the ancien regime(¹Å±øÍÅ)-µÚ15²¿·Ö
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
better¡¡than¡¡boorishness£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡many¡¡men¡¡and¡¡women¡¡may¡¡have¡¡become¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡gentler¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡purer¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡looking¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡them£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡said¡¡¡¡¡¡sadly¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
themselves£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Such¡¡might¡¡have¡¡been¡¡the¡¡peasantry¡¡of¡¡half¡¡Europe£»¡¡had¡¡it¡¡
not¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡devastations¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Palatinate£»¡¡¡¡¡¡wars¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡succession£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
wicked¡¡wills¡¡of¡¡emperors¡¡and¡¡kings¡£¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡51¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡52¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡ANCIEN¡¡REGIME¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡LECTURE¡¡IIITHE¡¡EXPLOSIVE¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡FORCES¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡a¡¡former¡¡lecture¡¡in¡¡this¡¡Institution£»¡¡I¡¡said¡¡that¡¡the¡¡human¡¡race¡¡owed¡¡
more¡¡to¡¡the¡¡eighteenth¡¡century¡¡than¡¡to¡¡any¡¡century¡¡since¡¡the¡¡Christian¡¡era¡£¡¡
It¡¡may¡¡seem¡¡a¡¡bold¡¡assertion¡¡to¡¡those¡¡who¡¡value¡¡duly¡¡the¡¡century¡¡which¡¡
followed¡¡the¡¡revival¡¡of¡¡Greek¡¡literature£»¡¡and¡¡consider¡¡that¡¡the¡¡eighteenth¡¡
century¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡child£»¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡rather¡¡¡¡grandchild£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡thereof¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡must¡¡
persist¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡my¡¡¡¡¡¡opinion£»¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡though¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡seem¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡inconsistent¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡my¡¡
description¡¡of¡¡the¡¡very¡¡same¡¡era¡¡as¡¡one¡¡of¡¡decay¡¡and¡¡death¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡side¡¡by¡¡
side¡¡with¡¡the¡¡death£»¡¡there¡¡was¡¡manifold¡¡fresh¡¡birth£»¡¡side¡¡by¡¡side¡¡with¡¡the¡¡
decay¡¡there¡¡was¡¡active¡¡growth£»side¡¡by¡¡side¡¡with¡¡them£»¡¡fostered¡¡by¡¡them£»¡¡
though¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡generally¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡strong¡¡¡¡¡¡opposition¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡them£»¡¡¡¡¡¡whether¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡conscious¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡
unconscious¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡must¡¡beware£»¡¡however£»¡¡of¡¡trying¡¡to¡¡find¡¡between¡¡that¡¡
decay¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡growth¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡bond¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡cause¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡effect¡¡¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡really¡¡
none¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡general¡¡decay¡¡may¡¡have¡¡determined¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡many¡¡men's¡¡
thoughts£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡no¡¡more¡¡set¡¡them¡¡thinking¡¡than¡¡£¨as¡¡I¡¡have¡¡heard¡¡said£©¡¡the¡¡
decay¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ancien¡¡Regime¡¡produced¡¡the¡¡new¡¡Regimea¡¡loose¡¡metaphor£»¡¡
which£»¡¡like¡¡all¡¡metaphors£»¡¡will¡¡not¡¡hold¡¡water£»¡¡and¡¡must¡¡not¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡for¡¡a¡¡
philosophic¡¡¡¡¡¡truth¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡That¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡confess¡¡¡¡¡¡manwhat¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡shall¡¡¡¡¡¡never¡¡
confess¡¡him¡¡to¡¡bethe¡¡creature¡¡of¡¡circumstances£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡to¡¡fall¡¡into¡¡
the¡¡same¡¡fallacy¡¡of¡¡spontaneous¡¡generation¡¡as¡¡did¡¡the¡¡ancients£»¡¡when¡¡they¡¡
believed¡¡that¡¡bees¡¡were¡¡bred¡¡from¡¡the¡¡carcass¡¡of¡¡a¡¡dead¡¡ox¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡first¡¡
place£»¡¡the¡¡bees¡¡were¡¡no¡¡bees£»¡¡but¡¡fliesunless¡¡when¡¡some¡¡true¡¡swarm¡¡of¡¡
honey¡¡¡¡¡¡bees¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡taken¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡abode¡¡¡¡¡¡within¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡empty¡¡¡¡¡¡ribs£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡
Samson's¡¡bees¡¡did¡¡in¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lion¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡bees¡¡or¡¡flies£»¡¡each¡¡sprang¡¡from¡¡
