the foundations of personality-第58部分

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　a　firm　hand　is　on　it；　and　he　maintains　a　calm　he　had　despaired　of　reaching。　Man　is　a　bundle　of　disharmonies；　as　the　great　Eli　Metchnikoff　pointed　out；　physically；　psychologically　and　sociologically。　When　these　disharmonies　are　within　average　limits　we　do　not　notice　them；　when　they　are　greater　in　degree　they　bring　about　conduct　that　at　once　claims　attention。　Sometimes　a　disharmony　is　merely　an　excess　development　of　some　ability；　in　which　case；　if　the　ability　is　socially　valuable；　we　have　the　talented　person　or　the　genius。　This　is　often　the　case　with　the　artistic　abilities　and　also　with　the　physical　powers。　If　the　disharmony　involve　an　instinct；　an　emotion　or　certain　phases　of　the　intelligence；　we　are　brought　face　to　face　with　the　abnormal。　There　is；　of　course；　disharmony　through　ordinary　defect　as　in　feeble…mindedness；　as　in　absence　of　some　essential　emotion　or　instinct。　These　are　hopeless　situations　and　belong　in　the　grim　field　of　psychopathology。　Often　what　seems　to　be　a　defect　is　a　〃sleeping〃　quality；　and　one　that　will　awaken　under　appropriate　circumstance。　Conspicuously；　maternal　love　is　of　this　nature。　One　sees　a　girl　who　has　no　interest　in　children；　considers　them　bores　and　nuisances；　who　marries　with　the　hope　she　will　be　childless；　and　with　the　first　baby　becomes　a　passionately　devoted　mother；　even　fiercely　maternal。　In　the　following　pages　I　shall　sketch　some　prominent　character　types。　This　has　been　done　by　such　masters　as　Aristotle；　Spinoza；　Kant；　La　Bruyere；　Stewart；　Ribot；　Mill；　etc。；　but　with　a　different　purpose　and　starting　point　than　mine。　Every　great　novelist　is　a　professor　of　character　depiction。　Witness　Scrooge；　Pecksniff；　Mark　Tapley；　Pickwick；　Sam　Weller　and　his　father；　created　by　Dickens；　the　four　musketeers；　especially　D'Artagnon；　of　Dumas；　Amelia　and　Rebecca　Sharp；　George；　and　the　Major　of　Thackeray；　Jane　Austen's　heroines　and　George　Eliot's　men　and　women；　the　narrators　in　the　famous　Canterbury　Inn；　the　soldiers　of　Kipling；　the　Shylocks；　Macbeths；　Rosalinds　and　Falstaffs　of　the　greatest　dramatist；　the　thousand　and　one　fictitious　and　yet　real　figures　of　literature。　The　temperament　studies　by　the　psychologists　and　philosophers　have　been　too　broad　and　too　classical　to　be　of　practical　value。　Sanguine　and　choleric　temperament；　the　bilious；　the　nervous　and　the　phlegmatic；　the　quick　and　the　slow；　all　these　are　broad　divisions；　and　no　man　really　exemplifies　them。　What　I　propose　to　do　is　less　ambitious；　but　perhaps　more　practical。　I　shall　take　a　few　of　the　qualities　with　which　the　previous　pages　have　concerned　themselves　and　show　how　they　work　out　in　individuals　mainly　sketched　from　life。　It　will　seem　that　perhaps　a　disproportionate　number　are　pathological；　but　I　wish　to　insist　that　there　is　no　sharp　line　between　the　〃normal〃　and　〃pathological〃　in　character。　In　fact；　normality　is　an　abstract　conception；　an　ideal　never　reached　or　seen；　and　each　of　us　only　approaches　that　ideal　in　greater　or　lesser　degree。　Moreover；　certain　deviations　from　the　normal　are　useful；　as　the　assemblage　of　qualities　that　make　the　genius　or　the　reformer　of　certain　types。　Others　are　not　useful；　or　at　least　not　useful　in　the　environment　and　age　in　which　the　deviated　person　finds　himself。　