the foundations of personality-第15部分

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w　injures　groups　of　nerve　cells　and　consciousness　disappears；　when　they　recover；　it　returns。　Where　does　any　function　go　when　structure　is　injured？　We　have　practically　the　same　kind　of　proof　for　the　position　of　consciousness　as　a　function　of　the　brain　and　body　that　we　have　for　gastric　juice　as　a　secretion　of　gastric　cells。　＇1＇　Even　if　it　were　true　that　consciousness　is　the　only　reality；　nobody　really　believes　it　in　that　nobody　acts　as　if　it　were　true。　Conversely；　everybody　acts　as　if　trees；　rocks；　and　people　were　realities；　as　if　fatigue；　sickness；　age；　etc。；　affected　consciousness。　That　is　why；　in　this　book；　we　are　discarding　as　irrelevant　the　〃ultimate〃　truth　concerning　consciousness。　My　humble　belief　is　that　the　ultimate　truth　in　this　matter　will　never　concern　us　because　we　shall　never　know　it。

However　widely　we　spread　the　function　of　consciousness　and　its　domain；　we　still　leave　a　large　field　of　activities　untouched。　And　so　we　come　to　the　conception　of　the　subconsciousness。　There　are　two　prevailing　sets　of　opinions　concerning　the　subconscious。　The　first　is　quite　matter…of…fact。　It　states　that　the　movements　and　activities　of　a　large　part　of　the　body　are　outside　of　the　realm　of　consciousness；　such　as　the　activities　of　the　great　visceraheart；　lungs；　intestines；　liver；　blood　vessels；　sex　glandsand　are　largely　operated　by　the　vegetative　nervous　system。＇1＇　There　are　influences　pouring　into　the　brain　from　these　organs；　together　with　influences　from　muscles；　joints；　tendons；　and　these　influences；　though　not　consciously　itemized；　are　the　subconsciously　received　stimuli　which　give　us　feelings　of　vigor；　energy；　courage；　hopefulness；　or　the　reverse；　according　to　the　state　of　the　organism。　In　health　the　ordinary　result　of　these　stimuli　is　good；　though　people　may　have　health　in　that　no　definite　disease　is　present；　and　yet　there　is　some　deficiency　in　the　energy…arousing　viscera　which　brings　a　lowered　coenesthesia；　a　lessened　vigor　and　lowered　mood。　In　youth　the　state　of　the　organs　brings　a　state　of　well　feeling；　in　old　age　there　is　a　constant　feeling　of　a　low　balance　of　energy　and　mood；　and　the　person　is　always　on　the　verge　of　unpleasant　feeling。　In　the　great　change　periods　of　lifeat　puberty　and　the　climacteric　（or　the　menopause）the　sudden　change　in　the　activity　of　the　sex　organs　may　produce　great　alterations＇2＇　in　the　coenaesthesia　and　therefore　in　the　energy　and　mood　of　the　individual。　＇1＇　This　is　not　the　place　to　describe　the　vegetative　nervous　system。　（It　was　formerly　called　the　sympathetic　nervous　system；　but　this　term　is　now　limited　to　one　part　of　this　system；　and　the　term　autonomic　to　another　part；　although　some　writers　still　use　the　term　sympathetic　for　the　whole；　and　others　＇the　English＇　the　term　autonomic　for　the　whole。）　This　system　is　the　nervous　mechanism　of　organic　life；　regulating　heart；　lungs；　blood　vessels；　intestines；　sex　organs；　acting　together　with　endocrines；　etc。　A　huge　amount　of　work　has　been　done　of　late　years　on　this　system　and　we　know　definitely　that　it　stimulates；　inhibits　and　regulates　these　organs；　and　also　that　it　records　their　activities。　We　are　commencing　to　believe　that　this　system　is　fully　as　important；　in　mental　life；　as　the　brain。　See　Langley；　Schaeffer；　Higier；　etc。　＇2＇　This　is　especially　true　of　the　menopause　in　women；　and　often　enough　of　each　menstrual　period。　That　there　is　a　climacteric　in　men　is　not　so　clear；　but　something　corresponding　to　it　occurs；　at　least　in　the　case　of　some　men。

In　addition；　these　activities；　which　are　so　all…important；　determine　the　basic　conduct　by　arousing　the　basic　appetites　and　desires　of　the　individual。　It　is　the　change　in　the　gastro…intestinal　tract　and　in　the　tissues　of　the　body　that　starts　up　the　hunger　feeling　and　the　impulses　which　prompt　men　to　seek　food；　in　other　words；　this　type　of　coenaesthesia　has　set　going　all　the　physical　and　mental　activities　relating　to　food；　it　is　the　basic　impulse　behind　agriculture　and　stock　raising；　as　well　as　energizing　work　activities　of　all　kinds。　It　is　the　tension　in　the　seminal　vessels　of　the　male　that　wakes　up　his　passion；　if　it　is　not　the　sole　source　of　that　passion。　Sex　desire　in　the　adult　male　has　many　elements　in　it；　not　pertinent　at　present；　but　the　coenaesthetic　influence　of　the　physical　structures　is　its　starting　point。　In　men　as　well　as　women　there　is　a　cycle　of　desire；　with　height　due　to　physical　tension　and　abyss　following　the　discharge　or　disappearance　of　tension；　that　profoundly　influences　life　and　conduct。　Here　the　sympathetic　nervous　system　and　the　internal　secretion　of　the　genital　glands　awaken　into　sexual　activity　brain；　spinal　cord　and　muscles；　so　that　the　individual　seeks　a　mate；　plunges　into　marriage　and　directs　his　conduct；　conscious　of　taste　and　desire；　but　largely　unconscious　of　the　physical　condition　that　is　impelling　him　on。　In　this　sense　the　subconscious　activities　dominate　in　life；　because　the　functions　of　nutrition　and　reproduction　are　largely　unconscious　in　their　origin；　but　there　is　no　organized；　plotting　subconsciousness　at　work。　Once　a　thing　is　experienced；　it　is　stored　in　memory。　What　is　the　basis　and　position　of　a　memory　when　we　are　not　conscious　of　it；　when　our　conscious　minds　are　busy　with　other　matters？　What　happens　when　a　desire　is　repressed；　inhibited　into　inaction；　when　consciousness　revolts　against　part　of　its　own　content？　Is　a　〃forgotten〃　memory　ever　really　lost；　or　a　desire　that　is　squelched　and　thrust　out　of　〃mind〃　really　made　inactive？　Do　our　inhibitions　really　inhibit；　or　do　we　build　up　another　self　or　set　of　selves　that　rise　to　the　surface　under　strange　forms；　under　the　guise　of　disease　manifestations？　Sigmund　Freud　and　his　followers　have　made　definite　answers　to　the　foregoing；　answers　that　are　incorporated　in　a　doctrine　called　Freudianism。　Freud　is　an　Austrian　Jew；　a　physician；　and　one　that　soon　specialized　in　nervous　and　mental　diseases。　Early　in　his　career　he　did　some　excellent　work　in　the　study　of　the　paralysis　of　childhood　（infantile　hemiplegia）；　but　his　attention　and　that　of　an　older　colleague；　Breuer；　were　soon　drawn　（as　has　occurred　to　almost　every　neurologist）　to　the　manifestations　of　that　extraordinary　disease；　hysteria。　Hysteria　has　played　so　important　a　role　in　human　history；　and　Freud's　ideas　are　permeating　so　deeply　into　modern　thought　that　I　deem　it　advisable　to　devote　a　chapter　to　them。