an¡¡egg£»¡¡independent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡carcass£»¡¡having¡¡a¡¡vitality¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡was¡¡
fostered¡¡by¡¡the¡¡carcass¡¡it¡¡fed¡¡on¡¡during¡¡development£»¡¡but¡¡bred¡¡from¡¡it¡¡it¡¡
was¡¡¡¡¡¡not£»¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡Marat¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡bred¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡decay¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Ancien¡¡
Regime¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡flies¡¡¡¡which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡feeding¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡putridity£»¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡
poisonous¡¡themselves£»¡¡as¡¡did¡¡Marat£º¡¡but¡¡even¡¡they¡¡owe¡¡their¡¡vitality¡¡and¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡52¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡53¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡ANCIEN¡¡REGIME¡¡
organisation¡¡to¡¡something¡¡higher¡¡than¡¡that¡¡on¡¡which¡¡they¡¡feed£»¡¡and¡¡each¡¡of¡¡
them£»¡¡however£»¡¡defaced¡¡and¡¡debased£»¡¡was¡¡at¡¡first¡¡a¡¡¡¨thought¡¡of¡¡God¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡All¡¡
true¡¡manhood¡¡consists¡¡in¡¡the¡¡defiance¡¡of¡¡circumstances£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡any¡¡man¡¡be¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡creature¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡circumstances£»¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡so£»¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
drunkard£»¡¡because¡¡he¡¡has¡¡ceased¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡man£»¡¡and¡¡sunk¡¡downward¡¡toward¡¡
the¡¡brute¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Accordingly¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡shall¡¡¡¡¡¡find£»¡¡¡¡throughout¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡18th¡¡¡¡¡¡century£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡stirring¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
thought£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡originality£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡resistance¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡circumstances£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡indignant¡¡
defiance¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡circumstances£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡impossible£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡
circumstances¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡true¡¡¡¡¡¡lords¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡shapers¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡mankind¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Had¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡
latter¡¡been¡¡the¡¡case£»¡¡the¡¡downward¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ancien¡¡Regime¡¡would¡¡
have¡¡been¡¡irremediable¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Each¡¡generation£»¡¡conformed¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡to¡¡
the¡¡element¡¡in¡¡which¡¡it¡¡lived£»¡¡would¡¡have¡¡sunk¡¡deeper¡¡in¡¡dull¡¡acquiescence¡¡
to¡¡evil£»¡¡in¡¡ignorance¡¡of¡¡all¡¡cravings¡¡save¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡senses£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡at¡¡any¡¡
time¡¡intolerable¡¡wrong¡¡or¡¡want¡¡had¡¡driven¡¡it¡¡to¡¡revolt£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡have¡¡issued£»¡¡
not¡¡in¡¡the¡¡proclamation¡¡of¡¡new¡¡and¡¡vast¡¡ideas£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡an¡¡anarchic¡¡struggle¡¡
for¡¡revenge¡¡and¡¡bread¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡are¡¡races£»¡¡alas£¡¡¡which¡¡seem£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡present¡¡at¡¡least£»¡¡mastered¡¡by¡¡
circumstances¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Some£»¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Chinese£»¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡sunk¡¡¡¡¡¡back¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡state£»¡¡
some£»¡¡like¡¡the¡¡negro¡¡in¡¡Africa£»¡¡seem¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡to¡¡have¡¡emerged¡¡from¡¡it£»¡¡but¡¡
in¡¡¡¡¡¡Europe£»¡¡¡¡¡¡during¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡eighteenth¡¡¡¡¡¡century£»¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡working¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡merely¡¡¡¡¡¡new¡¡
forces¡¡and¡¡vitalities¡¡£¨abstractions¡¡which¡¡mislead¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡explain£©£»¡¡but¡¡
living¡¡persons¡¡in¡¡plenty£»¡¡men¡¡and¡¡women£»¡¡with¡¡independent¡¡and¡¡original¡¡
hearts¡¡and¡¡brains£»¡¡instinct£»¡¡in¡¡spite¡¡of¡¡all¡¡circumstances£»¡¡with¡¡power¡¡which¡¡
we¡¡shall¡¡most¡¡wisely¡¡ascribe¡¡directly¡¡to¡¡Him¡¡who¡¡is¡¡the¡¡Lord¡¡and¡¡Giver¡¡of¡¡
Life¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Such¡¡persons¡¡seemedI¡¡only¡¡say¡¡seemedmost¡¡numerous¡¡in¡¡England¡¡
