抢占奥运-第3部分
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the country that year； playing before thousands of fans and winning 60 games without loss。 Soon baseball's promoters began forming professional baseball clubs in cities across the Northeastern and Midwestern United States。 By 1870 professional players outnumbered amateurs in the NABBP and the remaining amateurs withdrew。 In 1871 the organization became the National Association of Professional Baseball Players。 The new National Association represented players from ten clubs。 In effect； these clubs made up the first professional baseball league。 They introduced the practice of league competition and concluded their regular season with a pennant race and championship。 However； the National Association suffered from poor management and by 1876 it had folded completely。
随着棒球在美国的普及，越来越多的人认识到棒球的经济价值。到了19世纪50年代，土地拥有者们开始开辟棒球场，出租给俱乐部。棒球队则以接受球迷捐赠为经济来源，支付费用。1862年，在纽约布鲁克林建立了第一个全封闭的棒球球场。很快，这种球场就被争相效仿，因为球场主可以向观众出售食物和饮料，而不必担心与街头小贩们的竞争。1858年，全国棒球运动员协会成立了，禁止会员接受比赛佣金。19世纪60年代早期，业余棒球球员为比赛免费提供娱乐表演，球场主们从中获利不菲。1868年，来自球员的压力最终致使了全国棒球运动员协会不得不改变政策，允许球员接受比赛佣金。这个政策标志着棒球运动开始走向职业化。1869年，第一支职业棒球队—辛辛那提红袜队开始参加比赛。同年，他们到美国各地循环比赛，在数千球迷的欢呼声中，创造了连胜60场的不朽战绩。很快，许多东北部和中西部的职业球队也联合起来，组成各种联盟。1870年，美国棒球运动员协会的职业球员人数超过了业余球员，剩下的业余球员退出联盟。1871年，全国棒联改组为全国职业棒球运动员协会。这一新的全国协会，代表10个俱乐部的职业运动员，实际上这些俱乐部组成了历史上第一个职业棒球联盟。他们主办联盟间比赛，以锦标赛决出赛季冠军。但是，由于管理不善，1876年全国协会被迫停止。
More about Professional Baseball
Major League Baseball（MLB）美国职业棒球大联盟：
Major league baseball represents the highest level of baseball competition in North America。 It includes teams from the United States and Canada。 The major leagues are divided into the National League （NL） and the American League （AL）。 The teams of each league are grouped into three divisions within their league。 In both the NL and AL； the divisions are called the East Division； the Central Division； and the West Division。
The major league baseball season lasts from April （or late March） to October and includes the regular season； the playoffs； and the World Series。 Teams play 162 games during the regular season。 The team with the most victories in each division becomes the division winner and earns the right to compete in the playoffs。 The team with the best record in each league after the division winners also is included in the playoffs as a wild…card team。
Each league holds a separate playoff； featuring their three division winners and the wild…card team。 These teams are paired and face each other in a series of games。 The teams that win the most games in a series earn the right to move on to the next round of playoffs。 The final series in the league playoffs determines which team wins the pennant； or championship； of their league。 The NL and AL pennant winners meet in the World Series； and the winner of this series becomes the major league world champion。
The major leagues also hold an annual competition called the All…Star Game； which matches a team of NL players against a team of AL players。 Baseball fans select the starting players in the game。 It takes place during the All…Star break； a period in the middle of the regular season during which teams temporarily rest from competition。
Team Management 职业球队的管理：
Every Major League Baseball team is part of a baseball club； which includes the team； the owner； and the team management。 The owner may be an individual； a group； or a corporation。 Club owners provide the money that a team needs to operate。 They work with the team management to organize activities such as running a stadium and selling tickets and concessions。
Club owners and management recruit players for the team。 The complicated system of recruitment and payment of players is controlled by strict league rules； which involve the number of players clubs may have and the contracts； or agreements； that clubs and players sign。 A union； called the Major League Players Association； advises players in these matters。
KEY WORDS 重点词汇
baseball
棒球
ballpark
棒球场
rounders
圆场棒球
Knickerbockers
纽约人队
home base
本垒
base
垒位
foul lines
界外线
softball
垒球
pitch speed
投球速度
fast…pitch
快式投球
slow…pitch
慢式投球
modified…pitch
变换式投球
