the armies of labor-第24部分

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delectable　work　of　trying　to　divert；　pervert；　and　disrupt　the　labor　movement　of　the　country。〃

An　overwhelming　influence　in　this　convention　was　wielded　by　the　Western　Federation　of　Miners　and　the　Socialistic　American　Labor　Union；　two　radical　labor　bodies　which　looked　upon　the　trade　unions　as　〃union　snobbery〃　and　the　〃aristocracy　of　labor；〃　and　upon　the　American　Federation　as　〃the　consummate　flower　of　craft　unionism〃　and　〃a　combination　of　job　trusts。〃　They　believed　trade　unionism　wrong　in　principle。　They　discarded　the　principle　of　trade　autonomy　for　the　principle　of　laboring　class　solidarity；　for；　as　one　of　their　spokesmen　said；　〃The　industrial　union；　in　contradistinction　to　the　craft　union；　is　that　organization　through　which　all　its　members　in　one　industry；　or　in　all　industries　if　necessary；　can　act　as　a　unit。〃　While　this　convention　was　united　in　denouncing　the　trade　unions；　it　was　not　so　unanimous　in　other　matters；　for　the　leaders　were　all　veterans　in　those　factional　quarrels　which　characterize　Socialists　the　world　over。　Eugene　V。　Debs；　for　example；　was　the　hero　of　the　Knights　of　Labor　and　had　achieved　wide　notoriety　during　the　Pullman　strike　by　being　imprisoned　for　contempt　of　court。　William　D。　Haywood；　popularly　known　as　〃Big　Bill；〃　received　a　rigorous　training　in　the　Western　Federation　of　Miners。　Daniel　DeLeon；　whose　right　name；　the　American　Federationist　alleged；　was　Daniel　Loeb；　was　a　university　graduate　and　a　vehement　revolutionary；　the　leader　of　the　Socialistic　Labor　party；　and　the　editor　of　the　Daily　People。　A。　M。　Simons；　the　leader　of　the　Socialist　party　and　the　editor　of　the　Coming　Nation；　was　at　swords'　points　with　DeLeon。　William　E。　Trautmann　was　the　fluent　spokesman　of　the　anti…political　faction。　These　men　dominated　the　convention。

After　some　twelve　days　of　discussion；　they　agreed　upon　a　constitution　which　established　six　departments；*　provided　for　a　general　executive　board　with　centralized　powers；　and　at　the　same　time　left　to　the　local　and　department　organizations　complete　industrial　autonomy。　The　I。W。W。　in　〃the　first　constitution；　crude　and　provisional　as　it　was；　made　room　for　all　the　world's　workers。〃**　This　was；　indeed；　the　great　object　of　the　organization。

*　1。　Agriculture；　Land；　Fisheries；　and　Water　Products。　2。　Mining。　3。　Transportation　and　Communication。　4。　Manufacturing　and　General　Production。　5。　Construction。　6。　Public　Service。

**　J。　G。　Brissenden；　〃The　Launching　of　the　Industrial　Workers　of　the　World；〃　page　41。


Whatever　visions　of　world　conquest　the　militants　may　at　first　have　fostered　were　soon　shattered　by　internal　strife。　There　were　unreconcilable　elements　in　the　body：　those　who　regarded　the　political　aspect　as　paramount　and　industrial　unions　as　allies　of　socialism；　those　who　regarded　the　forming　of　unions　as　paramount　and　politics　as　secondary；　and　those　who　regarded　all　forms　of　political　activity　as　mere　waste　of　energy。　The　first　two　groups　were　tucked　under　the　wings　of　the　Socialist　party　and　the　Socialist　Labor　party。　The　third　group　was　frankly　anarchistic　and　revolutionary。　In　the　fourth　annual　convention　the　Socialist　factions　withdrew；　established　headquarters　at　Detroit；　organized　what　is　called　the　Detroit　branch；　and　left　the　Chicago　field　to　the　revolutionists。　So　socialism　〃pure　and　simple；〃　and　what　amounts　to　anarchism　〃pure　and　simple；〃　fell　out；　after　they　had　both　agreed　to　disdain　trade　unionism　〃pure　and　simple。〃

