the foundations of personality-第50部分

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r　of　fact；　that　ideal　is　neither　realized　nor　desirable；　and　it　is　as　wise　and　natural　to　inhibit　the　expression　of　our　beliefs　and　feelings　as　it　is　to　inhibit　our　actions。　To　be　frank　with　a　man；　to　tell　him　sincerely　that　we　believe　he　is　a　scoundrel；　and　that　we　hate　him　and　to　show　this　feeling　by　act；　would　be　to　plunge　the　world　into　barbarism。　We　must　disguise　hate；　and　there　are　times　when　we　must　disguise　love。　Sincerity　is　at　the　best　only　relative；　we　ought　to　be　sincere　about　love；　religion　and　the　validity　of　our　purposes；　but　in　the　little　relationships　sincerity　must　be　replaced　by　caution；　courtesy　and　the　needs　of　efficiency。　In　reality　we　ask　for　sincerity　only　in　what　is　pleasant　to　us；　the　sincere　whose　frankness　and　honesty　offend　we　call　boors。　Sincere　self…revelation；　if　well　done；　is　one　of　the　most　esteemed　forms　of　literary　production。　Montaigne's　preface　to　his　〃Essays〃　is　a　promise　that　he　lived　up　to　in　the　sincerity　and　frankness　of　his　self　and　other　analysis。　〃Pepy's　Diary〃　charms　because　the　naked　soul　of　an　Englishman　of　the　seventeenth　century　is　laid　before　us；　with　its　trivialities；　lusts；　repentance　and　aspirations。　In　the　latter　nineteenth　century；　Mary　MacLane's　diary　had　an　extraordinary　vogue　because　of　the　apparent　sincerity　of　the　eager　original　nature　there　revealed。　We　love　young　children　because　their　selfishness；　their　curiosity；　their　〃real〃　nature；　is　shown　to　us　in　their　every　word　and　act。　In　their　presence　we　are　relaxed；　off　our　guard　and　not　forced　to　that　eternal　hiding　and　studying　that　the　society　of　our　equals　imposes　on　us。　We　all　long　for　sincerity；　but　the　too　sincere　are　treated　much　as　the　skeptic　of　Bjoriasen's　tale；　who　was　killed　by　his　friends。　As　they　stood　around　his　body；　one　said　to　the　other；　〃There　lies　one　who　kicked　us　around　like　a　football。〃　The　dead　man　spoke；　〃Ah；　yes；　but　I　always　kicked　you　to　the　goal。〃　The　sincere　of　purpose　must　always　keep　his　sincerity　from　wounding　too　deeply；　he　must　always　be　careful　and　include　his　own　foibles　and　failings　in　his　attack；　and　he　must　make　his　efforts　witty；　so　that　he　may　have　the　help　of　laughter。　But　here　the　danger　is　that　he　will　be　listed　as　a　pleasant　comedian；　and　his　serious　purpose　will　be　balked　by　his　reputation。　Sincerity；　thus；　is　relative；　and　the　insincere　are　those　whose　purposes；　declared　by　themselves　to　be　altruistic；　are　none　the　less　egoistic；　whose　attachments　and　affections；　loudly　protested；　are　not　lasting　and　never　intense；　and　whose　manners　do　not　reflect　what　they　themselves　are　but　what　they　think　will　be　pleasing　and　acceptable　to　others。　The　relatively　sincere　seek　to　make　their　outer　behavior　conform；　within　the　possibilities；　to　their　inner　natures；　they　are　polite　but　not　gushing；　devoted　to　their　friends　at　heart　and　in　deed；　but　not　too　friendly　to　their　enemies　or　to　those　they　dislike；　and　they　believe　in　their　own　purposes　as　good。　The　unhappiest　state　possible　is　when　one　starts　to　question　the　sincerity　and　validity　of　one's　own　purposes；　from　which　there　results　an　agonizing　paralysis　of　purpose。　The　sincere　inspire　with　faith　and　cooperation；　if　there　is　a　unity　of　interest；　but　it　must　not　be　forgotten　that　others　are　inspired　to　hatred　and　rivalry；　if　the　sincerity　is　along　antagonistic　lines。　