Undoubtedly　the　abnormal　have　helped　found　religions；　for　one　who　〃hears〃　God　and　〃sees〃　him　as　do　many　of　the　insane；　if　intelligent　and　eloquent　at　the　same　time；　easily　convinces　others；　but　if　such　a　person　occurs　in　a　group　with　well…established　belief　and　resistant　to　the　new；　the　insane　hospital　soon　lodges　the　new　apostle。　I　shall　not　attempt　to　consider　all　the　varied　shades　of　harmony　and　disharmony；　the　extraordinary　variety　of　types。　There　are　as　many　varieties　of　persons　as　there　are　people；　and　the　mathematical　possibilities　exceed　computation。　Those　depicted　are　some　of　the　outstanding　types；　in　whom　qualities　and　combinations　of　qualities　can　easily　be　seen　at　work。

CHAPTER　XVII。　SOME　CHARACTER　TYPES　There　is　one　kind　of　energy　discharger　that　we　may　call　the　hyperkinetic；　controlled　practical　type。　This　group　is　characterized　by　great　and　constant　activity；　well　controlled　by　purpose；　with　eagerness　and　enthusiasm　manifested　in　each　act　but　not　excessively。　1。　A。　is　one　of　these　people。　In　school　he　specialized　in　athletics　and　was　a　fine　all…round　player　in　almost　every　sport。　When　he　left　high　school　to　go　to　work　he　at　once　entered　business。　His　employers　soon　found　him　to　be　a　tireless　worker；　steady　and　purposeful　in　everything。　In　addition　to　carrying　on　his　duties　by　day；　A。　studied　nights；　carefully　choosing　his　subjects　so　that　they　related　directly　to　his　business。　Despite　the　fact　that　his　work　was　hard　and　his　studies　exacting；　A。　had　energy　enough　left　to　join　social　organizations　and　to　take　a　leading　part　in　their　affairs。　He　became　quickly　known　as　one　of　those　busy　people　who　always　are　ready　to　take　on　more　work。　Naturally　this　led　to　his　becoming　a　leader；　first　in　his　social　relations　and　second　in　his　business。　Always　practical　in　his　judgments　and　actions；　A。　fell　in　love　with　the　daughter　of　a　rich　family　and　married　her；　with　the　full　approval　of　her　relatives；　who　were　keen　enough　to　see　that　his　energy；　power　and　control　were　destined　for　success。　The　leading　traits　that　A。　manifests　hinge　around　his　high　energy　and　control。　He　is　honest　and　conventional；　devoted　to　the　ideals　of　his　group　and　admires　learning；　but　he　is　not　in　any　sense　a　scholar。　He　is　a　poor　speaker；　in　the　ordinary　sense　of　that　term；　but　curiously　effective；　nevertheless；　because　his　earnest　energy　and　sturdy　common　sense　win　approval　as　〃not　a　theorist。〃　But　mainly　he　wins　because　he　is　tireless　in　energy　and　enthusiasm　and　yet　has　yoked　these　qualities　to　ordinary　purposes。　The　average　man　he　meets　understands　him　thoroughly；　sympathizes　with　him　completely　and　accepts　him　as　a　leader　after　his　own　heart。　So　A。　has　become　rich　and　respected。　As　times　goes　on；　as　he　is　brought　more　and　more　into　contact　with　large　affairs　outside　of　business；　as　a　trustee　of　hospitals　and　a　director　of　charitable　organizations；　he　broadens　out　but　not　into　an　〃unsafe〃　attitude。　He　pities　the　unfortunate　but　is　not　truly　sympathetic；　in　that　it　rarely　occurs　to　him　that　success　and　failure　are　relative；　that　an　accident　might　have　shipwrecked　his　fortunes　and　that　his　good　qualities　are　as　innate　as　his　complexion。　For　this　man　prides　himself　on　his　strong　will　and　courage；　whereas　he　merely　has　within　him　a　fine　engine　in　whose　construction　he　had　no　part。　2。　The　hyperkinetic；　controlled；　impractical　person。　B。　is；　in　the　fundamentals　of　energy　and　control；　singularly　like　A。；　but　because　of　the　nature　of　his　interests　and　purposes　their　lives　have　completely　diverged　so　that　no　one　would　ordinarily　recognize　the　kinship　in　type。　B。　