history of the impeachment of andrew johnson-µÚ12²¿·Ö
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The¡¡first¡¡effort¡¡to¡¡impeach¡¡the¡¡President£»¡¡in¡¡1867£»¡¡was¡¡based¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡general¡¡accusation¡¡of¡¡high¡¡crimes¡¡and¡¡misdemeanors¡¡without¡¡literal¡¡specification¡£¡¡The¡¡second£»¡¡in¡¡1868£»¡¡was¡¡based¡¡upon¡¡his¡¡alleged¡¡violation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Tenure¡of¡Office¡¡Act£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡removal¡¡of¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Stanton¡£
While¡¡it¡¡is¡¡undoubted£»¡¡as¡¡already¡¡shown£»¡¡that¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln¡¡and¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson¡¡were¡¡in¡¡accord¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡methods¡¡to¡¡be¡¡adopted¡¡for¡¡the¡¡restoration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡revolted¡¡States£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson's¡¡misfortune¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡not¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln's¡¡capacity¡¡for¡¡so¡¡great¡¡and¡¡so¡¡peculiar¡¡a¡¡task£»¡¡though¡¡a¡¡gentleman¡¡of¡¡proven¡¡patriotism£»¡¡ability£»¡¡of¡¡a¡¡kindly£»¡¡genial¡¡nature£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡record¡¡of¡¡valuable¡¡public¡¡service¡£¡¡Hampered¡¡by¡¡his¡¡lack¡¡of¡¡political¡¡finesse¡¡and¡¡intricate¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡state¡craft£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡that¡¡time£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡people¡¡with¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡had¡¡to¡¡deal£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡obvious¡¡from¡¡the¡¡outset¡¡that¡¡the¡¡result¡¡of¡¡the¡¡controversy¡¡could¡¡hardly¡¡be¡¡otherwise¡¡than¡¡disastrous¡¡to¡¡him¡£¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln¡¡would¡¡undoubtedly¡¡have¡¡been¡¡met¡¡by¡¡the¡¡same¡¡character¡¡of¡¡opposition£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡the¡¡same¡¡source¡£¡¡But¡¡there¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡the¡¡appearance¡¡at¡¡least¡¡of¡¡mutual¡¡concession£»¡¡and¡¡while¡¡the¡¡APPEARANCE¡¡of¡¡concession¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡on¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln's¡¡side£»¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡concession£»¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡essentials¡¡were¡¡involved£»¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡£
Mr¡£¡¡Johnson¡¡was¡¡a¡¡Democrat¡¡of¡¡pronounced¡¡type¡¡and¡¡profound¡¡convictions£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡no¡¡sense¡¡did¡¡he¡¡depart¡¡from¡¡his¡¡faith¡£¡¡He¡¡belonged¡¡to¡¡the¡¡school¡¡of¡¡Jackson¡¡and¡¡Jefferson¡£¡¡He¡¡had¡¡not¡¡the¡¡electric¡¡intuitions¡¡and¡¡impetuous¡¡will¡¡of¡¡the¡¡former£»¡¡nor¡¡the¡¡culture¡¡and¡¡genius¡¡of¡¡the¡¡latter¡£¡¡He¡¡adhered¡¡more¡¡religiously¡¡to¡¡the¡¡letter¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡than¡¡either¡£¡¡To¡¡him¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡one¡¡law¡¡of¡¡supreme¡¡obligation£»¡¡that¡¡never¡¡ceased¡¡its¡¡guarantees¡£¡¡As¡¡fittingly¡¡expressed¡¡by¡¡one¡¡of¡¡his¡¡Counsel£»¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Groesbeck£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡trial£º¡¡¡¨He¡¡was¡¡not¡¡learned¡¡and¡¡scholarlynot¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡many¡¡ideas¡¡or¡¡of¡¡much¡¡speculationbut¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡had¡¡been¡¡the¡¡study¡¡of¡¡his¡¡life£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡a¡¡law¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡he¡¡was¡¡only¡¡the¡¡truer¡¡to¡¡that¡¡which¡¡he¡¡did¡¡know¡£¡¨
As¡¡had¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln£»¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson¡¡keenly¡¡appreciated¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡the¡¡South¡¡returning¡¡at¡¡once¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡free¡¡and¡¡independent¡¡American¡¡citizens£»¡¡clothed¡¡with¡¡all¡¡the¡¡rights£»¡¡privileges¡¡and¡¡obligations¡¡common¡¡to¡¡such¡£¡¡In¡¡his¡¡Cabinet¡¡Councils£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡a¡¡degree¡¡supreme¡¡in¡¡that¡¡board¡¡sat¡¡William¡¡H¡£¡¡Seward£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡had¡¡throughout¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln's¡¡administration£»¡¡than¡¡whom¡¡the¡¡Republic¡¡has¡¡produced¡¡no¡¡wiser£»¡¡more¡¡sagacious£»¡¡or¡¡patriotic¡¡statesman¡£¡¡He¡¡gave¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡his¡¡intense¡¡devotion¡¡in¡¡the¡¡maturity¡¡of¡¡his¡¡great¡¡powers¡£
There¡¡too£»¡¡sat¡¡Secretary¡¡Welles£»¡¡another¡¡of¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln's¡¡advisers£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡devoted¡¡friend¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡and¡¡the¡¡sanctity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Union¡£¡¡Each¡¡of¡¡these¡¡men£»¡¡thoroughly¡¡patriotic£»¡¡and¡¡efficient£»¡¡and¡¡untiring¡¡in¡¡the¡¡administration¡¡of¡¡their¡¡respective¡¡Departments£»¡¡had¡¡commenced¡¡with¡¡the¡¡deluge¡¡of¡¡blood£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡now¡¡hoped¡¡to¡¡crown¡¡their¡¡official¡¡careers¡¡by¡¡a¡¡triumphant¡¡peace¡¡that¡¡would¡¡Honor¡¡their¡¡lives¡¡and¡¡glorify¡¡the¡¡Nation¡£¡¡These¡¡men¡¡had¡¡a¡¡salutary¡¡influence¡¡over¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson£»¡¡and¡¡greatly¡¡modified¡¡the¡¡asperities¡¡of¡¡his¡¡disposition¡£
Mr¡£¡¡Johnson¡¡believed£»¡¡as¡¡did¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡revolted¡¡States¡¡were¡¡still¡¡States¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Unionthat¡¡all¡¡the¡¡pretended¡¡acts¡¡of¡¡secession¡¡were¡¡null¡¡and¡¡void£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡loyal¡¡people¡¡therein¡¡had¡¡the¡¡right¡¡to¡¡reconstruct¡¡their¡¡State¡¡Governments¡¡on¡¡the¡¡basis¡¡proposed¡¡to¡¡them¡¡first¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln£»¡¡and¡¡after¡¡him¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡the¡¡right¡¡to¡¡representation¡¡in¡¡the¡¡General¡¡Government¡£
