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U¡£¡¡S¡£¡¡Grant£»¡¡Lieutenant¡¡General¡£

This¡¡report¡¡was¡¡at¡¡once¡¡vigorously¡¡denounced¡¡in¡¡and¡¡out¡¡of¡¡Congress£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡extremists¡£¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Sumner¡¡characterized¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Senate£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡¡¨whitewashing¡¡report¡£¡¨¡¡The¡¡standing¡¡of¡¡General¡¡Grant¡¡in¡¡the¡¡country¡¡at¡¡large£»¡¡however£»¡¡was¡¡such¡¡that¡¡few¡¡had¡¡the¡¡indiscretion¡¡to¡¡attack¡¡him¡¡openly¡£

The¡¡controlling¡¡element¡¡of¡¡the¡¡party¡¡which¡¡had¡¡elected¡¡Lincoln¡¡and¡¡Johnson£»¡¡had¡¡acquiesced¡¡for¡¡a¡¡time¡¡in¡¡the¡¡plan¡¡of¡¡reconstruction¡¡foreshadowed¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln¡¡and¡¡adopted¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson£»¡¡but¡¡during¡¡the¡¡summer¡¡of¡¡1865£»¡¡frictions¡¡developed¡¡between¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson¡¡and¡¡those¡¡who¡¡on¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln's¡¡death¡¡had¡¡assumed¡¡the¡¡leadership¡¡in¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡reconstruction¡¡and¡¡other¡¡matters¡¡of¡¡administration£»¡¡came¡¡to¡¡take¡¡the¡¡opposite¡¡ground£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡first¡¡occupied¡¡by¡¡Sumner¡¡and¡¡other¡¡extremists¡¡in¡¡Congressthat¡¡the¡¡States¡¡lately¡¡in¡¡rebellion¡¡had¡¡destroyed¡¡themselves¡¡by¡¡their¡¡own¡¡act¡¡of¡¡war£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡thereby¡¡forfeited¡¡all¡¡the¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡Statehood¡¡and¡¡were¡¡but¡¡conquered¡¡provinces£»¡¡subject¡¡solely¡¡to¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡the¡¡conqueror¡£

From¡¡that¡¡point¡¡their¡¡ways¡¡parted¡¡and¡¡widened¡¡from¡¡month¡¡to¡¡month£»¡¡till¡¡bitter¡¡hostility£»¡¡political¡¡and¡¡personal£»¡¡came¡¡to¡¡mark¡¡even¡¡their¡¡official¡¡intercourse¡£

Mr¡£¡¡Johnson¡¡was¡¡practically¡¡unknown¡¡to¡¡the¡¡great¡¡mass¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡the¡¡North¡¡till¡¡he¡¡succeeded¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Presidency¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡in¡¡no¡¡sense¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡or¡¡assumed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡leader¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dominant¡¡party£»¡¡while¡¡those¡¡who¡¡on¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln's¡¡death¡¡became¡¡leaders¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dominant¡¡party¡¡in¡¡opposition¡¡to¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson's¡¡administration¡¡and¡¡policies£»¡¡were¡¡widely¡¡known¡¡and¡¡of¡¡long¡¡public¡¡experience£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡correspondingly¡¡the¡¡confidence¡¡of¡¡their¡¡party¡£