We　are　apt　to　forget　that　sincerity；　like　love；　faith　and　hope；　is　a　beautiful　word；　but　the　quality　of　sincerity；　like　the　other　qualities；　may　be　linked　with　misguided　purpose。　No　one　doubts　the　sincerity　of　the　Moslem　hordes　of　the　eighth　century　in　desiring　to　redeem　the　world　for　Mahomet；　but　we　are　quite　as　sincerely　glad　that　sturdy　Charles　Martel　smashed　them　back　from　Europe。　Their　very　sincerity　made　them　the　more　dangerous。　In　estimating　any　one's　sincerity；　it　is　indispensable　to　inquire　with　what　other　qualities　is　this　sincerity　linked；to　what　nouns　of　activity　is　it　a　qualifying　adjective？　Honesty；　truthfulness　and　sincerity　are　esteemed　because　there　is　in　our　social　structure　the　great　need　that　men　shall　trust　one　another。　The　cynic　and　the　worldly　wise；　and　also　the　experiences　of　life；　teach　〃never　trust；　always　be　cautious；　never　confide　in　letter　or　speech；〃　curb　the　trusting　urge　in　our　nature。　The　betrayal　of　trust　is　the　one　sin；　all　other　crimes　from　murder　down　may　find　an　excuse　in　passion　or　weakness；　but　when　the　trusting　are　deceived　or　injured；　the　cement　substance　of　our　social　structure　is　dissolved　and　the　fabric　of　our　lives　threatened。　To　trust　is　to　hand　over　one's　destiny　to　another　and　is　a　manifestation　of　the　mutual　dependence　of　man。　It　is　in　part　a　judgment　of　character；　it　is　in　part　an　original　trait；　is　an　absence　of　that　form　of　fear　called　suspicion　and　on　its　positive　side　is　a　form　of　courage。　Since　it　is　in　part　a　judgment　of　character　in　the　most　of　us；　it　tends　to　grow　less　prominent　as　we　grow　older。　The　young　child　is　either　very　trusting　or　entirely　suspicious；　and　when　his　suspicions　are　overcome　by　acquaintance　and　simple　bribes；　he　yields　his　fortunes　to　any　one。　（It　is　a　pleasant　fiction　that　children　and　dogs　know　whom　to　trust；　by　an　intuition。）　But　as　life　proceeds；　the　most　of　us　find　that　our　judgment　of　character　is　poor；　and　we　hesitate　to　pin　anything　momentous　on　it。　Only　where　passion　blinds　us；　as　in　sex　love；　or　when　our　self…love　and　lust　for　quick　gain＇1＇　or　hate　has　been　aroused　do　we　lose　the　caution　that　is　the　antithesis　of　trust。　The　expert　in　human　relations　is　he　who　can　overcome　distrust；　the　genius　in　human　relations　is　he　who　inspires　trust。　For　the　psychopathologist　an　enormous　interest　centers　in　a　group　of　people　whom　we　may　call　paranoic。　In　his　mildest　form　the　paranoic　is　that　very　common　〃misunderstood〃　person　who　distrusts　the　attitude　and　actions　of　his　neighbors；　who　believes　himself　to　be　injured　purposely　by　every　unintentional　slight；　or　rather　who　finds　insult　and　injury　where　others　see　only　forgetfulness　or　inattention。　Of　an　inordinate　and　growing　ego；　the　paranoic　of　a　pathological　trend　develops　the　idea　or　delusion　of　persecution。　From　the　feeling　that　everything　and　every　one　is　against　him；　he　builds　up；　when　some　major　purpose　becomes　balked；　a　specific　belief　that　so　and　so　or　this　or　〃that　group　is　after　me。〃　〃They　are　trying　to　injure　or　kill　me〃　because　they　are　jealous　or　have　some　antagonistic　purpose。　Here　we　find　the　half…baked　inventor；　whose　〃inventions〃　have　been　turned　down　for　the　very　good　reason　that　they　are　of　no　value；　and　who　concludes