International Softball Federation （ISF）
国际垒球联合会
正文棒球和垒球的规则
Main difference between Baseball and Softball棒球与垒球的主要区别：
Softball垒球
Baseball棒球
Weight of ball 球重
177…200 g
141。7…148。8 g
Around length of ball 球周长
30。2…30。8 cm
22。9…23。5 cm
Max。 length of bat 球棒最长限度
0。864 m
1。07 m
Max。 weight of bat 球棒最大重量
1077 g
No prohibition
Distance between base 垒间距离
18。3 m
27。45 m
Distance of homerun 本垒打距离
61 m
91 m
Distance of pitcher 投球距离
12。2 m
18。4 m
Pitcher’s way 投球方法
Underhand only
No prohibition
Innings 局数
7
9
Pitcher’s speed 投手投球速度
100…115km/h
140…160km/h
Baseball field
棒球场地
Baseball is played on a level field； which usually covers about 0。8 hectares。 The playing area is divided into the infield and the outfield。 Together； these two areas make up fair territory。 The rest of the field is called foul territory。 The infield consists of a square…shaped plot called the diamond。 One corner of the diamond is marked by a five…sided piece of rubber called a home plate。 Batters hit the ball from a position on either side of home plate； depending on their preference。 At the three other corners of the infield—moving counterclockwise from home plate—are first base； second base； and third base。 Each base is marked with a canvas bag。 The pitcher's mound； a slightly raised piece of ground； lies near the center of the infield； between home plate and second base。 A strip of rubber is nailed to the top of the mound； 18 m from home plate。 Pitchers place one foot on the rubber when they put the ball in play。 Base lines run from home plate to first base and from home plate to third base。 Extensions of these lines； called foul lines； run along the outer edges of the outfield。 These lines divide foul and fair territory。 Base lines also extend from first to second to third base； marking the path of a runner。 The region of the outfield behind first base is called right field； the region behind second base is called center field； and the region behind third base is called left field。 A fence runs along the farthest limits of the outfield。 Two covered shelters called dugouts are located in foul territory along each base line。 Players occupy the dugouts when they are not on the field。 The baseball field is also designed with a number of markings that indicate the use of certain regions。 Boxes outlined in chalk on each side of home plate indicate where a batter may stand。 Chalk boxes in foul territory near first and third base define the position of team coaches。 Similar regions limit where pitchers may warm up during the game and where players may prepare before batting。
棒球比赛在占地0。8公顷的水平场地上进行。界内地区分内场和外场，这两个场地组成了界内地区，其余的地方为界外区。内场有一块正方形的地区叫“钻石”。内场的一角有一块五角形的橡胶，叫本垒板。击球员可随他们的喜好，在本垒的任一边击球。内场的其它三个角，依逆时针方向分别为一垒、二垒和三垒。每个垒位都用白色帆布标出。内场中心的投手板在本垒和二垒之间，略微高出场地表面。投手板上钉有橡胶，距本垒18米。投手在投球时，一脚应踏在投手板上。从本垒画到一垒和三垒的线为垒线。垒线延长出去的部分，叫做界外线，界外线一直延伸到外场。这些线划分出界内区和界外区。从一垒画到二垒、三垒的垒线，为跑垒员路线。一垒后面的外场区域称为右外场，二垒后面的外场区域称为中外场；三垒后面的外场区域称左外场。在场地周围设有围网。界外区垒线两端有遮棚的地方为场内运动员的休息区。棒球场还设有一些有特殊用途的区域。本垒两侧画白线的区域为击球员区。界外区一垒和三垒附近，为教练员区。此外，还有投手准备区和击球员准备区。
Baseball Team
棒球队的构成
A baseball team fields nine players。 On the field； each player is responsible for a particular position。 The pitcher puts the ball into play by throwing it toward home plate。 Each throw is called a pitch。 By holding the ball in special ways and adjusting its spin； pitchers can throw a variety of pitches。 They use these techniques； along with changing the speed of their throw； to make it more difficult for batters to hit the ball。 The catcher receives the ball and returns it to the pitcher unless the batter hits the ball。 Catchers also defend home plate when a runner tries to score。 The first baseman； second baseman； and third baseman are each stationed at or near a base。 The shortstop stands between second and third base。 These players are responsible for fielding； or handling； the ball when it is hit to the infield and for putting out runners as they attempt to advance around the diamond。 Three outfielders are stationed individually in right field； center field； and left field。 They are responsible for fielding balls hit to the outfield。
棒球比赛的场上有9名队员，每个队员负责一个特定的位置。投手把球投向本垒�
