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SOCRATES:  Did not some one say that Alcibiades; the fair son of Cleinias;

not understanding about just and unjust; but thinking that he did

understand; was going to the assembly to advise the Athenians about what he

did not know?  Was not that said?



ALCIBIADES:  Very true。



SOCRATES:  Then; Alcibiades; the result may be expressed in the language of

Euripides。  I think that you have heard all this 'from yourself; and not

from me'; nor did I say this; which you erroneously attribute to me; but

you yourself; and what you said was very true。  For indeed; my dear fellow;

the design which you meditate of teaching what you do not know; and have

not taken any pains to learn; is downright insanity。



ALCIBIADES:  But; Socrates; I think that the Athenians and the rest of the

Hellenes do not often advise as to the more just or unjust; for they see no

difficulty in them; and therefore they leave them; and consider which

course of action will be most expedient; for there is a difference between

justice and expediency。  Many persons have done great wrong and profited by

their injustice; others have done rightly and come to no good。



SOCRATES:  Well; but granting that the just and the expedient are ever so

much opposed; you surely do not imagine that you know what is expedient for

mankind; or why a thing is expedient?



ALCIBIADES:  Why not; Socrates?But I am not going to be asked again from

whom I learned; or when I made the discovery。



SOCRATES:  What a way you have!  When you make a mistake which might be

refuted by a previous argument; you insist on having a new and different

refutation; the old argument is a worn…our garment which you will no longer

put on; but some one must produce another which is clean and new。  Now I

shall disregard this move of yours; and shall ask over again;Where did

you learn and how do you know the nature of the expedient; and who is your

teacher?  All this I comprehend in a single question; and now you will

manifestly be in the old difficulty; and will not be able to show that you

know the expedient; either because you learned or because you discovered it

yourself。  But; as I perceive that you are dainty; and dislike the taste of

a stale argument; I will enquire no further into your knowledge of what is

expedient or what is not expedient for the Athenian people; and simply

request you to say why you do not explain whether justice and expediency

are the same or different?  And if you like you may examine me as I have

examined you; or; if you would rather; you may carry on the discussion by

yourself。



ALCIBIADES:  But I am not certain; Socrates; whether I shall be able to

discuss the matter with you。



SOCRATES:  Then imagine; my dear fellow; that I am the demus and the

ecclesia; for in the ecclesia; too; you will have to persuade men

individually。



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And is not the same person able to persuade one individual

singly and many individuals of the things which he knows?  The grammarian;

for example; can persuade one and he can persuade many about letters。



ALCIBIADES:  True。



SOCRATES:  And about number; will not the same person persuade one and

persuade many?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And this will be he who knows number; or the arithmetician?



ALCIBIADES:  Quite true。



SOCRATES:  And cannot you persuade one man about that of which you can

persuade many?



ALCIBIADES:  I suppose so。



SOCRATES:  And that of which you can persuade either is clearly what you

know?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And the only difference between one who argues as we are doing;

and the orator who is addressing an assembly; is that the one seeks to

persuade a number; and the other an individual; of the same things。



ALCIBIADES:  I suppose so。



SOCRATES:  Well; then; since the same person who can persuade a multitude

can persuade individuals; try conclusions upon me; and prove to me that the

just is not always expedient。



ALCIBIADES:  You take liberties; Socrates。



SOCRATES:  I shall take the liberty of proving to you the opposite of that

which you will not prove to me。



ALCIBIADES:  Proceed。



SOCRATES:  Answer my questionsthat is all。



ALCIBIADES:  Nay; I should like you to be the speaker。



SOCRATES:  What; do you not wish to be persuaded?



ALCIBIADES:  Certainly I do。



SOCRATES:  And can you be persuaded better than out of your own mouth?



ALCIBIADES:  I think not。



SOCRATES:  Then you shall answer; and if you do not hear the words; that

the just is the expedient; coming from your own lips; never believe another

man again。



ALCIBIADES:  I won't; but answer I will; for I do not see how I can come to

any harm。



SOCRATES:  A true prophecy!  Let me begin then by enquiring of you whether

you allow that the just is sometimes expedient and sometimes not?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And sometimes honourable and sometimes not?