CHAPTER　V。　HYSTERIA；　SUBCONSCIOUSNESS　AND　FREUDIANISM　Hysteria　was　known　to　the　ancients　and　in　fact　is　as　old　as　the　written　history　of　mankind。　Considered　essentially　a　disease　of　women；　it　was　given　its　present　name　which　is　derived　from　〃hysteron；〃　the　Greek　name　for　the　womb。　We　know　to…day　that　men　also　are　victims　of　this　malady；　though　it　arises　under　somewhat　different　circumstances　than　is　the　case　with　the　other　sex。　Men　and　women；　living　in　the　same　world　and　side　by　side；　are　placed　in　greatly　different　positions　in　that　world；　are　governed　by　different　traditions　and　are　placed　under　the　influences　of　differing　ambitions；　expectations；　hopes　and　fears。　Hysteria　arises　largely　out　of　the　emotional　and　volitional　reactions　of　life；　and　these　reactions　differ　in　the　sexes。　It　was　a　group　of　French　neurologists；　headed　by　Charcotand　including　very　illustrious　men；　such　as　Janet　and　Marie；　who　paid　the　first　scientific　attention　to　the　disease。　Under　their　analyses　hysteria　was　defined　as　a　mental　disease　in　which　certain　symptoms　appeared　prominently。　1。　Charcot　especially　paid　attention　to　what　are　known　as　the　attacks。　The　hysteric　patient　（usually　a　woman；　and　so　we　shall　speak　of　the　patient　as　〃she〃）　under　emotional　stress　and　strain；　following　a　quarrel　or　a　disagreement　or　perhaps　some　disagreeable；　humiliating　situation；　shows　alarming　symptoms。　Perhaps　she　falls　（never　in　a　way　to　injure　herself）　to　the　floor　and　apparently　loses　consciousness；　closes　her　eyes；　rolls　her　head　from　side　to　side；　moans；　clenches　her　fists；　lifts　her　body　from　the　floor　so　that　it　rests　on　head　and　heels　（opisthotonic　hysteria）；　shrieks　now　and　then　and　altogether　presents　a　terrifying　spectacle。　Or　else　she　twitches　all　over；　weeps；　moans；　laughs　and　shouts；　and　rushes　around　the　room；　beating　her　head　on　the　walls；　or　she　may　lie　or　stand　in　a　very　dramatic　pose；　perhaps　indicating　passion　or　fear　or　anger。　The　attacks　are　characterized　by　a　few　main　peculiarities；　which　are　that　the　patient　usually　has　had　an　emotional　upset　or　is　in　some　disagreeable　situation；　that　she　does　not　hurt　herself　by　her　falls；　that　consciousness　is　never　completely　abolished　and　fluctuates　so　that　now　she　seems　almost　〃awake〃　and　then　she　seems　almost　in　a　complete　stupor；　and　that　the　expression　of　emotion　in　the　attack　is　often　very　prominent。　These　symptoms　are　readily　differentiated　from　what　is　seen　in　epilepsy。＇1＇　＇1＇　The　French　writers　of　the　school　of　Babinski　deny　that　the　above　symptom　and　even　the　majority　of　the　following　have　a　real　existence　in　hysteria。　The　English；　American　and　German　neurologists　and　the　rest　of　the　French　school　describe　hysteria　substantially　as　I　am　here　describing　it。

2。　The　hysteric　paralyses　which　are　featured　in　all　the　literatures　of　the　world　are　curious　manifestations　and　often　very　stubborn。　Following　an　accident　（especially　in　industry　and　in　war）　and　after　some　emotional　difficulty　there　is　a　paralysis　of　some　part　of　the　body。　The　arm　or　some　particular　part　of　the　arm　cannot　be　moved　by　the　will；　is　paralyzed；　or　else　the　difficulty　involves　one　or　both　legs。　Sometimes　speech　is　gone；　or　the　power　of　moving　the　head；　occasionally　the　difficulty　is　with　one　side　of　the　face；　etc。　Usually　the　paralysis　comes　on　suddenly；　but　often　it　comes　on　gradually。　Modern　neurology　soon　discovered　that　these　paralyses　were　quite　unlike　those　seen　when　there　is　〃real〃　injury　to　the　brain；　spinal　cord　or　the　peripheral　nerves。　They　corresponded　to　the　layman's　idea　of　a　part。　Thus　a　paralysis　of　the　arm　ends　at　the　shoulder；　a　paralysis　of　the　feet　at　the　ankle；　and　in　ways　not　necessary　to　detail　here　differ　from　what　occurs　when　the　organic　structure　of　the　nervous　system　is　involved。　For　example；　the　reflexes　in　hysteria　are　unaltered；　and　stiffness　when　it　occurs　is　not　the　stiffness　of　organic　disease。　If　a　neurologist　were　to　have　a　hysteric　paralysis　a　very　interesting　p