and¡¡in¡¡Germany¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡there¡¡were¡¡enough¡¡of¡¡them¡¡in¡¡France¡¡to¡¡change¡¡the¡¡
destiny¡¡of¡¡that¡¡great¡¡nation¡¡for¡¡awhileperhaps¡¡for¡¡ever¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡M¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡de¡¡¡¡¡¡Tocqueville¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡chapter£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡remarkable¡¡¡¡¡¡one£»¡¡
which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡appears¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡sight¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡militate¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡my¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡beliefa¡¡¡¡¡¡chapter¡¡
¡¨showing¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡France¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡country¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡
alike¡£¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨The¡¡¡¡¡¡men£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡says£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨of¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡time£»¡¡¡¡¡¡especially¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡belonging¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡53¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡54¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡ANCIEN¡¡REGIME¡¡
upper¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡middle¡¡¡¡¡¡ranks¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡society£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡alone¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡conspicuous£»¡¡
were¡¡all¡¡exactly¡¡alike¡£¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡allowed£»¡¡that¡¡if¡¡this¡¡were¡¡true¡¡of¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡and¡¡middle¡¡
classes£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡still¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡true¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡mass¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡lowest¡¡
population£»¡¡who£»¡¡being¡¡most¡¡animal£»¡¡are¡¡always¡¡most¡¡moulded¡¡or¡¡rather¡¡
crushedby¡¡their¡¡own¡¡circumstances£»¡¡by¡¡public¡¡opinion£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡the¡¡wants¡¡
of¡¡five¡¡senses£»¡¡common¡¡to¡¡all¡¡alike¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡M¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡de¡¡¡¡¡¡Tocqueville¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡attributes¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡curious¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fact¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡
circumstances¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡political¡¡¡¡¡¡stateto¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨government¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡
which¡¡in¡¡the¡¡end¡¡has¡¡the¡¡inevitable¡¡effect¡¡of¡¡rendering¡¡all¡¡men¡¡alike£»¡¡and¡¡
all¡¡mutually¡¡indifferent¡¡to¡¡their¡¡common¡¡fate¡¨we¡¡must¡¡differ£»¡¡even¡¡from¡¡
him£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡facts¡¡prove¡¡the¡¡impotence¡¡of¡¡that£»¡¡or¡¡of¡¡any¡¡other¡¡circumstance£»¡¡
in¡¡altering¡¡the¡¡hearts¡¡and¡¡souls¡¡of¡¡men£»¡¡in¡¡producing¡¡in¡¡them¡¡anything¡¡but¡¡
a¡¡mere¡¡superficial¡¡and¡¡temporary¡¡resemblance¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡all¡¡the¡¡while¡¡there¡¡was£»¡¡among¡¡these¡¡very¡¡French£»¡¡here¡¡and¡¡there¡¡a¡¡
variety¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡character¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡purpose£»¡¡¡¡¡¡sufficient¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡burst¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡
despotism£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡develop¡¡the¡¡nation¡¡into¡¡manifold£»¡¡new£»¡¡and¡¡quite¡¡original¡¡
shapes¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡proved¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡uniformity¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡
outside¡¡crust¡¡and¡¡shell¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡tore¡¡the¡¡nation¡¡to¡¡pieces¡¡during¡¡the¡¡Reign¡¡
of¡¡Terror£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡boundless¡¡variety¡¡and¡¡originality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡characters¡¡which¡¡
found¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡themselves¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡suddenly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡free¡¡¡¡¡¡rivalry£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡else¡¡¡¡gave¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡
undisciplined¡¡levies£»¡¡the¡¡bankrupt¡¡governments£»¡¡the¡¡parvenu¡¡heroes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
Republic£»¡¡a¡¡manifold¡¡force£»¡¡a¡¡self¡dependent¡¡audacity£»¡¡which¡¡made¡¡them¡¡
