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and　they　had　now　learnt　that　the　commencement　of　a　new　settlement　was
the　signal　for　cultivation。　I　believe　that　no　employment　engenders　such
a　love　of　a　particular　locality　as　that　of　farming；　provided　always　that
the　soil　and　climate　are　favourable。　Thus；　in　an　expedition　to　a　distant
land；　it　is　necessary　to　induce　the　feelings　of　HOME　among　the　people。
The　hut　by　itself　is　simply　shelter；　but　the　same　hut　surrounded　by　a
neat　and　productive　garden；　the　result　of　industry；　becomes　a　settled
residence。　It　is　pleasant　to　watch　the　blossoms　of　home　flowers　and
vegetables　that　you　may　have　yourself　introduced　and　planted。　A　good
English　cabbage　or　carrot　may　not　be　introduced　in　poetry　so　generally
as　the　rose；　but　in　a　new　settlement　in　a　wild　country；　the　success　of　a
cabbage　or　carrot　is　of　more　importance　to　the　expedition　than　bouquets
of　flowers。

Even　the　women　and　boys　that　were　domestic　servants；　originally　slaves
that　I　had　liberated　from　the　traders；　had　learnt　to　take　a　great
interest　in　cultivation。　Each　had　a　garden；　and　a　day　never　passed
without　permission　being　asked　for　a　few　hours'　recreation　with　the
spade　or　hoe；　the　latter　being　the　favourite　implement；　as　the　want　of
shoes　rendered　the　management　of　the　spade　extremely　difficult；　except
in　very　light　soil。

I　believe　that　a　taste　for　gardening　has　a　most　civilizing　influence
among　savages；　and　if　I　were　a　missionary；　I　should　commence　with　such
practical　teaching；　thus　proving　in　your　joint　labour　with　the　natives
the　principle　that　industry　and　peace　will　create　prosperity。

A　few　extracts　front　my　journal　will　describe　the　gradual　progress　of
the　settlement：

〃Mr。　Higginbotham　shot　a　waterbuck　during　an　exploratory　ramble　that　we
took　through　the　forest；　in　search　of　large　timber　for　building
purposes。　The　main　forest　begins　about　two　miles　from　this　station；　in
which　is　an　unlimited　supply　of　wood；　including　the　most　magnificent
tamarind…trees。　These　beautiful　specimens　are　dotted　about　the　country；
like　park　timber　in　England。　There　is　a　tamarind…tree　about　a　mile　from
this　station；　beneath　which　about　a　thousand　cattle　might　find
shade。　（It　must　be　remembered　that　the　Bari　cattle　are　very　small。）

〃There　is　a　native；　named　Tomby；　who　speaks　excellent　Arabic。　This
fellow　has　been　twice　to　Khartoum；　and　he　wears　clothes；　instead　of
walking　about　in　a　state　of　absolute　nudity　like　his　countrymen。　He　has
an　excellent　rifle　that　was　given　to　him　by　his　old　master；　a　French
trader；　Monsieur　Bartholome。　Tomby　has　been　employed　as　interpreter；　and
having　been　born　and　bred　in　these　parts；　he　is　a　perfect　chronicler。　It
appears　that　Abou　Saood　treacherously　murdered　the　sheik　of　Belinian；　a
country　about　twelve　miles　distant　from　this　station。　He　feared　the
sheik　of　Belinian；　who　was　a　powerful　neighbour：　he　therefore；
professing　friendship；　invited　him　and　his　family　to　an　entertainment　at
Gondokoro。　The　sheik　and　his　people；　not　suspecting　evil；　arrived；
bringing　with　them　the　usual　presents。　Abou　Saood　received　them　very
politely；　and　when　they　were　seated；　and　had　entered　into　conversation；
he　had　them　seized　by　his　people；　and　murdered　them　on　the　spot　in　cold
blood。　Owing　to　this　treacherous　conduct；　the　entire　neighbourhood　is
hostile；　and　anarchy　prevails　throughout　the　country；　thus　I　cannot　send
a　letter　to　the　traders'　camp　at　Latooka；　as　no　one　dares　to　travel。

