history of florence-第14部分

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took　refuge　in　the　Upper　Val　d'Arno；　where　part　of　their　castles　and

strongholds　were　situated；　and　where　they　strengthened　and　fortified

themselves　against　the　attacks　of　their　enemies。　But；　upon　the　death

of　Frederick；　the　most　unbiased　men；　and　those　who　had　the　greatest

authority　with　the　people；　considered　that　it　would　be　better　to

effect　the　reunion　of　the　city；　than；　by　keeping　her　divided；　cause

her　ruin。　They　therefore　induced　the　Guelphs　to　forget　their　injuries

and　return；　and　the　Ghibellines　to　lay　aside　their　jealousies　and

receive　them　with　cordiality。







CHAPTER　II



　　New　form　of　government　in　FlorenceMilitary　establishmentsThe

　　greatness　of　FlorenceMovements　of　the　GhibellinesGhibellines

　　driven　out　of　the　cityGuelphs　routed　by　the　forces　of　the　king

　　of　NaplesFlorence　in　the　power　of　the　king　of　NaplesProject　of

　　the　Ghibellines　to　destroy　Florence　opposed　by　Farinata　degli

　　UbertiAdventures　of　the　Guelphs　of　FlorenceThe　pope　gives　his

　　standard　to　the　GuelphsFears　of　the　Ghibellines　and　their

　　preparations　for　the　defense　of　their　powerEstablishment　of

　　trades'　companies；　and　their　authorityCount　Guido　Novello

　　expelledHe　goes　to　PratoThe　Guelphs　restored　to　the　cityThe

　　Ghibellines　quit　FlorenceThe　Florentines　reform　the　government

　　in　favor　of　the　GuelphsThe　pope　endeavors　to　restore　the

　　Ghibellines　and　excommunicates　FlorencePope　Nicholas　III。

　　endeavors　to　abate　the　power　of　Charles　king　of　Naples。



Being　united；　the　Florentines　thought　the　time　favorable　for　the

ordination　of　a　free　government；　and　that　it　would　be　desirable　to

provide　their　means　of　defense　before　the　new　emperor　should　acquire

strength。　They　therefore　divided　the　city　into　six　parts；　and　elected

twelve　citizens；　two　for　each　sixth；　to　govern　the　whole。　These　were

called　Anziani；　and　were　elected　annually。　To　remove　the　cause　of

those　enmities　which　had　been　observed　to　arise　from　judicial

decisions；　they　provided　two　judges　from　some　other　state；one　called

captain　of　the　people；　the　other　podesta；　or　provost；whose　duty　it

was　to　decide　in　cases；　whether　civil　or　criminal；　which　occurred

among　the　people。　And　as　order　cannot　be　preserved　without　a

sufficient　force　for　the　defense　of　it；　they　appointed　twenty　banners

in　the　city；　and　seventy…six　in　the　country；　upon　the　rolls　of　which

the　names　of　all　the　youth　were　armed；　and　it　was　ordered　that

everyone　should　appear　armed；　under　his　banner；　whenever　summoned；

whether　by　the　captain　of　the　people　or　the　Anziani。　They　had　ensigns

according　to　the　kind　of　arms　they　used；　the　bowmen　being　under　one

ensign；　and　the　swordsmen；　or　those　who　carried　a　target；　under

another；　and　every　year；　upon　the　day　of　Pentecost；　ensigns　were　given

with　great　pomp　to　the　new　men；　and　new　leaders　were　appointed　for　the

whole　establishment。　To　give　importance　to　their　armies；　and　to　serve

as　a　point　of　refuge　for　those　who　were　exhausted　in　the　fight；　and

from　which；　having　become　refreshed；　they　might　again　make　head

against　the　enemy；　they　provided　a　large　car；　drawn　by　two　oxen；

covered　with　red　cloth；　upon　which　was　an　ensign　of　white　and　red。

When　they　intended　to　assemble　the　army；　this　car　was　brought　into　the

New　Market；　and　delivered　with　pomp　to　the　heads　of　the　people。　To

give　solemnity　to　their　enterprises；　they　had　a　bell　called

Martinella；　which　was　rung　during　a　whole　month　before　the　forces　left

the　city；　in　order　that　the　enemy　might　have　time　to　provide　for　his

