alcibiades i-第6部分
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SOCRATES: Did not some one say that Alcibiades; the fair son of Cleinias;
not understanding about just and unjust; but thinking that he did
understand; was going to the assembly to advise the Athenians about what he
did not know? Was not that said?
ALCIBIADES: Very true。
SOCRATES: Then; Alcibiades; the result may be expressed in the language of
Euripides。 I think that you have heard all this 'from yourself; and not
from me'; nor did I say this; which you erroneously attribute to me; but
you yourself; and what you said was very true。 For indeed; my dear fellow;
the design which you meditate of teaching what you do not know; and have
not taken any pains to learn; is downright insanity。
ALCIBIADES: But; Socrates; I think that the Athenians and the rest of the
Hellenes do not often advise as to the more just or unjust; for they see no
difficulty in them; and therefore they leave them; and consider which
course of action will be most expedient; for there is a difference between
justice and expediency。 Many persons have done great wrong and profited by
their injustice; others have done rightly and come to no good。
SOCRATES: Well; but granting that the just and the expedient are ever so
much opposed; you surely do not imagine that you know what is expedient for
mankind; or why a thing is expedient?
ALCIBIADES: Why not; Socrates?But I am not going to be asked again from
whom I learned; or when I made the discovery。
SOCRATES: What a way you have! When you make a mistake which might be
refuted by a previous argument; you insist on having a new and different
refutation; the old argument is a worn…our garment which you will no longer
put on; but some one must produce another which is clean and new。 Now I
shall disregard this move of yours; and shall ask over again;Where did
you learn and how do you know the nature of the expedient; and who is your
teacher? All this I comprehend in a single question; and now you will
manifestly be in the old difficulty; and will not be able to show that you
know the expedient; either because you learned or because you discovered it
yourself。 But; as I perceive that you are dainty; and dislike the taste of
a stale argument; I will enquire no further into your knowledge of what is
expedient or what is not expedient for the Athenian people; and simply
request you to say why you do not explain whether justice and expediency
are the same or different? And if you like you may examine me as I have
examined you; or; if you would rather; you may carry on the discussion by
yourself。
ALCIBIADES: But I am not certain; Socrates; whether I shall be able to
discuss the matter with you。
SOCRATES: Then imagine; my dear fellow; that I am the demus and the
ecclesia; for in the ecclesia; too; you will have to persuade men
individually。
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And is not the same person able to persuade one individual
singly and many individuals of the things which he knows? The grammarian;
for example; can persuade one and he can persuade many about letters。
ALCIBIADES: True。
SOCRATES: And about number; will not the same person persuade one and
persuade many?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And this will be he who knows number; or the arithmetician?
ALCIBIADES: Quite true。
SOCRATES: And cannot you persuade one man about that of which you can
persuade many?
ALCIBIADES: I suppose so。
SOCRATES: And that of which you can persuade either is clearly what you
know?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And the only difference between one who argues as we are doing;
and the orator who is addressing an assembly; is that the one seeks to
persuade a number; and the other an individual; of the same things。
ALCIBIADES: I suppose so。
SOCRATES: Well; then; since the same person who can persuade a multitude
can persuade individuals; try conclusions upon me; and prove to me that the
just is not always expedient。
ALCIBIADES: You take liberties; Socrates。
SOCRATES: I shall take the liberty of proving to you the opposite of that
which you will not prove to me。
ALCIBIADES: Proceed。
SOCRATES: Answer my questionsthat is all。
ALCIBIADES: Nay; I should like you to be the speaker。
SOCRATES: What; do you not wish to be persuaded?
ALCIBIADES: Certainly I do。
SOCRATES: And can you be persuaded better than out of your own mouth?
ALCIBIADES: I think not。
SOCRATES: Then you shall answer; and if you do not hear the words; that
the just is the expedient; coming from your own lips; never believe another
man again。
ALCIBIADES: I won't; but answer I will; for I do not see how I can come to
any harm。
SOCRATES: A true prophecy! Let me begin then by enquiring of you whether
you allow that the just is sometimes expedient and sometimes not?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And sometimes honourable and sometimes not?
