　the　pious　as　he　chattered　without　aim。　　The　man　had　lived　himself　into　the　role　of　a　cloister　brother　so　completely　that　he　was　not　clearly　conscious　of　the　deceit。　　The　author　thinks　the　case　presents　some　paranoiac　features　with　a　pathological　tendency　towards　lying。　　Thus　this　pathological　liar　presents　the　phenomenon　of　a　mixture　of　lies　and　delusions。

From　the　Zurich　clinic　of　Forel　several　cases　of　pathological　swindling　have　been　reported　at　length。＇20＇　　It　must　be　confessed　that　the　success　of　much　of　the　misrepresentation　cited　in　these　case　histories　seems　to　be　as　largely　due　to　the　naivete　of　the　country　folk　as　to　the　efforts　of　the　swindlers　themselves。　　Two　of　the　cases　were　clearly　insane　and　were　detained　for　long　periods　in　asylums　after　their　study　in　the　clinic。　　But　even　so；　it　is　to　be　noted　that　one　of　these　when　absenting　himself　from　institutional　care　succeeded　in　going　on　with　his　swindling　operations。　　The　third　case　was　regarded　as　that　of　an　aberrational　individual　with　special　tendency　towards　lying　and　swindling；　but　the　opinion　rendered　did　not　end　in　the　man　being　held　as　insane。　　He　was　simply　regarded　as　a　delinquent；　and　after　serving　his　sentence　he　went　his　old　way。　　These　cases　are　interesting　to　one　who　would　learn　the　extent　to　which　swindling　among　a　simple　minded　population　can　be　carried　on。


＇20＇　‘‘Gerichtlich…psychiatrische　Gutachten　aus　d。　Klinik　von　Prof。　Forel　in　Zurich；　f。　Aerzte　u。　Juristen；　herausgegeb。　von　Dr。　Th。　Koelle。''　Stuttgart；　Encke；　1902。



From　French　sources　we　have　not　been　able　to　collect　such　a　wealth　of　material　as　we　found　in　German　literature。　　One　study　by　Belletrud　and　Mercier＇21＇　compares　favorably　in　elaborate　working　out　of　details　with　the　work　of　German　authors。　　A　Corsican　boy；　from　childhood　moody；　fond　of　adventure；　inclined　to　deception；　had　attempted　suicide　several　times　before　he　was　twenty　years　old。　　He　was　married　at　that　time　and　went　to　France；　where　he　was　employed　in　several　towns。　　His　life　following　this　included　an　immense　amount　of　lying　and　swindling。　　He　had　a　mania　for　buying　costly　antique　furniture　and　jewelry　which　he　obtained　on　credit。　　He　frequently　disappeared　from　localities　where　he　was　wanted　on　criminal　charges；　and　changed　his　name。　　He　wandered　through　Italy；　Tunis；　and　South　America。　　Returning　to　France　he　was　taken　into　custody　and　mental　troubles　were　noted。　　He　showed　delirium　of　persecution　and　was　removed　to　a　hospital　for　the　insane。　　Experts　studied　him　for　a　year　before　they　could　decide　whether　he　was　insane　or　merely　simulating　insanity。　　Finally　they　thought　he　was　not　simulating。　　A　few　months　later　he　escaped；　went　to　Belgium；　Italy；　Corsica。　　Turning　up　at　a　town　in　France　under　an　assumed　name；　he　was　arrested　again　and　elaborately　examined。　　At　this　time　he　had　frequent　attacks　of　unconsciousness　and　frothing　at　the　mouth。　　At　times　he　was　melancholy。　　Summarizing　the　case；　the　authors　say　that　the　psychic　peculiarities　of　the　patient　were　congenital；　and　includ