the foundations of personality-第67部分

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of　many　conflicts。　He　was　weary　of　life；　yet　lusted　for　experiences　that　his　hyperestheticism　would　not　permit　him　to　take。　Sex　seemed　too　crude；　and　the　girls　of　his　age　were　〃silly。〃　Yet　their　lure　and　his　own　internal　tensions　dragged　him　to　one　place　after　another；　hoping　that　he　would　find　the　perfect　woman；　able　to　understand　him。　At　last　he　did　find　her；　so　he　thought；　in　the　person　of　a　young　woman　of　twenty…five；　a　consummate　mistress　of　the　arts　of　femininity。　She　sized　him　up　at　once；　played　on　his　vanity；　extolled　his　fine　tastes　and　never　exposed　a　single　crudity　of　her　own；　until　she　brought　him　to　the　point　where　his　passion　for　her；　his　conviction　that　he　had　found　〃the　perfect　woman；〃　led　him　to　propose　marriage。　Then　came　the　blow：　she　laughed　at　him；　called　him　a　silly　boy；　gave　him　a　lecture　as　to　what　constituted　a　fine　man；　extolling　crudity；　vigor　and　virility　as　the　prime　virtues。　His　world　was　shattered；　and　its　shadowy　pleasures　gone。　At　first　his　parents　were　inclined　to　believe　that　this　was　a　good　lesson；　that　T。　would　learn　from　this　adventure　and　become　a　more　hardy　young　man。　Instead　he　became　sleepless；　restless　and　without　desire　for　food　or　drink；　he　shunned　men　and　women　alike；　he　stared　hollow…eyed　at　a　world　full　of　noise　and　motion　but　without　meaning　or　joy。　Deep　was　this　anhedonia；　and　all　exhortations　to　〃brace　up　and　be　a　man〃　failed。　Diversion；　travel　and　all　the　usual　medical　consultations　and　attentions　did　no　good。　One　day　he　announced　to　his　family　that　he　was　all　right；　that　soon　he　would　be　well。　He　seemed　cheerful；　talked　with　some　animation　and　dressed　himself　with　unusual　care。　His　parents　rejoiced；　but　one　of　his　brothers　did　not　like　what　he　called　a　〃gleam〃　in　T。's　eyes。　So　he　followed　him；　in　a　skillful　manner。　T。　walked　around　for　a　while；　then　found　his　way　to　a　bridge　crossing　a　swift　deep　river。　He　took　off　his　coat；　but　before　he　could　mount　the　rail　his　watchful　brother　was　upon　him。　He　made　no　struggle　and　consented　to　come　back　home。　In　his　coat　was　a　letter　stating　that　he　saw　no　use　in　living；　that　he　was　not　taking　his　life　because　of　disappointment　in　love　but　because　he　felt　that　he　never　could　enjoy　what　others　found　pleasurable；　and　that　he　was　an　anomaly；　a　curse　to　himself　and　others。　He　was　sent　away　to　a　sanatorium　but　left　it　and　came　home。　He　began　to　eat　and　drink　again；　found　he　could　sleep　at　night　（the　sleepless　night　had　filled　him　with　despair）　and　soon　swung　back　into　his　〃normal〃　state。　He　passes　throughout　life　a　spectator　of　the　joys　of　others；　wondering　why　his　grip　on　content　and　desire　is　so　slender；　but　also　he　thinks　himself　of　a　finer　clay　than　his　fellows。　As　a　complement　to　this　case　let　me　cite　that　of　the　ex…soldier　S。　He　reached　the　age　of　twenty…two　with　a　very　creditable　history。　Born　of　middle…class　parents　he　went　through　high　school　and　ranked　in　the　upper　third　of　his　class　for　scholarship。　His　physique　was　good；　he　was　a　joyous；　popular　young　fellow；　and　wherever　he　went　was　pointed　out　as　the　clean　young　American　so　representative　of　our　country。　That　means　he　worked　hard　as　assistant　executive　in　a　production　plant；　was　ambitious　to　get　ahead；　took　special　courses　to　fit　himself；　read　a　good　deal　about　〃success〃　and　how　to　reach　it；　dressed　well；　liked　his　fellow　men　and　more　than　liked　women；　enjoyed　sports；　a　good　time；　the　theaters；　slept　well；　ate　well　and　surged　with　the　passions　and　longings　of　his　youth。　