the¡¡conquerors£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡teachers¡¡£¨for¡¡good¡¡and¡¡evil£©¡¡of¡¡the¡¡civilised¡¡world£¿¡¡
If¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡doctrine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡French¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Revolution¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡specially¡¡
proclaimedwhich¡¡it¡¡caricatured¡¡till¡¡it¡¡brought¡¡it¡¡into¡¡temporary¡¡disrepute¡¡¡
¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡this£º¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡another£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡God¡given¡¡
¡¨individuality£»¡¨¡¡an¡¡independent¡¡soul£»¡¡which¡¡no¡¡government¡¡or¡¡man¡¡has¡¡a¡¡
right¡¡to¡¡crush£»¡¡or¡¡can¡¡crush¡¡in¡¡the¡¡long¡¡run£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡which¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡have£»¡¡and¡¡
must¡¡have£»¡¡a¡¡¡¨carriere¡¡ouverte¡¡aux¡¡talents£»¡¨¡¡freely¡¡to¡¡do¡¡the¡¡best¡¡for¡¡itself¡¡
in¡¡the¡¡battle¡¡of¡¡life¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡French¡¡Revolution£»¡¡more¡¡than¡¡any¡¡event¡¡since¡¡
twelve¡¡¡¡¡¡poor¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡set¡¡¡¡¡¡forth¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡convert¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡eighteen¡¡¡¡¡¡hundred¡¡
years¡¡ago£»¡¡proves¡¡that¡¡man¡¡ought¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be£»¡¡and¡¡need¡¡not¡¡be£»¡¡the¡¡creature¡¡
of¡¡circumstances£»¡¡the¡¡puppet¡¡of¡¡institutions£»¡¡but£»¡¡if¡¡he¡¡will£»¡¡their¡¡conqueror¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡54¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡55¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡ANCIEN¡¡REGIME¡¡
and¡¡their¡¡lord¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Of¡¡these¡¡original¡¡spirits¡¡who¡¡helped¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡life¡¡out¡¡of¡¡death£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡
modern¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡decay¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡mediaeval¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡world£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡French¡¡
PHILOSOPHES¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡encyclopaedists¡¡¡¡¡¡are£»¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡course£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡notorious¡£¡¡
They¡¡confessed£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡most¡¡part£»¡¡that¡¡their¡¡original¡¡inspiration¡¡had¡¡come¡¡
from¡¡¡¡¡¡England¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡were£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡considered¡¡¡¡¡¡themselves£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡disciples¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
Locke£»¡¡whose¡¡philosophy£»¡¡it¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡me£»¡¡their¡¡own¡¡acts¡¡disproved¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡first£»¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡few¡¡¡¡words¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡philosophes¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡One¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
thoroughly¡¡¡¡¡¡aware¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡deficiencies£»¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡sins£»¡¡¡¡¡¡moral¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡
intellectual£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡yet¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡demand¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡everyone¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡judge¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡
fairlywhich¡¡can¡¡only¡¡be¡¡done¡¡by¡¡putting¡¡himself¡¡in¡¡their¡¡place£»¡¡and¡¡any¡¡
fair¡¡judgment¡¡of¡¡them¡¡will£»¡¡I¡¡think£»¡¡lead¡¡to¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡that¡¡they¡¡were¡¡
not¡¡mere¡¡destroyers£»¡¡inflamed¡¡with¡¡hate¡¡of¡¡everything¡¡which¡¡mankind¡¡had¡¡
as¡¡¡¡¡¡yet¡¡¡¡¡¡held¡¡¡¡¡¡sacred¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Whatever¡¡¡¡¡¡sacred¡¡¡¡¡¡things¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡despised£»¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡sacred¡¡
thing¡¡they¡¡reverenced£»¡¡which¡¡men¡¡had¡¡forgotten¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡since¡¡the¡¡
seventeenth¡¡centurycommon¡¡justice¡¡and¡¡common¡¡humanity¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡this£»¡¡
I¡¡¡¡¡¡believe£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡gave¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡moral¡¡¡¡¡¡force¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡drew¡¡
towards¡¡them¡¡the¡¡hearts£»¡¡not¡¡merely¡¡of¡¡educated¡¡bourgeois¡¡and¡¡nobles¡¡£¨on¡¡
the¡¡menu¡¡peuple¡¡they¡¡had¡¡no¡¡influence£»¡¡and¡¡did¡¡not¡¡care¡¡to¡¡have¡¡any£©£»¡¡but¡¡
of¡¡every¡¡co