So£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡strife¡¡that¡¡ensued£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡became¡¡embittered¡¡with¡¡the¡¡lapse¡¡of¡¡time£»¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson¡¡was¡¡at¡¡great¡¡disadvantage£»¡¡and¡¡made¡¡little¡¡or¡¡no¡¡headway£»¡¡but¡¡rather¡¡lost¡¡ground¡¡as¡¡the¡¡controversy¡¡progressed¡£¡¡His¡¡moderate£»¡¡conservative¡¡views£»¡¡radically¡¡expressed£»¡¡in¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡what¡¡should¡¡be¡¡the¡¡methods¡¡of¡¡reconstruction¡¡and¡¡the¡¡restoration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡found¡¡little¡¡favor¡¡with¡¡the¡¡mass¡¡of¡¡the¡¡veterans¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡armies¡¡who¡¡had¡¡but¡¡lately¡¡returned¡¡from¡¡the¡¡victorious¡¡fields¡¡of¡¡the¡¡South£»¡¡their¡¡blood¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡cooled¡¡after¡¡the¡¡fury¡¡and¡¡heat¡¡of¡¡the¡¡strife¡¡while¡¡to¡¡many£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡witnessed¡¡the¡¡horrors¡¡of¡¡war¡¡at¡¡a¡¡safe¡¡distance£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡cessation¡¡of¡¡hostilities¡¡in¡¡the¡¡field£»¡¡to¡¡which¡¡they¡¡had¡¡been¡¡only¡¡anxious¡¡spectators£»¡¡became¡¡suddenly¡¡enthused¡¡over¡¡issues¡¡that¡¡others¡¡had¡¡fought¡¡out¡¡in¡¡battle£»¡¡and¡¡vigorously¡¡vicious¡¡towards¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson¡¡for¡¡presuming¡¡to¡¡treat¡¡the¡¡conquered¡¡people¡¡of¡¡the¡¡South¡¡as¡¡American¡¡citizens¡¡and¡¡entitled¡¡to¡¡the¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡such£»¡¡after¡¡having¡¡laid¡¡down¡¡their¡¡arms¡¡and¡¡peacefully¡¡returned¡¡to¡¡their¡¡homes¡¡and¡¡their¡¡respective¡¡callings¡£

This¡¡temper£»¡¡permeating£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡did£»¡¡the¡¡dominant¡¡party¡¡of¡¡practically¡¡every¡¡Northern¡¡State£»¡¡was¡¡not¡¡unstintingly¡¡reflected¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡National¡¡Capitol¡¡in¡¡the¡¡return¡¡to¡¡Congress¡¡of¡¡a¡¡large¡¡majority¡¡in¡¡both¡¡Houses£»¡¡of¡¡men¡¡who¡¡sympathized¡¡with¡¡and¡¡reflected¡¡back¡¡again¡¡upon¡¡their¡¡constituents¡¡the¡¡most¡¡extreme¡¡views¡¡as¡¡to¡¡what¡¡should¡¡be¡¡the¡¡policy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Government¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡South¡£

These¡¡views¡¡characterized¡¡the¡¡legislation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡time¡£¡¡Partisan¡¡rancor¡¡was¡¡unbridled£»¡¡and¡¡found¡¡expression¡¡not¡¡only¡¡in¡¡coercive¡¡legislation¡¡of¡¡various¡¡grades¡¡of¡¡severity£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡placing¡¡the¡¡Southern¡¡States¡¡generally¡¡under¡¡almost¡¡absolute¡¡military¡¡control£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡practical¡¡abrogation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡common¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡American¡¡citizenship¡¡in¡¡most¡¡of¡¡them¡£

Quite¡¡every¡¡act¡¡of¡¡this¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡legislation¡¡was¡¡passed¡¡over¡¡the¡¡official¡¡protest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡President£»¡¡and¡¡each¡¡of¡¡these¡¡protests¡¡seemed¡¡but¡¡to¡¡add¡¡emphasis¡¡to¡¡each¡¡succeeding¡¡act¡¡of¡¡Congress¡¡in¡¡that¡¡line£»¡¡till¡¡it¡¡seemed¡¡that¡¡there¡¡could¡¡be¡¡no¡¡end¡¡to¡¡the¡¡strife£»¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson¡¡remained¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Presidential¡¡office¡£

The¡¡ostensible¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡the¡¡disagreement¡¡which¡¡in¡¡a¡¡few¡¡months¡¡after¡¡the¡¡accession¡¡of¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Presidency¡¡began¡¡to¡¡develop¡¡between¡¡himself¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Republican¡¡leaders¡¡in¡¡Congress£»¡¡was¡¡the¡¡plan¡¡of¡¡reconstruction¡¡put¡¡in¡¡operation¡¡by¡¡him¡¡during¡¡the¡¡recess¡¡of¡¡Congress¡¡that¡¡year£»¡¡1865£»¡¡and¡¡outlined¡¡in¡¡his¡¡North¡¡Carolina¡¡Proclamation¡£¡¡It¡¡availed¡¡not£»¡¡that¡¡that¡¡plan¡¡had¡¡been¡¡adopted¡¡originally¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln¡¡a¡¡few¡¡days¡¡before¡¡his¡¡deaththat¡¡it¡¡had¡¡been¡¡concurred¡¡in¡¡by¡¡his¡¡entire¡¡Cabinet¡¡and¡¡would¡¡undoubtedly¡¡have¡¡been¡¡carried¡¡out¡¡successfully¡¡by¡¡him¡¡had¡¡he¡¡lived¡¡that¡¡plan¡¡was¡¡made¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡of¡¡criticism¡¡of¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson¡¡by¡¡the¡¡extreme¡¡party¡¡element¡¡in¡¡control¡¡of¡¡Congress£»¡¡which¡¡persistently¡¡accused¡¡him¡¡of¡¡having¡¡abandoned¡¡the¡¡plan¡¡initiated¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡setting¡¡up¡¡another¡¡of¡¡his¡¡own£»¡¡for¡¡purely¡¡personal¡¡and¡¡ambitious¡¡purposes£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡detriment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡peace¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡£

Mr¡£¡¡Johnson¡¡may¡¡have¡¡been¡¡opinionated¡¡and¡¡headstrong£»¡¡a¡¡characteristic¡¡of¡¡a¡¡great¡¡many¡¡people¡¡of¡¡strong¡¡convictions¡¡of¡¡duty¡¡and¡¡purpose£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡overwhelming¡¡numerical¡¡strength¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dominant¡¡party¡¡in¡¡and¡¡out¡¡of¡¡Congress¡¡made¡¡it¡¡seemingly¡¡indifferent£»¡¡reckless¡¡and¡¡inconsiderate¡¡of¡¡the¡¡convictions£»¡¡as¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rights¡¡and¡¡prerogatives¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Chief¡¡Executive¡¡treating¡¡him¡¡more¡¡as¡¡a¡¡clerk¡¡whose¡¡sole¡¡duty¡¡it¡¡was¡¡to¡¡register¡¡without¡¡suggestion¡¡the¡¡decrees¡¡of¡¡Congress¡£

That¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln£»¡¡had¡¡he¡¡lived£»¡¡would¡¡have¡¡pursued¡¡much¡¡the¡¡same¡¡policy¡¡of¡¡reconstruction£»¡¡is¡¡clearly¡¡indicated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡established¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡determined¡¡to¡¡adopt¡¡precisely¡¡the¡¡initial¡¡measures¡¡thereto¡¡which¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson¡¡did¡¡inaugurate¡¡and¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡out¡£¡¡But¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln's¡¡superior¡¡ability¡¡in¡¡statecraft£»¡¡his¡¡rare¡¡tact¡¡and¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡men£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡capacity¡¡for¡¡moulding¡¡and¡¡directing¡¡public¡¡opinion£»¡¡seeming¡¡to¡¡follow¡¡where¡¡he¡¡actually¡¡led£»¡¡would¡¡doubtless¡¡have¡¡secured¡¡a¡¡more¡¡favorable¡¡result¡£¡¡And¡¡more¡¡than¡¡all¡¡else£»¡¡it¡¡can¡¡scarcely¡¡be¡¡doubted£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡unbounded¡¡confidence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡in¡¡his¡¡patriotism¡¡and¡¡capacity¡¡to¡¡direct¡¡public¡¡affairs£»¡¡would¡¡have¡¡enabled¡¡him¡¡to¡¡dictate¡¡terms¡¡of¡¡reconstruction¡¡strictly¡¡on¡¡the¡¡lines¡¡he¡¡had¡¡marked¡¡out£»¡¡and¡¡would¡¡have¡¡commanded¡¡the¡¡general¡¡support¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡regardless¡¡of¡¡partisan¡¡divisions£»¡¡notwithstanding¡¡the¡¡well¡¡known¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡his¡¡death¡¡there¡¡were¡¡unmistakable¡¡indications¡¡of¡¡alienation¡¡from¡¡him¡¡of¡¡the¡¡extreme¡¡element¡¡of¡¡his¡¡party¡¡because¡¡of¡¡his¡¡conservative¡¡views¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡proper¡¡methods¡¡of¡¡reconstruction¡£

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