ALCIBIADES:  What do you mean?



SOCRATES:  I am asking if you ever knew any one who did what was

dishonourable and yet just?



ALCIBIADES:  Never。



SOCRATES:  All just things are honourable?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And are honourable things sometimes good and sometimes not good;

or are they always good?



ALCIBIADES:  I rather think; Socrates; that some honourable things are

evil。



SOCRATES:  And are some dishonourable things good?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  You mean in such a case as the following:In time of war; men

have been wounded or have died in rescuing a companion or kinsman; when

others who have neglected the duty of rescuing them have escaped in safety?



ALCIBIADES:  True。



SOCRATES:  And to rescue another under such circumstances is honourable; in

respect of the attempt to save those whom we ought to save; and this is

courage?



ALCIBIADES:  True。



SOCRATES:  But evil in respect of death and wounds?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And the courage which is shown in the rescue is one thing; and

the death another?



ALCIBIADES:  Certainly。



SOCRATES:  Then the rescue of one's friends is honourable in one point of

view; but evil in another?



ALCIBIADES:  True。



SOCRATES:  And if honourable; then also good:  Will you consider now

whether I may not be right; for you were acknowledging that the courage

which is shown in the rescue is honourable?  Now is this courage good or

evil?  Look at the matter thus:  which would you rather choose; good or

evil?



ALCIBIADES:  Good。



SOCRATES:  And the greatest goods you would be most ready to choose; and

would least like to be deprived of them?



ALCIBIADES:  Certainly。



SOCRATES:  What would you say of courage?  At what price would you be

willing to be deprived of courage?



ALCIBIADES:  I would rather die than be a coward。



SOCRATES:  Then you think that cowardice is the worst of evils?



ALCIBIADES:  I do。



SOCRATES:  As bad as death; I suppose?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And life and courage are the extreme opposites of death and

cowardice?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And they are what you would most desire to have; and their

opposites you would least desire?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  Is this because you think life and courage the best; and death

and cowardice the worst?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And you would term the rescue of a friend in battle honourable;

in as much as courage does a good work?



ALCIBIADES:  I should。



SOCRATES:  But evil because of the death which ensues?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  Might we not describe their different effects as follows:You

may call either of them evil in respect of the evil which is the result;

and good in respect of the good which is the result of either of them?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And they are honourable in so far as they are good; and

dishonourable in so far as they are evil?



ALCIBIADES:  True。



SOCRATES:  Then when you say that the rescue of a friend in battle is

honourable and yet evil; that is equivalent to saying that the rescue is

good and yet evil?



ALCIBIADES:  I believe that you are right; Socrates。



SOCRATES:  Nothing honourable; regarded as honourable; is evil; nor

anything base; regarded as base; good。



ALCIBIADES:  Clearly not。



SOCRATES:  Look at the matter yet once more in a further light:  he who

acts honourably acts well?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And he who acts well is happy?



ALCIBIADES:  Of course。



SOCRATES:  And the happy are those who obtain good?



ALCIBIADES:  True。



SOCRATES:  And they obtain good by acting well and honourably?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  Then acting well is a good?



ALCIBIADES:  Certainly。



SOCRATES:  And happiness is a good?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  Then the good and the honourable are again identified。



ALCIBIADES:  Manifestly。



SOCRATES:  Then; if the argument holds; what we find to be honourable we

shall also find to be good?



ALCIBIADES:  Certainly。



SOCRATES:  And is the good expedient or not?



ALCIBIADES:  Expedient。



SOCRATES:  Do you remember our admissions about the just?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes; if I am not mistaken; we said that those who acted justly

must also act honourably。



SOCRATES:  And the honourable is the good?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And the good is expedient?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  Then; Alcibiades; the just is expedient?



ALCIBIADES:  I should infer so。



SOCRATES:  And all this I prove out of your own mouth; for I ask and you

answer?



ALCIBIADES:  I must acknowledge it to be true。



SOCRATES:  And having acknowledged that the just is the same as the

expedient; are you not (let me ask) prepared to ri

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