It¡¡was¡¡upon¡¡this¡¡question¡¡that¡¡parties¡¡divided¡¡during¡¡the¡¡reconstruction¡¡period¡£¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln£»¡¡foreseeing¡¡danger¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡division£»¡¡was¡¡anxious¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡those¡¡States¡¡into¡¡such¡¡relation¡¡that¡¡the¡¡people¡¡generally¡¡would¡¡consider¡¡them¡¡as¡¡virtually¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡without¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡the¡¡abstract¡¡question¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡with¡¡this¡¡view£»¡¡undoubtedly£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡advocated¡¡the¡¡admission¡¡of¡¡Members¡¡and¡¡Senators¡¡whenever¡¡one¡tenth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡voting¡¡population¡¡of¡¡1860¡¡should¡¡organize¡¡State¡¡Governments¡¡and¡¡ask¡¡for¡¡readmission¡£¡¡He¡¡would¡¡not¡¡only¡¡not¡¡countenance£»¡¡but¡¡repelled¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡¡¨State¡¡Suicide£»¡¨¡¡as¡¡it¡¡was¡¡called£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡came¡¡to¡¡characterize¡¡the¡¡methods¡¡of¡¡reconstruction¡¡subsequently¡¡adopted¡£
It¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡that¡¡on¡¡many¡¡occasions¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson¡¡charged¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Congress¡¡was¡¡only¡¡a¡¡Congress¡¡of¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡States£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡its¡¡acts¡¡were¡¡therefore¡¡without¡¡validity¡£¡¡Yet¡¡he¡¡continued¡¡to¡¡execute¡¡those¡¡laws£»¡¡and¡¡what¡¡to¡¡him¡¡was¡¡a¡¡very¡¡unpleasant¡¡duty£»¡¡the¡¡law¡¡which¡¡set¡¡aside¡¡the¡¡State¡¡Governments¡¡organized¡¡under¡¡his¡¡own¡¡direction£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡notwithstanding¡¡his¡¡violent¡¡denunciations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡acts¡¡of¡¡Congress£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡personal¡¡opinions£»¡¡he¡¡did¡¡not¡¡presume¡¡to¡¡act¡¡upon¡¡them¡£¡¡Angry¡¡and¡¡undignified¡¡language¡¡was¡¡uttered¡¡on¡¡both¡¡sides¡£¡¡Many¡¡of¡¡his¡¡speeches¡¡were¡¡violent¡¡and¡¡in¡¡bad¡¡taste¡¡and¡¡temper¡£¡¡So¡¡were¡¡a¡¡great¡¡many¡¡speeches¡¡uttered¡¡by¡¡senators¡¡and¡¡members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡House£»¡¡and¡¡those¡¡bodies¡¡too¡¡often¡¡acted¡¡upon¡¡them¡£
It¡¡is¡¡therefore¡¡but¡¡repeating¡¡recorded¡¡history¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson¡¡was¡¡earnestly¡¡seeking¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡out¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln's¡¡plan¡¡of¡¡reconstruction£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡upon¡¡consultation¡¡with¡¡his¡¡entire¡¡Cabinet£»¡¡more¡¡especially¡¡with¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Stanton£»¡¡adopted¡¡by¡¡him¡¡as¡¡the¡¡basis¡¡for¡¡the¡¡restoration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡revolted¡¡States¡£
Yet£»¡¡with¡¡these¡¡facts¡¡of¡¡record£»¡¡that¡¡action¡¡was¡¡afterwards¡¡assailed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Republican¡¡leaders¡¡in¡¡and¡¡out¡¡of¡¡Congress£»¡¡who¡¡assumed¡¡to¡¡have¡¡become¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln's¡¡executors¡¡in¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡reconstruction£»¡¡as¡¡not¡¡only¡¡an¡¡abandonment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡plan¡¡instituted¡¡by¡¡him£»¡¡but¡¡a¡¡surrender¡¡of¡¡the¡¡issues¡¡fought¡¡out¡¡and¡¡the¡¡results¡¡accomplished¡¡by¡¡the¡¡war¡¡just¡¡closed¡¡notwithstanding¡¡very¡¡many¡¡of¡¡these¡¡critics¡¡of¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson¡¡had¡¡but¡¡a¡¡few¡¡months¡¡before¡¡criticised¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lincoln¡¡with¡¡quite¡¡equal¡¡severity¡¡for¡¡his¡¡suggestion¡¡of¡¡this¡¡same¡¡method¡¡of¡¡restoration¡£
Nor¡¡will¡¡it¡¡suffice¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that£»¡¡though¡¡professing¡¡submission¡¡and¡¡loyalty£»¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡the¡¡South¡¡were¡¡still¡¡hostile¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡safety¡¡there¡¡for¡¡Union¡¡men¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡true¡¡that¡¡there¡¡came¡¡to¡¡be¡¡violence¡¡and¡¡disorder¡¡there¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡rejection¡¡by¡¡Congress¡¡of¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Johnson's¡¡plan¡¡of¡¡restoration¡£
These¡¡were¡¡the¡¡inevitable¡¡results¡¡of¡¡the¡¡conditions¡£¡¡There¡¡would¡¡also¡¡have¡¡been¡¡disorder¡¡and¡¡violence¡¡in¡¡the¡¡North¡¡and¡¡to¡¡a¡¡far¡¡greater¡¡degree£»¡¡had¡¡the¡¡results¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡¡been¡¡reversedan¡¡arbitrary¡¡and¡¡tyrannical¡¡system¡¡of¡¡restoration¡¡insisted¡¡uponthe¡¡established¡¡order¡¡of¡¡things¡¡destroyed¡¡homes¡¡broken¡¡up¡¡the¡¡people¡¡impoverished£»¡¡and¡¡hordes¡¡of¡¡unscrupulous¡¡adventurers¡¡swarmed¡¡up¡¡from¡¡the¡¡South¡¡and¡¡overrun¡¡the¡¡country¡¡in¡¡pursuit¡¡of¡¡schemes¡¡of¡¡political¡¡chicanery¡¡and¡¡personal¡¡ambition£»¡¡peculation¡¡and¡¡plunder£»¡¡as¡¡was¡¡the¡¡South¡¡after¡¡the¡¡close¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡£
But¡¡when¡¡the¡¡fight¡¡was¡¡on£»¡¡an¡¡overwhelmingly¡¡partisan¡¡House£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡last¡¡resort£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hope¡¡of¡¡at¡¡once¡¡ending£»¡¡by¡¡removal£»¡¡all¡¡opposition¡¡on¡¡the¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡President¡¡to¡¡the¡¡views¡¡and¡¡aims¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dominant¡¡party¡¡in¡¡Congress£»¡¡resorted¡¡to¡¡the¡¡first¡¡project¡¡of¡¡impeachment¡¡set¡¡out¡¡in¡¡the¡¡succeeding¡¡chapter¡£
CHAPTER¡¡IV¡£¡¡FIRST¡¡ATTEMPT¡¡TO¡¡IMPEACH¡¡THE¡¡PRESIDENT¡£
THE¡¡ASHLEY¡¡INDICTMENT¡£
The¡¡initiation¡¡of¡¡formal¡¡proceedings¡¡for¡¡the¡¡impeachment¡¡and¡¡removal¡¡of¡¡President¡¡Johnson¡¡occurred¡¡in¡¡the¡¡House¡¡of¡¡Representatives¡¡on¡¡January¡¡7th£»¡¡1867£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡introduction¡¡of¡¡three¡¡separate¡¡resolutions¡¡for¡¡his¡¡impeachment£»¡¡by¡¡Messrs¡£¡¡Loan¡¡and¡¡Kelso£»¡¡of¡¡Missouri£»¡¡and¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Ashley¡¡of¡¡Ohio¡£¡¡As¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Ashley's¡¡Resolution¡¡was¡¡the¡¡only¡¡one¡¡acted¡¡on¡¡by¡¡the¡¡House£»¡¡only¡¡the¡¡proceedings¡¡had¡¡thereon¡¡are¡¡here¡¡given£»¡¡as¡¡follows£º