〃April　24。　Thermometer；　6　A。M。；　74　degrees　F；　noon；　fell　to　72　degrees
F。　We　had　a　picnic　at　the　old　mission　station；　where　I　went　accompanied
by　Lieutenant　Baker；　Mr。　Higginbotham；　and　my　wife；　to　measure　out　the
camp　and　fort。　As　usual　in　England；　the　picnic　brought　on　heavy　rain；
which　lasted　from　9。30　a。m。　till　2　p。m。；　to　the　great　benefit　of　the
garden。

〃April　25。　Thermometer；　6　A。M。；　69　degrees　F；　noon；　80　degrees　F。　We
completed　the　large　garden；　the　soldiers'　allotments　are　also　complete。
The　camp　of　the　〃Forty　Thieves〃　is　very　neat；　a　spirit　of　industry　has
seized　upon　the　whole　party。　The　women　have　made　gardens　around　their
huts；　and　agriculture　appears　to　be　the　prevailing　fashion。　I　am
surrounding　the　cultivation　with　a　live　fence　of　euphorbia。　Julian　has
been　unwell　for　some　time　past。

〃The　natives　appear　to　have　gained　confidence；　as　they　are　bringing
their　cattle　across　the　river　from　the　islands　to　our　fine　pasturage。　It
is　curious　to　see　the　manner　in　which　the　herd　follows　the　man　who　swims
before　them　as　their　guide；　while　other　natives　direct　them　while
swimming　by　striking　them　upon　the　horns　with　long　bamboos。

〃Yesterday　the　river　rose　about　two　feet；　but　it　fell　almost　as
suddenly；　showing　that　the　rise　was　only　the　effect　of　the　heavy　rain
upon　the　mountain　ranges　throughout　the　country。

〃One　of　the　boys；　Said；　caught　three　fish；　weighing　about　eight；　ten；
and　twenty　pounds　each。　These　were　of　the　Siluras　species；　and　are
excellent　eating。

〃The　white　ants　are　now　issuing　from　the　ground　in　vast　numbers　in　the
winged　state；　and　are　taking　flight。　Myriads　of　the　black　and　white　tern
and　the　white　storks　are　following　them。　The　lizards　are　also　at　work　in
the　general　persecution。

〃April　26；　27。　Made　new　garden　beds。　All　the　seeds　sown　by　the　troops
are　above　ground；　to　the　great　delight　of　the　men。　We　cleared　and　sowed
about　an　acre　with　Indian　corn　to…day。〃

We　thus　continued　working　and　improving；　until　we　had　in　a　comparatively
short　time　produced　a　great　result。　About　ten　acres　of　corn　were　above
ground；　as　a　few　showers　had　started　the　seeds　like　magic。　My　men　were
comfortably　housed　in　a　neat　station　on　the　high　ground；　while　my
servants　had　a　pretty　little　village　of　their　own　situated　on　the　knoll；
by　the　river　side；　about　fifty　yards　from　my　diahbeeah。　This　vessel　was
moored　alongside　the　bank；　the　fine　grass　of　which　was　kept　closely　cut；
so　as　to　resemble　a　lawn；　that　extended　for　about　thirty　yards；　this　was
bounded　by　prickly　pears　and　ornamented　by　a　large　and　showy
butter…nut…tree；　which　formed　our　out…door　drawing　room。

It　was　all　very　well　to　establish　a　government；　and　to　commence　the
civilization　of　Central　Africa；　but　we　were　very　hungry；　and　we　could
procure　nothing　from　the　natives。　We　had　no　butchers'　meat；　neither
would　the　Sheik　Allorron　or　his　people　sell　us　either　sheep　or　cattle。

For　several　days　we　lived　upon　sparrows；　which　Monsoor　shot　by
sprinkling　corn　upon　the　ground　and　firing　into　the　assembled　flock　of
hundreds。　The　country　was　swarming　with　these　small　birds；　which　are　no
doubt　delicacies；　but　if　you　have　a　good　appetite　they　are　a　little　too
light　on　the　stomach。　In　the　mean　time；　although　the　natives　could　now
venture　to　drive　their　cattle　to　the　rich　pasturage　under　our
protection；　which　they　could　not　before　enjoy　for　fear　of　their　enemies
the　Loquia；　they　absolutely　refused　to　sell；　or　to　supply　us　in　any
manner。　In　spite　of　my　explanations　to　the　sheik　by　the　interpreter
Tomby；　he　refused　to　bring　either　grass　or　wood　for　the　expected
soldiers'　huts；　or　in　fact　to　do　anything　to　serve　us。

