a smaller history of greece-第38部分

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waived　all　her　claims　to　superiority　and　headship。　　During　the　next　two　years　the　Thebans　continued　steadily　to　increase　their　power　and　influence　in　Greece；　though　no　great　battle　was　fought。　　In　B。C。　368　Pelopidas　conducted　a　Theban　force　into　Thessaly　and　Macedonia。　　In　Thessaly　he　compelled　Alexander；　who；　by　the　murder　of　his　two　brothers；　had　become　despot　of　Pherae　and　Tagus　of　Thessaly；　to　relinquish　his　designs　against　the　independence　of　Larissa　and　other　Thessalian　cities；　and　to　solicit　peace。　　In　Macedonia　he　formed　an　alliance　with　the　regent　Ptolemy：　　and　amongst　the　hostages　given　for　the　observance　of　this　treaty　was　the　youthful　Philip；　son　of　Amyntas；　afterwards　the　celebrated　king　of　Macedon；　who　remained　for　some　years　at　Thebes。

In　the　following　year　Pelopidas　and　Ismenias　proceeded　on　an　embassy　to　Persia。　　Ever　since　the　peace　of　Antalcidas　the　Great　King　had　become　the　recognised　mediator　between　the　states　of　Greece；　and　his　fiat　seemed　indispensable　to　stamp　the　claims　of　that　city　which　pretended　to　the　headship。　　The　recent　achievements　of　Thebes　might　entitle　her　to　aspire　to　that　position：　　and　at　all　events　the　alterations　which　she　had　produced　in　the　internal　state；　of　Greece；　by　the　establishment　of　Megalopolis　and　Messene；　seemed　to　require　for　their　stability　the　sanction　of　a　Persian　rescript。　　This　was　obtained　without　difficulty；　as　Thebes　was　now　the　strongest　state　in　Greece；　and　it　was　evidently　easier　to　exercise　Persian　ascendency　there　by　her　means；　than　through　a　weaker　power。　　The　Persian　rescript　pronounced　the　independence　of　Messene　and　Amphipolis；　the　Athenians　were　directed　to　lay　up　their　ships　of　war　in　ordinary；　and　Thebes　was　declared　the　head　of　Greece。

It　was；　in　all　probability；　during　a　mission　undertaken　by　Pelopidas　and　Ismonias；　for　the　purpose　of　procuring　the　acknowledgment　of　the　rescript　in　Thessaly　and　the　northern　parts　of　Greece；　that　they　were　seized　and　imprisoned　by　Alexander　of　Pherae。　　The　Thebans　immediately　despatched　an　army　of　8000　hoplites　and　600　cavalry　to　recover　or　avenge　their　favourite　citizen。　　Unfortunately；　however；　they　were　no　longer　commanded　by　Epaminondas。　　Their　present　commanders　were　utterly　incompetent。　　They　were　beaten　and　forced　to　retreat；　and　the　army　was　in　such　danger　from　the　active　pursuit　of　the　Thessalians　and　Athenians；　that　its　destruction　seemed　inevitable。　　Luckily；　however；　Epaminondas　was　serving　as　a　hoplite　in　the　ranks。　　By　the　unanimous　voice　of　the　troops　he　was　now　called　to　the　command；　and　succeeded　in　conducting　the　army　safely　back　to　Thebes。　　Here　the　unsuccessful　Boeotarchs　were　disgraced；　Epaminondas　was　restored　to　the　command；　and　placed　at　the　head　of　a　second　Theban　army　destined　to　attempt　the　release　of　Pelopidas。　　Directed　by　his　superior　skill　the　enterprise　proved　successful；　and　Pelopidas　（B。C。　367）　returned　in　safety　to　Thebes。

In　B。C。　364　Pelopidas　again　marched　into　Thessaly　against　Alexander　of　Pherae。　　Strong　complaints　of　the　tyranny　of　that　despot　arrived　at　Thebes；　and　Pelopidas；　who　probably　also　burned　to　avenge　his　private　wrongs；　prevailed　upon　the　Thebans　to　send　him　into　Thessaly　to　punish　the　tyrant。　　The　battle　was　fought　on　the　hills　of　Cynoscephalae；　the　troops　of　Alexander　were　routed：　and　Pelopidas；　observing　his　hated　enemy　endeavouring　to　rally　them；　was　seized　with　such　a　transport　of　rage　that；　regardless　of　his　duties　as　a　general；　he　rushed　impetuously　forwards　and　challenged　him　to　single　combat。　　Alexander　shrunk　back　within　the　ranks　of　his　guards；　followed　impetuously　by　Pelopidas；　who　was　soon　slain；　fighting　with　desperate　bravery。　　Although　the　army　of　Alexander　was　defeated　with　severe　loss；　the　news　of　the　death　of　Pelopidas　deprived　the　Thebans　and　their　Thessalian　allies　of　all　the　joy　which　they　would　otherwise　have　felt　at　their　victory。