This　shift　proved　the　great　opportunity　for　Haywood　and　his　disciples。　Feeling　himself　now　free　of　all　political　encumbrances；　he　gathered　around　him　a　small　group　of　enthusiastic　leaders；　some　of　whom　had　a　gift　of　diabolical　intrigue；　and　with　indomitable　perseverance　and　zeal　he　set　himself　to　seeking　out　the　neglected；　unskilled；　and　casual　laborer。　Within　a　few　years　he　so　dominated　the　movement　that；　in　the　public　mind；　the　I。W。W。　is　associated　with　the　Chicago　branch　and　the　Detroit　faction　is　well…nigh　forgotten。

As　a　preliminary　to　a　survey　of　some　of　the　battles　that　made　the　I。W。W。　a　symbol　of　terror　in　many　communities　it　will　be　well　to　glance　for　a　moment　at　the　underlying　doctrines　of　the　organization。　In　a　preamble　now　notorious　it　declared　that　〃the　working　class　and　the　employing　class　have　nothing　in　common。　There　can　be　no　peace　so　long　as　hunger　and　want　are　found　among　millions　of　working　people；　and　the　few　who　make　up　the　employing　class　have　all　the　good　things　of　life。　Between　these　two　classes　a　struggle　must　go　on　until　the　workers　of　the　world　as　a　class　take　possession　of　the　earth　and　the　machinery　of　production　and　abolish　the　wage　system。〃

This　thesis　is　a　declaration　of　war　as　well　as　a　declaration　of　principles。　The　I。W。W。　aims　at　nothing　less　than　the　complete　overthrow　of　modern　capitalism　and　the　political　structure　which　accompanies　it。　Emma　Goldman；　who　prides　herself　on　having　received　her　knowledge　of　syndicalism　〃from　actual　contact〃　and　not　from　books；　says　that　〃syndicalism　repudiates　and　condemns　the　present　industrial　arrangement　as　unjust　and　criminal。〃　Edward　Hamond　calls　the　labor　contract　〃the　sacred　cow〃　of　industrial　idolatry　and　says　that　the　aim　of　the　I。W。W。　is　〃the　abolition　of　the　wage　system。〃　And　W。　E。　Trautmann　affirms　that　〃the　industrial　unionist　holds　that　there　can　be　no　agreement　with　the　employers　of　labor　which　the　workers　have　to　consider　sacred　and　inviolable。〃　In　place　of　what　they　consider　an　unjust　and　universal　capitalistic　order　they　would　establish　a　new　society　in　which　〃the　unions　of　the　workers　will　own　and　manage　all　industries；　regulate　consumption；　and　administer　the　general　social　interests。〃

How　is　this　contemplated　revolution　to　be　achieved？　By　the　working　classes　themselves　and　not　through　political　activity；　for　〃one　of　the　first　principles　of　the　I。W。W。　is　that　political　power　rests　on　economic　power　。　。　。　。　It　must　gain　control　of　the　shops；　ships；　railways；　mines；　mills。〃　And　how　is　it　to　gain　this　all…embracing　control？　By　persuading　every　worker　to　join　the　union；　the　〃one　great　organization〃　which；　according　to　Haywood；　is　to　be　〃big　enough　to　take　in　the　black　man；　the　white　man；　big　enough　to　take　in　all　nationalities…an　organization　that　will　be　strong　enough　to　obliterate　state　boundaries；　to　obliterate　national　boundaries　。　。　。　。　We；　the　I。W。W。；　stand　on　our　two　feet；　the　class　struggle　and　industrial　unionism；　and　coolly　say　we　want　the　whole　earth。〃　When　the　great　union　has　become　universal；　it　will　simply　take　possession　of　its　own；　will　〃lock　the　employers　out　for　good　as　owners　and　parasites；　and　give　them　a　chance　to　become　useful　toilers。〃　The　resistance　that　will　assuredly　be　made　to　this　process　of　absorption　is　to　be　met　by　direct　action；　the　general　strike；　and　sabotagea　trinity　of　phrases　imported　from　Europe；　each　one　of　special　significance。