ALCIBIADES: What do you mean?
SOCRATES: I am asking if you ever knew any one who did what was
dishonourable and yet just?
ALCIBIADES: Never。
SOCRATES: All just things are honourable?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And are honourable things sometimes good and sometimes not good;
or are they always good?
ALCIBIADES: I rather think; Socrates; that some honourable things are
evil。
SOCRATES: And are some dishonourable things good?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: You mean in such a case as the following:In time of war; men
have been wounded or have died in rescuing a companion or kinsman; when
others who have neglected the duty of rescuing them have escaped in safety?
ALCIBIADES: True。
SOCRATES: And to rescue another under such circumstances is honourable; in
respect of the attempt to save those whom we ought to save; and this is
courage?
ALCIBIADES: True。
SOCRATES: But evil in respect of death and wounds?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And the courage which is shown in the rescue is one thing; and
the death another?
ALCIBIADES: Certainly。
SOCRATES: Then the rescue of one's friends is honourable in one point of
view; but evil in another?
ALCIBIADES: True。
SOCRATES: And if honourable; then also good: Will you consider now
whether I may not be right; for you were acknowledging that the courage
which is shown in the rescue is honourable? Now is this courage good or
evil? Look at the matter thus: which would you rather choose; good or
evil?
ALCIBIADES: Good。
SOCRATES: And the greatest goods you would be most ready to choose; and
would least like to be deprived of them?
ALCIBIADES: Certainly。
SOCRATES: What would you say of courage? At what price would you be
willing to be deprived of courage?
ALCIBIADES: I would rather die than be a coward。
SOCRATES: Then you think that cowardice is the worst of evils?
ALCIBIADES: I do。
SOCRATES: As bad as death; I suppose?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And life and courage are the extreme opposites of death and
cowardice?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And they are what you would most desire to have; and their
opposites you would least desire?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: Is this because you think life and courage the best; and death
and cowardice the worst?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And you would term the rescue of a friend in battle honourable;
in as much as courage does a good work?
ALCIBIADES: I should。
SOCRATES: But evil because of the death which ensues?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: Might we not describe their different effects as follows:You
may call either of them evil in respect of the evil which is the result;
and good in respect of the good which is the result of either of them?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And they are honourable in so far as they are good; and
dishonourable in so far as they are evil?
ALCIBIADES: True。
SOCRATES: Then when you say that the rescue of a friend in battle is
honourable and yet evil; that is equivalent to saying that the rescue is
good and yet evil?
ALCIBIADES: I believe that you are right; Socrates。
SOCRATES: Nothing honourable; regarded as honourable; is evil; nor
anything base; regarded as base; good。
ALCIBIADES: Clearly not。
SOCRATES: Look at the matter yet once more in a further light: he who
acts honourably acts well?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And he who acts well is happy?
ALCIBIADES: Of course。
SOCRATES: And the happy are those who obtain good?
ALCIBIADES: True。
SOCRATES: And they obtain good by acting well and honourably?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: Then acting well is a good?
ALCIBIADES: Certainly。
SOCRATES: And happiness is a good?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: Then the good and the honourable are again identified。
ALCIBIADES: Manifestly。
SOCRATES: Then; if the argument holds; what we find to be honourable we
shall also find to be good?
ALCIBIADES: Certainly。
SOCRATES: And is the good expedient or not?
ALCIBIADES: Expedient。
SOCRATES: Do you remember our admissions about the just?
ALCIBIADES: Yes; if I am not mistaken; we said that those who acted justly
must also act honourably。
SOCRATES: And the honourable is the good?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And the good is expedient?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: Then; Alcibiades; the just is expedient?
ALCIBIADES: I should infer so。
SOCRATES: And all this I prove out of your own mouth; for I ask and you
answer?
ALCIBIADES: I must acknowledge it to be true。
SOCRATES: And having acknowledged that the just is the same as the
expedient; are you not (let me ask) prepared to ri