history of the impeachment of andrew johnson-µÚ25²¿·Ö
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with¡¡the¡¡settled¡¡and¡¡uniform¡¡practice¡¡of¡¡each¡¡and¡¡every¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Stanton¡¡then¡¡became£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡he¡¡should¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡the¡¡said¡¡office¡¡of¡¡Secretary¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Department¡¡of¡¡War¡¡must¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡be£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡advisers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡person¡¡intrusted¡¡to¡¡act¡¡for¡¡and¡¡represent¡¡the¡¡President¡¡in¡¡matters¡¡enjoined¡¡upon¡¡him¡¡or¡¡entrusted¡¡to¡¡him¡¡by¡¡the¡¡President¡¡touching¡¡the¡¡department¡¡aforesaid£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡whose¡¡conduct¡¡in¡¡such¡¡capacity£»¡¡subordinate¡¡to¡¡the¡¡President£»¡¡the¡¡President¡¡is£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡and¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡made¡¡responsible¡£
And¡¡this¡¡respondent£»¡¡further¡¡answering£»¡¡says¡¡he¡¡succeeded¡¡to¡¡the¡¡office¡¡of¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡upon£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡reason¡¡of£»¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of¡¡Abraham¡¡Lincoln£»¡¡then¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡13th¡¡day¡¡of¡¡April£»¡¡1865£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Stanton¡¡was¡¡then¡¡holding¡¡the¡¡said¡¡office¡¡of¡¡Secretary¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Department¡¡of¡¡War¡¡under¡¡and¡¡by¡¡reason¡¡of¡¡the¡¡appointment¡¡and¡¡commission¡¡aforesaid£»¡¡and£»¡¡not¡¡having¡¡been¡¡removed¡¡from¡¡the¡¡said¡¡office¡¡by¡¡this¡¡respondent£»¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Stanton¡¡continued¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡the¡¡same¡¡under¡¡the¡¡appointment¡¡and¡¡commission¡¡aforesaid£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡pleasure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡President£»¡¡until¡¡the¡¡time¡¡hereinafter¡¡particularly¡¡mentioned£º¡¡and¡¡at¡¡no¡¡time¡¡received¡¡any¡¡appointment¡¡or¡¡commission¡¡save¡¡as¡¡above¡¡detailed¡£
And¡¡this¡¡repondent£»¡¡further¡¡answering£»¡¡says¡¡that¡¡on¡¡and¡¡prior¡¡to¡¡the¡¡5th¡¡day¡¡of¡¡August£»¡¡A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡1867£»¡¡this¡¡respondent£»¡¡the¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡£¡¡responsible¡¡for¡¡the¡¡conduct¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Secretary¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Department¡¡of¡¡War£»¡¡and¡¡having¡¡the¡¡constitutional¡¡right¡¡to¡¡resort¡¡to¡¡and¡¡rely¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡person¡¡holding¡¡that¡¡office¡¡for¡¡advice¡¡concerning¡¡the¡¡great¡¡and¡¡difficult¡¡public¡¡duties¡¡enjoined¡¡on¡¡the¡¡President¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡and¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡became¡¡satisfied¡¡that¡¡he¡¡could¡¡not¡¡allow¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Stanton¡¡to¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡the¡¡office¡¡of¡¡Secretary¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Department¡¡of¡¡War¡¡without¡¡hazard¡¡of¡¡the¡¡public¡¡interest£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡relations¡¡between¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Stanton¡¡and¡¡the¡¡President¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡permitted¡¡the¡¡President¡¡to¡¡resort¡¡to¡¡him¡¡for¡¡advice£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡be£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡judgment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡President£»¡¡safely¡¡responsible¡¡for¡¡his¡¡conduct¡¡of¡¡the¡¡affairs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Department¡¡of¡¡War£»¡¡as¡¡by¡¡law¡¡required£»¡¡in¡¡accordance¡¡with¡¡the¡¡orders¡¡and¡¡instructions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡President£»¡¡and¡¡thereupon£»¡¡by¡¡force¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡and¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡which¡¡devolve¡¡on¡¡the¡¡President¡¡the¡¡power¡¡and¡¡the¡¡duty¡¡to¡¡control¡¡the¡¡conduct¡¡of¡¡the¡¡business¡¡of¡¡that¡¡executive¡¡department¡¡of¡¡the¡¡government£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡reason¡¡of¡¡the¡¡constitutional¡¡duty¡¡of¡¡the¡¡President¡¡to¡¡take¡¡care¡¡that¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡be¡¡faithfully¡¡executed£»¡¡this¡¡respondent¡¡did¡¡necessarily¡¡consider¡¡and¡¡did¡¡determine¡¡that¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Stanton¡¡ought¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡the¡¡said¡¡office¡¡of¡¡Secretary¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Department¡¡of¡¡War¡£¡¡And¡¡this¡¡respondent£»¡¡by¡¡virtue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡power¡¡and¡¡authority¡¡vested¡¡in¡¡him¡¡as¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡and¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡to¡¡give¡¡effect¡¡to¡¡such¡¡his¡¡decision¡¡and¡¡determination£»¡¡did£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡5th¡¡day¡¡of¡¡August£»¡¡A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡1867£»¡¡address¡¡to¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Stanton¡¡a¡¡note£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡the¡¡following¡¡is¡¡a¡¡true¡¡copy£º
Sir£ºPublic¡¡considerations¡¡of¡¡a¡¡high¡¡character¡¡constrain¡¡me¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡your¡¡resignation¡¡as¡¡Secretary¡¡of¡¡War¡¡will¡¡be¡¡accepted¡£
To¡¡which¡¡note¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Stanton¡¡made¡¡the¡¡following¡¡reply£º
War¡¡Department£»¡¡Washington£»¡¡August¡¡5£»¡¡1867¡£
Sir£º¡Your¡¡note¡¡of¡¡this¡¡day¡¡has¡¡been¡¡received£»¡¡stating¡¡that¡¡public¡¡considerations¡¡of¡¡a¡¡high¡¡character¡¡constrain¡¡you¡¡¡¨to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡my¡¡resignation¡¡its¡¡Secretary¡¡of¡¡War¡¡will¡¡be¡¡accepted¡£¡¨
In¡¡reply¡¡I¡¡have¡¡the¡¡honor¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡public¡¡considerations¡¡of¡¡a¡¡high¡¡character£»¡¡which¡¡alone¡¡have¡¡induced¡¡me¡¡to¡¡continue¡¡at¡¡the¡¡head¡¡of¡¡this¡¡department£»¡¡constrain¡¡me¡¡not¡¡to¡¡resign¡¡the¡¡office¡¡of¡¡Secretary¡¡of¡¡War¡¡before¡¡the¡¡next¡¡meeting¡¡of¡¡Congress¡£
Very¡¡respectfully¡¡yours¡£¡¡Edwin¡¡M¡£¡¡Stanton¡£
This¡¡respondent£»¡¡as¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡was¡¡thereon¡¡of¡¡opinion¡¡that£»¡¡having¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡the¡¡necessary¡¡official¡¡relations¡¡and¡¡duties¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Secretary¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Department¡¡of¡¡War¡¡to¡¡the¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡and¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡and¡¡having¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡the¡¡responsibility¡¡of¡¡the¡¡President¡¡for¡¡the¡¡conduct¡¡of¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Secretary£»¡¡and¡¡having¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡the¡¡permanent¡¡executive¡¡authority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡office¡¡which¡¡the¡¡respondent¡¡holds¡¡under¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡and¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡impossible£»¡¡consistently¡¡with¡¡the¡¡public¡¡interests£»¡¡to¡¡allow¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Stanton¡¡to¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡the¡¡said¡¡office¡¡of¡¡Secretary¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Department¡¡of¡¡War£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡then¡¡became¡¡the¡¡official¡¡duty¡¡of¡¡the¡¡respondent£»¡¡as¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡to¡¡consider¡¡and¡¡decide¡¡what¡¡act¡¡or¡¡acts¡¡should¡¡and¡¡might¡¡lawfully¡¡be¡¡done¡¡by¡¡him£»¡¡as¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡to¡¡cause¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Stanton¡¡to¡¡surrender¡¡the¡¡said¡¡office¡£