〃The　general　strike　means　a　stoppage　of　work；〃　says　Emma　Goldman　with　naive　brevity。　It　was　thought　of　long　before　the　I。W。W。　existed；　but　it　has　become　the　most　valuable　weapon　in　their　arsenal。　Their　pamphlets　contain　many　allusions　to　the　great　strikes　in　Belgium；　Russia；　Italy；　France；　Scandinavia；　and　other　European　countries；　that　were　so　widespread　as　to　merit　being　called　general。　If　all　the　workers　can　be　induced　to　stop　work；　even　for　a　very　brief　interval；　such　action　would　be　regarded　as　the　greatest　possible　manifestation　of　the　〃collective　power　of　the　producers。〃

Direct　action；　a　term　translated　directly　from　the　French；　is　more　difficult　to　define。　This　method　sets　itself　in　opposition　to　the　methods　of　the　capitalist　in　retaining　control　of　industry；　which　is　spoken　of　as　indirect　action。　Laws；　machinery；　credits；　courts；　and　constabulary　are　indirect　methods　whereby　the　capitalist　keeps　possession　of　his　property。　The　industrialist　matches　this　with　a　direct　method。　For　example；　he　engages　in　a　passive　strike；　obeying　rules　so　literally　as　to　destroy　both　their　utility　and　his　work；　or　in　an　opportune　strike；　ceasing　work　suddenly　when　he　knows　his　employer　has　orders　that　must　be　immediately　filled；　or　in　a　temporary　strike；　quitting　work　one　day　and　coming　back　the　next。　His　weapon　is　organized　opportunism；　wielding　an　unexpected　blow；　and　keeping　the　employer　in　a　frenzy　of　fearful　anticipation。

Finally；　sabotage　is　a　word　that　expresses　the　whole　philosophy　and　practice　of　revolutionary　labor。　John　Spargo；　in　his　〃Syndicalism；　Industrial　Unionism　and　Socialism；〃　traces　the　origin　of　the　word　to　the　dockers'　union　in　London。　Attempt　after　attempt　had　proved　futile　to　win　by　strikes　〃the　demands　of　these　unskilled　workers。　The　men　were　quite　at　the　end　of　their　resources；　when　finally　they　hit　upon　the　plan　of　〃lying　down　on　the　job〃　or　〃soldiering。〃　As　a　catchword　they　adopted　the　Scotch　phrase　ca'canny；　to　go　slow　or　be　careful　not　to　do　too　much。　As　an　example　they　pointed　to　the　Chinese　coolies　who　met　a　refusal　of　increased　wages　by　cutting　off　a　few　inches　from　their　shovels　on　the　principle　of　〃small　pay；　small　work。〃　He　then　goes　on　to　say　that　〃the　idea　was　very　easily　extended。　From　the　slowing　up　of　the　human　worker　to　the　slowing　up　of　the　iron　worker；　the　machine；　was　an　easy　transition。　Judiciously　planned　〃accidents〃　might　easily　create　confusion　for　which　no　one　could　be　blamed。　A　few　〃mistakes〃　in　handling　cargoes　might　easily　cost　the　employers　far　more　than　a　small　increase　in　wages　would。　Some　French　syndicalists；　visiting　London；　were　greatly　impressed　with　this　new　cunning。　But　as　they　had　no　ready　translation　for　the　Scottish　ca'canny；　they　ingeniously　abstracted　the　same　idea　from　the　old　French　saying　〃Travailler　a　coups　de　sabots〃to　work　as　if　one　had　on　wooden　shoesand　sabotage　thus　became　a　new　and　expressive　phrase　in　the　labor　war。

Armed　with　these　weapons；　Haywood　and　his　henchmen　moved　forward。　Not　long　after　the　first　convention　in　1905；　they　made　their　presence　known　at　Goldfield；　Nevada。　Then　they　struck　simultaneously　at　Youngstown；　Ohio；　and　Portland；　Oregon。　The　first　battle；　however；　to　attract　general　notice　was　at　McKees　Rocks；　Pennsylvania；　in　1909。　In　this　warfare　between　the　recently　organized　unskilled　workers　and　the　efficient　state　constabulary；　the　I。W。W。　sent　notice　〃that　for　every　striker　killed　or　injured　by　the　cossacks；　the　l