Meantime　a　war　had　been　carried　on　between　Elis　and　Arcadia　which　had　led　to　disunion　among　the　Arcadians　themselves。　　The　Mantineans　supported　the　Eleans；　who　were　also　assisted　by　the　Spartans；　whilst　the　rest　of　the　Arcadians；　and　especially　the　Tegeans；　favoured　Thebes。　　In　B。C。　362　Epaminondas　marched　into　Peloponnesus　to　support　the　Theban　party　in　Arcadia；　The　Spartans　sent　a　powerful　force　to　the　assistance　of　the　Mantineans　in　whose　territory　the　hostile　armies　met。　　In　the　battle　which　ensued　Epaminondas　formed　his　Boeotian　troops　into　a　column　of　extraordinary　depth；　with　which　he　bore　down　all　before　them。　The　Mantineans　and　Lacedaemonians　turned　and　fled；　and　the　rest　followed　their　example。　　The　day　was　won；　but　Epaminondas；　who　fought　in　the　foremost　ranks；　fell　pierced　with　a　mortal　wound。　His　fall　occasioned　such　consternation　among　his　troops；　that；　although　the　enemy　were　in　full　flight；　they　did　not　know　how　to　use　their　advantage；　and　remained　rooted　to　the　spot。　Epaminondas　was　carried　off　the　field　with　the　spear…head　still　fixed　in　his　breast。　　Having　satisfied　himself　that　his　shield　was　safe；　and　that　the　victory　was　gained；　he　inquired　for　Iolaidas　and　Daiphantus；　whom　he　intended　to　succeed　him　in　the　command。　　Being　informed　that　both　were　slain：　　〃Then〃　he　observed　〃you　must　make　peace。〃　　After　this　he　ordered　the　spear…　head　to　be　withdrawn；　when　the　gush　of　blood　which　followed　soon　terminated　his　life。　　Thus　died　this　truly　great　man；　and　never　was　there　one　whose　title　to　that　epithet　has　been　less　disputed。　Antiquity　is　unanimous　in　his　praise；　and　some　of　the　first　men　of　Greece　subsequently　took　him　for　their　model。　　With　him　the　commanding　influence　of　Thebes　began　and　ended。　　His　last　advice　was　adopted；　and　peace　was　concluded　probably　before　the　Theban　army　quitted　Peloponnesus。　　Its　basis　was　a　recognition　of　the　STATUS　QUOto　leave　everything　as　it　was；　to　acknowledge　the　Arcadian　constitution　and　the　independence　of　Messene。　　Sparta　alone　refused　to　join　it　on　account　of　the　last　article；　but　she　was　not　supported　by　her　allies。

Agesilaus　had　lived　to　see　the　empire　of　Sparta　extinguished　by　her　hated　rival。　　Thus　curiously　had　the　prophecy　been　fulfilled　which　warned　Sparta　of　the　evils　awaiting　her　under　a　〃lame　sovereignty。〃　　But　Agesilaus　had　not　yet　abandoned　all　hope；　and　he　now　directed　his　views　towards　the　east　as　the　quarter　from　which　Spartan　power　might　still　be　resuscitated。　　At　the　age　of　80　the　indomitable　old　man　proceeded　with　a　force　of　1000　hoplites　to　assist　Tachos；　king　of　Egypt；　in　his　revolt　against　Persia。　　He　died　at　Cyrene　on　his　return　to　Greece。　　His　body　was　embalmed　in　wax　and　splendidly　buried　in　Sparta。