Had　any　one　said　to　him；　〃What　is　there　to　live　for？〃　he　would　have　had　no　answer　ready　merely　because　it　would　have　never　occurred　to　him　that　any　one　could　really　ask　so　foolish　a　question。　Came　the　war。　Full　of　the　ardor　of　patriotism　and　the　longing　for　the　great　experience；　he　enlisted。　He　took　the　〃hardships〃　of　camp　life；　the　long　hikes；　the　daily　drills；　the　food　dished　out　in　tins；　as　a　lark；　and　his　hearty　fellowship　identified　him　with　the　army；　with　its　profanity；　its　rough　friendliness；　its　grumbling　but　quick　obedience　and　its　intense　purpose　to　〃show　'em　what　the　American　can　do。〃　He　went　overseas　and　learned　that　French　patriotism；　like　the　American　brand；　did　not　prevent　profiteering；　and　that　enlistment　in　a　common　cause　does　not　allay　or　abate　racial　prejudices　and　antagonisms。　This；　however；　did　not　prey　on　his　mind；　for　he　took　his　Americanism　as　superior　without　argument　and　was　not　especially　disappointed　because　of　French　customs　and　morals。　He　took　part　in　several　battles；　made　night　attacks；　bayonetted　his　first　man　with　a　horror　that　however　disappeared　under　the　glory　of　victory。　One　day　as　he　and　a　few　comrades　were　in　a　front　line　trench；　〃Jerry〃　placed　a　high　explosive　〃plump　in　the　middle　of　it。〃　When　S。　recovered　consciousness；　he　found　himself　half　covered　with　dirt　and　debris　of　all　kinds；　and　when　he　crawled　out　and　brushed　himself　off；　he　saw　that　of　all　his　comrades　he　alone　survived；　and　that　they　were　mangled　and　mutilated　in　a　most　gruesome　way。　〃Pieces　of　my　friends　everywhere；〃　is　his　terse　account。　He　lay　in　the　trench；　not　daring　to　move　for　hours；　the　bitterest　thoughts　assailing　him；anger；　hatred　and　disgust　for　war；　the　Germans；　his　own　countrymen；　and　he　even　cursed　God。　When　he　did　this　he　shuddered　at　his　blasphemy；　became　remorseful　and　prayed　for　forgiveness。　A　little　later　he　crawled　out　of　the　trench　and　back　to　where　he　was　picked　up　by　the　medical　corps　and　taken　to　a　hospital。　He　was　examined；　nothing　wrong　was　found　and　he　was　sent　back　to　duty。　From　that　episode　dates　as　typical　an　anhedonia　as　I　have　ever　seen。　Gradually　he　became　sleepless　and　woke　each　day　more　tired　than　he　went　to　bed。　The　food　displeased　him；　and　he　grumbled　over　what　were　formerly　trifles。　He　wearied　easily；　and　nothing　seemed　to　move　him　to　enthusiasm　or　desire。　He　gave　up　friendship　after　friendship；　because　the　friends　annoyed　him　by　their　noise　and　boisterousness。　He　dreaded　the　roar　of　the　guns　and　the　shriek　of　shells　with　what　amounted　to　physical　agony。　He　brooded　alone；　and　though　not　melancholy　in　the　positive　insane　sense；　was　melancholy　in　the　disappearance　of　desire；　joy；　energy；　interest　and　enthusiasm。　Fortunately　the　armistice　came　at　this　time。　S。　was　examined　and　discharged　as　well　because　he　made　no　complaints；　for　he　was　anxious　to　get　home。　This　was　his　one　great　desire。　At　home；　with　a　nice　bed　to　sleep　in；　good　food　to　eat　and　the　pleasant　faces　of　his　own　people；　his　〃nerves〃　would　yield；　he　had　no　doubt。　But　he　was　mistaken；　this　was　not　the　case。　He　became　no　better；　and　though　he　tried　his　old　〃job；〃　he　found　that　he　could　not　find　the　energy；　enthusiasm　or　concentration　necessary　for　success。　He　was　then　referred　to　the　United　States　Public　Health　Service；　where　I　saw　him；　and　he　became　my　patient。　My　first　problem　was　to　restore　the　power　of　sleeping。　