＇1＇　All　the　great　swindlers　show　how　the　lust　for　gain　plus　the　wiles　of　the　swindler　overcome　the　caution　and　suspicion　of　the　〃hard…headed；〃　The　Ponzi　case　is　the　latest　contribution　to　the　subject。　that　some　big　corporations　are　in　league　with　the　Patent　Office　to　prevent　him　from　competing　with　them；　here　we　have　the　〃would…be〃　artist　or　singer　or　writer　whose　efforts　are　not　appreciated；　largely　because　they　are　foolish；　but　who　believes　that　the　really　successful　（and　he　often　names　them）　hate　and　fear　him；　or　that　the　Catholics　are　after　him；　or　perhaps　the　Jews　or　the　Masons。　In　its　extreme　form　the　paranoic　is　rare　just　as　is　the　extremely　trusting　person　of　saintly　type。　But　in　minor　form　every　group　and　every　institution　has　its　paranoic；　hostile；　suspicious；　〃touchy；〃　quick　to　believe　something　is　being　put　over　on　him　and　quick　to　attribute　his　failure　to　others。　In　that　last　is　a　cardinal　point　in　the　compass　of　character。　Some　attribute　their　failure　to　others；　and　some　in　their　self…analysis　find　the　root　of　their　difficulties　and　failures　in　themselves。　Under　the　feeling　of　injustice　a　paranoid　trend　is　easily　aroused　in　all　of　us；　and　we　may　misinterpret　the　whole　world　when　laboring　under　that　feeling；　just　as　we　may；　if　we　are　correct；　see　the　social　organization　very　clearly　as　a　result。　Therein　is　the　danger　of　any　injustice　and　seeming　injustice；　As　a　result　condemnation　is　extreme；　wrongly　directed　and　with　little　constructive　value。　We　become　paranoid；　see　wrong　where　there　is　none　and　enemies　in　those　who　are　friendly。　The　over…trusting；　over…confidential　are　the　virtuous　in　excess；　and　their　damage　is　usually　localized　to　themselves　or　their　families。　They　tell　their　secrets　to　any　one　who　politely　expresses　an　interest；　they　will　hand　over　their　fortunes　to　the　flattering　stranger；　to　the　smooth…tongued。　Sometimes　they　are　merely　unworldly；　absorbed　in　unworldly　projects；　but　more　often　they　are　merely　trusting　fools。　Man　the　weak；　struggling　in　a　world　whose　forces　are　pitiless；　whose　fairest　face　hides　grim　disaster；　has　sought　to　find　some　one；　some　force；　he　might　unfailingly　trust。　He　raises　his　hands　to　heaven；　he　cries；　〃There　is　One　I　can　trust。　Though　He　smite　me　I　shall　have　faith。〃

CHAPTER　XIV。　SEX　CHARACTERS　AND　DOMESTICITY　Originally　reproduction　is　a　part　of　the　function　of　all　protoplasm；　and　in　the　primitive　life…forms　an　individual　becomes　two　by　the　〃simple　process〃　of　dividing　itself　into　halves。　Had　this　method　continued　into　the　higher　forms　most　of　the　trouble　as　well　as　most　of　the　pleasure　of　human　existence　would　never　occur。　Or　had　the　hermaphrodite　method　of　combining　two　sexes　in　the　one　individual；　so　frequent　in　the　plant　world；　found　its　way　into　the　higher　animals；　the　moral　struggles　of　man　would　have　become　simplified　into　that　resulting　from　his；　struggles　with　similar　creatures。　Literature　would　not　flourish；　the　drama　would　never　have　been　heard　of；　dancing　and　singing　would　not　need　the　attention　of　the　uplifter；　dress　would　be　a　method　of　keeping　warm；　and　life　would　be　sane　enough　but　without　the　delicious　joys　of　sex…love。　Why　are　there　two　sexes？＇1＇　I　must　refer　the　reader　to　the　specialists　in　this　matter；　but　can　assure　him　that　no　one　knows。　With　the　rise　of　Mandel's　theory　of　heredity；　it　has　been　assumed　that　such　a　scheme　offers　a　wider　variety　of　possible　character　combinations。　At　present　it　is　safe　to　say　that　no　one　can　give　a　valid　reason　for　the　existence　of　male　and　female；　and　that　while　this　elaboration　of　the　reproducing　individual　into　two　parts　may　be　necessary　for　some　purpose；　at　first　glance　it　appears　like　an　interesting　but　mysterious　complication。　＇1＇　See　Lloyd　Morgan's　book　on　sex。

I　refer　the　reader　to　textbooks　in　anatomy　and