CHAPTER　XVIII。

HISTORY　OF　THE　SICILIAN　GREEKS　FROM　THE　DESTRUCTION　OF　THE　ATHENIAN　ARMAMENT　TO　THE　DEATH　OF　TIMOLEON。

The　affairs　of　the　Sicilian　Greeks；　an　important　branch　of　the　Hellenic　race；　deserve　a　passing　notice。　　A　few　years　after　the　destruction　of　the　Athenian　armament；　Dionysius　made　himself　master　of　Syracuse；　and　openly　seized　upon　the　supreme　power　（B。C。　405）。　　His　reign　as　tyrant　or　despot　was　long　and　prosperous。　　After　conquering　the　Carthaginians；　who　more　than　once　invaded　Sicily；　he　extended　his　dominion　over　a　great　part　of　the　island；　and　over　a　considerable　portion　of　Magna　Graecia。　He　raised　Syracuse　to　be　one　of　the　chief　Grecian　states；　second　in　influence；　if　indeed　second；　to　Sparta　alone。　　Under　his　sway　Syracuse　was　strengthened　and　embellished　with　new　fortifications；　docks；　arsenals；　and　other　public　buildings；　and　became　superior　even　to　Athens　in　extent　and　population。

Dionysius　was　a　warm　patron　of　literature；　and　was　anxious　to　gain　distinction　by　his　literary　compositions。　　In　the　midst　of　his　political　and　military　cares　he　devoted　himself　assiduously　to　poetry；　and　not　only　caused　his　poems　to　be　publicly　recited　at　the　Olympic　games；　but　repeatedly　contended　for　the　prize　of　tragedy　at　Athens。　　In　accordance　with　the　same　spirit　we　find　him　seeking　the　society　of　men　distinguished　in　literature　and　philosophy。　　Plato；　who　visited　Sicily　about　the　year　389　from　a　curiosity　to　see　Mount　AEtna；　was　introduced　to　Dionysius　by　Dion。　　The　high　moral　tone　of　Plato's　conversation　did　not　however　prove　so　attractive　to　Dionysius　as　it　had　done　to　Dion；　and　the　philosopher　was　not　only　dismissed　with　aversion　and　dislike；　but　even；　it　seems　through　the　machinations　of　Dionysius；　seized；　bound；　and　sold　for　a　slave　in　the　island　of　AEgina。　　He　was；　however；　repurchased　by　Anniceris　of　Cyrene；　and　sent　back　to　Athens。

Dionysius　died　in　B。C。　367；　and　was　succeeded　by　his　eldest　son；　commonly　called　the　younger　Dionysius；　who　was　about　25　years　of　age　at　the　time　of　his　father's　death。　　At　first　he　listened　to　the　counsels　of　Dion；　who　had　always　enjoyed　the　respect　and　confidence　of　his　father。　　At　the　advice　of　Dion　he　invited　Plato　to　Syracuse；　where　the　philosopher　was　received　with　the　greatest　honour。　　His　illustrious　pupil　immediately　began　to　take　lessons　in　geometry；　superfluous　dishes　disappeared　from　the　royal　table；　and　Dionysius　even　betrayed　some　symptoms　of　a　wish　to　mitigate　the　former　rigours　of　the　despotism。　　But　now　the　old　courtiers　took　the　alarm。　　It　was　whispered　to　Dionysius　that　the　whole　was　a　deep…laid　scheme　on　the　part　of　Dion　for　the　purpose　of　effecting　a　revolution　and　placing　his　own　nephews　on　the　throne。　＇The　elder　Dionysius　had　married　two　wives　at　the　same　time：　　one　of　these　was　a　Locrian　woman　named　Doris；　the　other；　Aristomache；　was　a　Syracusan；　and　the　sister　of　Dion。　　The　younger　Dionysius　was　his　elder　son　by　Doris；　but　he　also　had　children　by　Aristomache。＇　　These　accusations　had　the　desired　effect　on　the　mind　of　Dionysius；　who　shortly　afterwards　expelled　Dion　from　Sicily。　　Plato　with　difficulty　obtained　permission　to　return　to　Greece　（B。C。　366）。　　Dionysius　now　gave　way　to　his　vices　without　restraint；　and　became　an　object　of　contempt　to　the　Syracusans。　Dion　saw　that　the　time　had　come　for　avenging　his　own　wrongs　as　well　as　those　of　his　country。　　Collecting　a　small　force；　he　sailed　to　Sicily；　and　suddenly　appeared　before　the　gates　of　Syracuse　during　the　absence　of　Dionysius　on　an　expedition　to　the　coasts　of　Italy。　　The　inhabitants；　filled　with　joy；　welcomed　Dion　as　their　deliverer：　　and　Dionysius　on　his　return　from　Italy　found　himself　compelled　to　quit　Syracus