This　I　succeeded　in　doing　by　means　that　were　entirely　〃physical。〃　With　that　accomplished；　the　man　became　hopeful　of　further　results；　and　this　enabled　one　to　bring　about　a　desire　for　food；　again　by　physical　means；　medicine；　in　short。　The　problem　of　awaking　S。's　interest　simmered　down　to　that　of　finding　an　outlet　for　his　ambition。　The　Federal　Vocational　Board　granted　him　the　right　to　take　up　a　business　course　in　a　college。　Though　he　found　the　study　hard　at　first；　he　was　encouraged　to　keep　on　and　told　to　expect　little　of　himself　at　first。　This　is　an　important　point；　for　if　a　man　holds　himself　to　a　high　standard　under　conditions　such　as　those　of　S。；　then　failure　brings　a　discouragement　that　upsets　the　treatment。　At　any　rate　this　method　of　readjustment；　with　its　reliance　on　medicines　to　bring　sleep　and　appetite　and　on　training　to　bring　hope　and　relief　from　introspection；　worked　splendidly。　The　fact　is　that　no　abstruse　complicated　psychological　analysis　was　necessary　here　or　in　most　cases。　A　man　is　〃jarred〃　from　light…hearted　health　to　a　grim　discouraged　state。　This　discouragement　brings　with　it　sleeplessness　and　loss　of　appetite；　and　there　gradually　develops　a　series　of　habits　which　lower　endurance　and　energy。　The　habit　elements　in　this　condition　are　not　enough　recognized；　and　also　the　fact　that　most　of　the　disability　is　physical　in　its　development　though　psychological　at　the　start。　That　is；　A。　had　a　severe　emotional　reaction　to　a　horrible　experience；　this　brought　about　insomnia　and　disordered　nutrition；　and　these；　by　lowering　the　endurance　and　ability；　brought　to　being　a　vicious　circle　of　fatigue　and　depression；　in　which　fatigue　caused　depression　and　depression　increased　fatigue。　The　treatment　must　be　directed　at　first　to　the　physical　factors；　and　with　these　conquered　the　acquired　forms　of　anhedonia　usually　yield　readily。　It　would　be　interesting　to　consider　other　types　related　to　the　anhedonic　personality。　The　complainer；　the　whiner；　the　nag；　all　these　are　basically　people　who　are　hard　to　satisfy。　The　artistic　temperament　（found　rather　frequently　in　the　non…artistic）　is　hyperesthetic；　uncontrolled；　irritably　egoistic　and　demands　homage　and　service　from　others　which　exceeds　the　merit　of　the　individual；　in　other　words；　there　is　added　to　the　anhedonic　element　an　unreasonableness　that　is　peculiarly　exasperating。　I　pass　these　interesting　people　by　and　turn　to　the　opposite　of　the　anhedonic　group；　the　group　that　is　hearty　in　tastes　and　appetites；　easily　pleased　as　a　rule　and　often　crude　in　their　relish　of　life。　There　are　two　main　divisions　of　these　hearty　simple　people；those　who　are　untrained　and　relatively　uneducated；　and　whose　simplicity　may　disappear　under　cultivation；　and　another　typecultivated；　educated；　wisewho　still　retain　unspoiled　appetite　and　hearty　enjoyment。　Briefly　let　me　introduce　Dr。　O。；　an　athlete　in　his　youth　and　always　a　lover　of　the　great　outdoors。　O。　is　Homeric　in　the　simplicity　of　his　tastes。　A　house　is　a　place　in　which　to　sleep；　clothes　are　to　keep　one　warm；　food　is　to　eat　and　the　manner　of　its　service　is　an　indifferent　matter。　He　enjoys　with　almost　huge　pleasure　good　things　to　eat　and　good　things　to　drink；　but　as　he　puts　it；　〃I　am　as　much　at　home　with　corned　beef　and　cabbage　as　I　am　with　any　epicurean　chef　d'oeuvre。　I　like　the　feel　of　silk　next　my　body；　but　cotton　pleases　me　as　much。〃　He　is　clean　and　bathes　regularly；　but　has　no　repulsion　against　dirt　and　disorder。　At　home；　among　the　utmost　refinements　of　our