Upon　one　occasion；　as　my　men　were　sowing　and　clearing　the　land　for
planting；　he　employed　natives　to　work　at　the　same　kind　of　cultivation　in
front　of　the　troops；　in　order　to　claim　a　right　to　the　soil。　On　this
occasion　he　came　himself；　prepared　with　a　cup　formed　of　a　small
gourd…shell　slung　by　a　string　upon　his　neck。　He　explained　that　this　was
his　cup　for　drinking　araki；　with　which　he　requested　to　be　supplied。

〃How　long　are　you　going　to　remain　here？〃　he　asked。　He　continued；　〃You
had　better　go　back　to　Khartoum；　and　I　will　eat　the　corn　you　have　planted
when　it　becomes　ripe。〃

I　explained　that　Gondokoro　would　be　head…quarters；　and　that　troops　would
always　remain　there；　and　we　should　cultivate　a　large　extent　for　corn。　He
replied：　〃Then　who　does　this　land　belong　to？to　you　or　to　me？〃　I
explained　that　his　people　had　been　driven　out　by　a　superior　force；　and
that　we　had　found　it　abandoned；　at　the　same　time；　neither　he　nor　his
people　dare　remain　here　without　my　protection；　therefore　the　land
belonged　to　the　Khedive　of　Egypt；　but　if　the　natives　wished　to　re…settle
I　would　give　them　their　original　property。

He　simply　replied；　〃Who　does　this　tree　belong　to？〃　（we　were　standing
beneath　its　shade）。　〃It　belongs　to　the　Khedive　of　Egypt；〃　I　replied；
〃who　is　now　protector　of　the　whole　country；　and　I　am　his　representative
to　establish　his　government。〃

He　replied：　〃Then　you　had　better　be　off　to　Khartoum；　for　we　don't　want
any　government　here。〃

There　can　be　no　doubt　that　in　the　abstract　of　people's　rights；　any
annexation　of　the　territory　of　another　is　an　infringement。　Had　this
principle　been　adhered　to　throughout　the　history　of　the　world；　there
would　have　been　no　progress。　Savages　of　all　countries　are　prone　to
strife；　and　a　state　of　chronic　warfare　with　neighbouring　tribes　is　the
example　of　African　politics。　A　strong　government　is　a　necessity。

I　had　always　expected　trouble　with　the　Baris；　as　I　had　known　them　during
my　former　journey　as　a　tribe　of　intractable　savages。　The　Austrian
missionaries　had　abandoned　them　as　hopeless；　after　many　efforts　and　a
great　expenditure　of　money　and　energy。

The　natives　had　pulled　down　the　neat　mission　house；　and　they　had　pounded
and　ground　the　bright　red　bricks　into　the　finest　powder；　which　mixed
with　grease　formed　a　paint　to　smear　their　naked　bodies。　Thus　the　only
results　of　many　years'　teaching　were　the　death　of　many　noble　men；　the
loss　of　money；　the　failure　of　the　attempt；　and　instead　of　the　enterprise
leaving　a　legacy　of　inward　spiritual　grace　to　these　〃men　and　brethren；〃
the　missionary　establishment　itself　was　converted　into　an　external
application　for　the　skin：　the　house　of　God　was　turned　into　〃pomade
divine。〃　This　was　a　result　that　might　have　been　expected　by　any　person
who　had　practical　experience　of　the　Baris。

The　extent　of　country　occupied　by　this　tribe　was　about　ninety　miles　in
length　from　north　to　south；　and　seventy　in　width。　Although　the　people
who　inhabited　this　district　were　all　Baris；　there　was　no　cohesion　among
them。　They　were　divided　into　numerous　small　chiefdoms；　each　governed　by
its　sheik　or　head　man。　Thus　Allorron　represented　Gondokoro；　whi