Mr¡£¡¡Speaker£ºI¡¡rise¡¡to¡¡perform¡¡a¡¡painful¡¡but£»¡¡nevertheless£»¡¡to¡¡me£»¡¡an¡¡imperative¡¡duty£»¡¡a¡¡duty¡¡which¡¡I¡¡think¡¡ought¡¡not¡¡longer¡¡to¡¡be¡¡postponed£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡cannot£»¡¡without¡¡criminality¡¡on¡¡our¡¡part£»¡¡be¡¡neglected¡£¡¡I¡¡had¡¡hoped£»¡¡sir£»¡¡that¡¡this¡¡duty¡¡would¡¡have¡¡devolved¡¡upon¡¡an¡¡older¡¡and¡¡more¡¡experienced¡¡member¡¡of¡¡this¡¡House¡¡than¡¡myself¡£¡¡Prior¡¡to¡¡our¡¡adjournment¡¡I¡¡asked¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡gentlemen¡¡to¡¡offer¡¡the¡¡resolution¡¡which¡¡I¡¡introduced£»¡¡but¡¡upon¡¡which¡¡I¡¡failed¡¡to¡¡obtain¡¡a¡¡suspension¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rules¡£
Confident£»¡¡sir£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡loyal¡¡people¡¡of¡¡this¡¡country¡¡demand¡¡the¡¡adoption¡¡of¡¡some¡¡such¡¡proposition¡¡as¡¡I¡¡am¡¡about¡¡to¡¡submit£»¡¡I¡¡am¡¡determined¡¡that¡¡no¡¡effort¡¡on¡¡my¡¡part¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡wanting¡¡to¡¡see¡¡that¡¡their¡¡expectations¡¡are¡¡not¡¡disappointed¡£¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡On¡¡my¡¡responsibility¡¡as¡¡a¡¡Representative£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡presence¡¡of¡¡this¡¡House£»¡¡and¡¡before¡¡the¡¡American¡¡people£»¡¡I¡¡charge¡¡Andrew¡¡Johnson£»¡¡Vice¡¡President¡¡and¡¡acting¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡commission¡¡of¡¡acts¡¡which¡¡in¡¡contemplation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Constitution£»¡¡are¡¡high¡¡crimes¡¡and¡¡misdemeanors£»¡¡for¡¡which£»¡¡in¡¡my¡¡judgment£»¡¡he¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡impeached¡£¡¡I¡¡therefore¡¡submit¡¡the¡¡following£º
I¡¡do¡¡impeach¡¡Andrew¡¡Johnson£»¡¡Vice¡¡President¡¡and¡¡acting¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡of¡¡high¡¡crimes¡¡and¡¡misdemeanors£º
I¡¡charge¡¡him¡¡with¡¡a¡¡usurpation¡¡of¡¡power¡¡and¡¡violation¡¡of¡¡law£º
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In¡¡that¡¡he¡¡has¡¡corruptly¡¡used¡¡the¡¡pardoning¡¡power£»
In¡¡that¡¡he¡¡has¡¡corruptly¡¡used¡¡the¡¡veto¡¡power£»
In¡¡that¡¡he¡¡has¡¡corruptly¡¡disposed¡¡of¡¡public¡¡property¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»
In¡¡that¡¡he¡¡has¡¡corruptly¡¡interfered¡¡in¡¡elections£»¡¡and¡¡committed¡¡acts¡¡which£»¡¡in¡¡contemplation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Constitution£»¡¡are¡¡high¡¡crimes¡¡and¡¡misdemeanors£º¡¡Therefore£»
BE¡¡IT¡¡RESOLVED£»¡¡That¡¡the¡¡Committee¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Judiciary¡¡be£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡are¡¡hereby£»¡¡authorized¡¡to¡¡inquire¡¡into¡¡the¡¡official¡¡conduct¡¡of¡¡Andrew¡¡Johnson£»¡¡Vice¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡discharging¡¡the¡¡powers¡¡and¡¡duties¡¡of¡¡the¡¡office¡¡of¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡report¡¡to¡¡this¡¡House£»¡¡whether£»¡¡in¡¡their¡¡opinion£»¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Andrew¡¡Johnson£»¡¡while¡¡in¡¡said¡¡office£»¡¡has¡¡been¡¡guilty¡¡of¡¡acts¡¡which¡¡are¡¡designed¡¡or¡¡calculated¡¡to¡¡overthrow£»¡¡subvert£»¡¡or¡¡corrupt¡¡the¡¡Government¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡or¡¡any¡¡department¡¡or¡¡office¡¡thereof£»¡¡and¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Andrew¡¡Johnson¡¡has¡¡been¡¡guilty¡¡of¡¡any¡¡act£»¡¡or¡¡has¡¡conspired¡¡with¡¡others¡¡