This¡¡respondent¡¡was¡¡informed¡¡and¡¡verily¡¡believed¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡practically¡¡settled¡¡by¡¡the¡¡first¡¡Congress¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡been¡¡so¡¡considered¡¡and¡¡uniformly¡¡and¡¡in¡¡great¡¡numbers¡¡of¡¡instances¡¡acted¡¡on¡¡by¡¡each¡¡Congress¡¡and¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡in¡¡succession£»¡¡from¡¡President¡¡Washington¡¡to£»¡¡and¡¡including¡¡President¡¡Lincoln£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡the¡¡first¡¡Congress¡¡to¡¡the¡¡thirty¡ninth¡¡Congress£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡conferred¡¡on¡¡the¡¡President£»¡¡as¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡executive¡¡power¡¡and¡¡as¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡necessary¡¡means¡¡and¡¡instruments¡¡of¡¡performing¡¡the¡¡executive¡¡duty¡¡expressly¡¡imposed¡¡on¡¡him¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡of¡¡taking¡¡care¡¡that¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡be¡¡faithfully¡¡executed£»¡¡the¡¡power¡¡at¡¡any¡¡and¡¡all¡¡times¡¡of¡¡removing¡¡from¡¡office¡¡all¡¡executive¡¡officers¡¡for¡¡cause¡¡to¡¡be¡¡judged¡¡of¡¡by¡¡the¡¡President¡¡alone¡£¡¡This¡¡respondent¡¡had£»¡¡in¡¡pursuance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Constitution£»¡¡required¡¡the¡¡opinion¡¡of¡¡each¡¡principal¡¡officer¡¡of¡¡the¡¡executive¡¡departments£»¡¡upon¡¡this¡¡question¡¡of¡¡constitutional¡¡executive¡¡power¡¡and¡¡duty£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡been¡¡advised¡¡by¡¡each¡¡of¡¡them£»¡¡including¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Stanton£»¡¡Secretary¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Department¡¡of¡¡War£»¡¡that¡¡under¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡this¡¡power¡¡was¡¡lodged¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡in¡¡the¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡consequently£»¡¡it¡¡could¡¡be¡¡lawfully¡¡exercised¡¡by¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Congress¡¡could¡¡not¡¡deprive¡¡him¡¡thereof£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡respondent£»¡¡in¡¡his¡¡capacity¡¡of¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡and¡¡because¡¡in¡¡that¡¡capacity¡¡he¡¡was¡¡both¡¡enabled¡¡and¡¡bound¡¡to¡¡use¡¡his¡¡best¡¡judgment¡¡upon¡¡this¡¡question£»¡¡did¡£¡¡in¡¡good¡¡faith¡¡and¡¡with¡¡an¡¡earnest¡¡desire¡¡to¡¡arrive¡¡at¡¡the¡¡truth£»¡¡come¡¡to¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡and¡¡opinion£»¡¡and¡¡did¡¡make¡¡the¡¡same¡¡known¡¡to¡¡the¡¡honorable¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡by¡¡a¡¡message¡¡dated¡¡on¡¡the¡¡2nd¡¡day¡¡of¡¡March£»¡¡1867£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡power¡¡last¡¡mentioned¡¡was¡¡conferred¡¡and¡¡the¡¡duty¡¡of¡¡exercising¡¡it£»¡¡in¡¡fit¡¡cases£»¡¡was¡¡imposed¡¡on¡¡the¡¡President¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡President¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡deprived¡¡of¡¡this£»¡¡power¡¡or¡¡relieved¡¡of¡¡this¡¡duty£»¡¡nor¡¡could¡¡the¡¡same¡¡be¡¡vested¡¡by¡¡law¡¡in¡¡the¡¡President¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡jointly£»¡¡either¡¡in¡¡part¡¡or¡¡whole¡£
This¡¡respondent¡¡was¡¡also¡¡then¡¡aware¡¡that¡¡by¡¡the¡¡first¡¡section¡¡of¡¡¡¨An¡¡act¡¡regulating¡¡the¡¡tenure¡¡of¡¡certain¡¡civil¡¡offices£»¡¨¡¡passed¡¡March¡¡2£»¡¡1867£»¡¡by¡¡a¡¡constitutional¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡both¡¡houses¡¡of¡¡Congress£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡enacted¡¡as¡¡follows£º
¡¨That¡¡every¡¡person¡¡holding¡¡any¡¡civil¡¡office¡¡to¡¡which¡¡he¡¡has¡¡been¡¡appointed¡¡by¡¡and¡¡with¡¡the¡¡advice¡¡and¡¡consent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Senate£»¡¡and¡¡every¡¡person¡¡who¡¡shall¡¡hereafter¡¡be¡¡appointed¡¡to¡¡any¡¡such¡¡office£»¡¡and¡¡shall¡¡become¡¡duly¡¡qualified¡¡to¡¡act¡¡therein£»¡¡is¡¡and¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡entitled¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡such¡¡office¡¡until¡¡a¡¡successor¡¡shall¡¡have¡¡been¡¡in¡¡like¡¡manner¡¡appointed¡¡and¡¡duly¡¡qualified£»¡¡except¡¡as¡¡herein¡¡otherwise¡¡provided£º¡¡Provided£»¡¡That¡¡the¡¡Secretaries¡¡of¡¡State£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Treasury£»¡¡of¡¡War£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Navy£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Interior£»¡¡the¡¡Postmaster¡¡General£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Attorney¡¡General¡¡shall¡¡hold¡¡their¡¡offices¡¡respectively¡¡for¡¡and¡¡during¡¡the¡¡term¡¡of¡¡the¡¡President¡¡by¡¡whom¡¡they¡¡may¡¡have¡¡been¡¡appointed£»¡¡and¡¡one¡¡month¡¡thereafter£»¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡removal¡¡by¡¡and¡¡with¡¡the¡¡advice¡¡and¡¡consent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Senate¡£¡¨