is　and　always　has　been　a　worker；　enthusiastic　and　enduring；　and　he　has　stuck　to　his　last　with　a　fidelity　that　is　remarkable。　He　is　very　likable　in　the　ordinary　sense；pleasant　to　look　at；　cheerful；　ready　to　joke；　laugh　or　to　help　the　other　fellow。　Nevertheless；　he　has　only　a　few　friends　and　is　a　distinctly　disappointed　man　at　heart；　because　his　interests　are　in　the　ordinary　sense；　impractical。　B。　early　became　interested　in　physiology。　From　the　very　start　he　found　in　the　workings　of　the　human　body　a　fascination　that　concentrated　his　efforts。　Poor；　he　worked　hard　enough　to　obtain　scholarships　and　fellowships　in　one　university　after　another　until　finally　he　became　a　Ph。　D。　Here　was　a　great　error　from　the　practical　standpoint；　for　had　he　become　an　M。　D。；　he　would　have　had　a　profession　that　offered　an　independent　financial　future。　But；　in　his　zeal；　he　did　not　wish　to　take　on　the　extended　program　of　the　physician；　and　he　saw　clearly　that　he　might　become　a　better　scientist　as　a　Ph。　D。　He　became　a　teacher　in　one　school　after　another；　did　a　good　deal　of　research　work；　but　has　not　been　fortunate　enough　to　make　any　epoch…making　discoveries。　He　is　one　of　those　splendid；　painstaking；　energetic　men　found　in　every　university　who　turn　out　good　pieces　of　work　of　which　only　a　few　know　anything；　and　from　which　in　the　course　of　time　some　genius　or　lucky　scientist　culls　a　few　facts　upon　which　to　build　up　a　great　theory　or　a　new　doctrine。　He　married　one　of　his　own　students；　a　fine　woman　but　unluckily　not　very　strong；　and　so　there　fell　on　him　many　a　domestic　duty　that　a　thousand　extra　dollars　a　year　would　have　turned　over　to　a　maid。　Thus　B。　is　an　obscure　but　respected　member　of　the　faculty　of　a　small　university。　He　teaches　well；　though　he　dislikes　it；　and　he　is　happy　at　the　times　when　he　works　hard　at　some　physiological　problem。　He　loves　his　family　and　has　vowed　that　his　son　will　be　a　business　man。　He　feels　inferior　as　he　contemplates　his　obscure　existence；　with　its　precarious　financial　state；　its　drudgery　and　most　of　all　the　gradual　disappearance　of　his　ideals。　He　is　frank　to　himself　alone；　wishes　he　had　made　money；　but　is　apt　to　sneer　at　the　world　of　the　〃fat　and　successful〃　as　less　than　his　intellectual　equal。　He　compares　his　own　rewards　with　that　of　the　successful　man　knowing　less　and　with　a　narrower　outlook。　Thus；　through　success；　A。　is　broadening　and　becoming　something　of　an　idealist。　B。　is　narrowing　and　through　failure　is　losing　his　ideals。　This　is　not　an　uncommon　effect　of　success　and　failure。　Where　success　leads　to　arrogance　and　conceit　it　narrows；　but　where　the　character　withstands　this　result　the　increased　experience　and　opportunity　is　of　great　value　to　character。　Failure　may　embitter　and　thus　narrow　through　envy　and　lost　energy；　but　also　it　may　strip　away　conceit　and　overestimation　and　thus　lead　to　a　richer　insight　into　life。　3。　The　hyperkinetic；　uncontrolled　or　shallow。　This　type；　although　quick　and　apparently　energetic；　is　deficient　in　a　fundamental　of　the　personality；　in　the　organizing　energy。　This　deficiency　may　extend　into　all　phases　of　the　mental　life　or　in　only　a　few　phases。　Thus　we　see　people　whose　thinking　is　rapid；　energetic；　but　they　cannot　〃stick〃　to　one　line　of　thought　long　enough　to　reach　a　goal。　Others　are　similarly　situated　in　regard　to　purposes；　they　are　enthusiastic；　easily　stirred　into　activity；　but　rarely　do　their　purposes　remain　fixed　long　enough　for　success。　As　a　rule　this　class　is　inconstant　in　affections；　though　warm　and　sympathetic。