This¡¡respondent¡¡was¡¡also¡¡aware¡¡that¡¡this¡¡act¡¡was¡¡understood¡¡and¡¡intended¡¡to¡¡be¡¡an¡¡expression¡¡of¡¡the¡¡opinion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Congress¡¡by¡¡which¡¡that¡¡act¡¡was¡¡passed£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡power¡¡to¡¡remove¡¡executive¡¡officers¡¡for¡¡cause¡¡might£»¡¡by¡¡law£»¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡from¡¡the¡¡President¡¡and¡¡vested¡¡in¡¡him¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡jointly£»¡¡and¡¡although¡¡this¡¡respondent¡¡had¡¡arrived¡¡at¡¡and¡¡still¡¡retained¡¡the¡¡opinion¡¡above¡¡expressed£»¡¡and¡¡verily¡¡believed£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡still¡¡believes£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡said¡¡first¡¡section¡¡of¡¡the¡¡last¡¡mentioned¡¡act¡¡was¡¡and¡¡is¡¡wholly¡¡inoperative¡¡and¡¡void¡¡by¡¡reason¡¡of¡¡its¡¡conflict¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡yet£»¡¡inasmuch¡¡as¡¡the¡¡same¡¡had¡¡been¡¡enacted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡constitutional¡¡majority¡¡in¡¡each¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two¡¡houses¡¡of¡¡that¡¡Congress£»¡¡this¡¡respondent¡¡considered¡¡it¡¡to¡¡be¡¡proper¡¡to¡¡examine¡¡and¡¡decide¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡particular¡¡case¡¡of¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Stanton£»¡¡on¡¡which¡¡it¡¡was¡¡this¡¡respondent's¡¡duty¡¡to¡¡act£»¡¡was¡¡within¡¡or¡¡without¡¡the¡¡terms¡¡of¡¡that¡¡first¡¡section¡¡of¡¡the¡¡act£»¡¡or£»¡¡if¡¡within¡¡it£»¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡President¡¡had¡¡not¡¡the¡¡power£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡terms¡¡of¡¡the¡¡act£»¡¡to¡¡remove¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Stanton¡¡from¡¡the¡¡office¡¡of¡¡Secretary¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Department¡¡of¡¡War£»¡¡and¡¡having£»¡¡in¡¡his¡¡capacity¡¡of¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡so¡¡examined¡¡and¡¡considered£»¡¡did¡¡form¡¡the¡¡opinion¡¡that¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Stanton¡¡and¡¡his¡¡tenure¡¡of¡¡office¡¡were¡¡not¡¡affected¡¡by¡¡the¡¡first¡¡section¡¡of¡¡the¡¡last¡named¡¡act¡£
And¡¡this¡¡respondent£»¡¡further¡¡answering£»¡¡says£»¡¡that¡¡although¡¡a¡¡case¡¡thus¡¡existed¡¡which£»¡¡in¡¡his¡¡judgment¡¡as¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡called¡¡for¡¡the¡¡exercise¡¡of¡¡the¡¡executive¡¡power¡¡to¡¡remove¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Stanton¡¡from¡¡the¡¡office¡¡of¡¡Secretary¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Department¡¡of¡¡War£»¡¡and¡¡although¡¡this¡¡respondent¡¡was¡¡of¡¡the¡¡opinion£»¡¡as¡¡is¡¡above¡¡shown£»¡¡that¡¡under¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡the¡¡power¡¡to¡¡remove¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Stanton¡¡from¡¡the¡¡said¡¡office¡¡was¡¡vested¡¡in¡¡the¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡and¡¡also¡¡this¡¡respondent¡¡was¡¡also¡¡of¡¡the¡¡opinion£»¡¡as¡¡is¡¡above¡¡shown£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡the¡¡said¡¡Stanton¡¡was¡¡not¡¡affected¡¡by¡¡the¡¡first¡¡section¡¡of¡¡the¡¡last¡¡named¡¡act£»¡¡and¡¡although¡¡each¡¡of¡¡the¡¡said¡¡opinions¡¡had¡¡been¡¡formed¡¡by¡¡this¡¡respondent¡¡upon¡¡an¡¡actual¡¡case£»¡¡requiring¡¡him£»¡¡in¡¡his¡¡capacity¡¡of¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡£¡¡to¡¡come¡¡to¡¡some¡¡judgment¡¡and¡¡determination¡¡thereon£»¡¡yet¡¡this¡¡respondent£»¡¡as¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡desired¡¡and¡¡determined¡¡to¡¡avoid£»¡¡if¡¡possible£»¡¡any¡¡question¡¡of¡¡the¡¡construction¡¡and¡¡effect¡¡of¡¡the¡¡said¡¡first¡¡section¡¡of¡¡the¡¡last¡¡named¡¡act£»¡¡and¡¡also¡¡the¡¡broader¡¡quest