defense；　so　great　was　the　virtue　then　existing　among　men；　and　with　so

much　generosity　of　mind　were　they　governed；　that　as　it　is　now

considered　a　brave　and　prudent　act　to　assail　an　unprovided　enemy；　in

those　days　it　would　have　been　thought　disgraceful；　and　productive　only

of　a　fallacious　advantage。　This　bell　was　also　taken　with　the　army；　and

served　to　regulate　the　keeping　and　relief　of　guard；　and　other　matters

necessary　in　the　practice　of　war。



With　these　ordinations；　civil　and　military；　the　Florentines

established　their　liberty。　Nor　is　it　possible　to　imagine　the　power　and

authority　Florence　in　a　short　time　acquired。　She　became　not　only　the

head　of　Tuscany；　but　was　enumerated　among　the　first　cities　of　Italy；

and　would　have　attained　greatness　of　the　most　exalted　kind；　had　she

not　been　afflicted　with　the　continual　divisions　of　her　citizens。　They

remained　under　the　this　government　ten　years；　during　which　time　they

compelled　the　people　of　Pistoria；　Arezzo；　and　Sienna；　to　enter　into

league　with　them；　and　returning　with　the　army　from　Sienna；　they　took

Volterra；　destroyed　some　castles；　and　led　the　inhabitants　to　Florence。

All　these　enterprises　were　effected　by　the　advice　of　the　Guelphs；　who

were　much　more　powerful　than　the　Ghibellines；　for　the　latter　were

hated　by　the　people　as　well　on　account　of　their　haughty　bearing　while

in　power；　during　the　time　of　Frederick；　as　because　the　church　party

was　in　more　favor　than　that　of　the　emperor；　for　with　the　aid　of　the

church　they　hoped　to　preserve　their　liberty；　but；　with　the　emperor；

they　were　apprehensive　of　losing　it。



The　Ghibellines；　in　the　meantime；　finding　themselves　divested　of

authority；　could　not　rest；　but　watched　for　an　occasion　of　repossessing

the　government；　and　they　thought　the　favorable　moment　come；　when　they

found　that　Manfred；　son　of　Frederick；　had　made　himself　sovereign　of

Naples；　and　reduced　the　power　of　the　church。　They；　therefore；　secretly

communicated　with　him；　to　resume　the　management　of　the　state；　but

could　not　prevent　their　proceedings　from　coming　to　the　knowledge　of

the　Anziani；　who　immediately　summoned　the　Uberti　to　appear　before

them；　but　instead　of　obeying；　they　took　arms　and　fortified　themselves

in　their　houses。　The　people；　enraged　at　this；　armed　themselves；　and

with　the　assistance　of　the　Guelphs；　compelled　them　to　quit　the　city；

and；　with　the　whole　Ghibelline　party；　withdraw　to　Sienna。　They　then

asked　assistance　of　Manfred　king　of　Naples；　and　by　the　able　conduct　of

Farinata　degli　Uberti；　the　Guelphs　were　routed　by　the　king's　forces

upon　the　river　Arbia；　with　so　great　slaughter；　that　those　who　escaped；

thinking　Florence　lost；　did　not　return　thither；　but　sought　refuge　at

Lucca。



Manfred　sent　the　Count　Giordano；　a　man　of　considerable　reputation　in

arms；　to　command　his　forces。　He　after　the　victory；　went　with　the

Ghibellines　to　Florence；　and　reduced　the　city　entirely　to　the　king's

authority；　annulling　the　magistracies　and　every　other　institution　that

retained　any　appearance　of　freedom。　This　injury；　committed　with　little

prudence；　excited　the　ardent　animosity　of　the　people；　and　their　enmity

against　the　Ghibellines；　whose　ruin　it　eventually　caused；　was

increased　to　the　highest　pitch。　The　necessities　of　the　kingdom

compelling　the　Count　Giordano　to　return　to　Naples；　he　left　at　Florence

as　regal　vicar　the　Count　Guido　Novallo；　lord　of　Casentino；　who　called

a　council　of　Ghibellines　at　Empoli。　There　it　was　concluded；　with　only

one　dissenting　voice；　that　in　order　to　preserve　their　power　in

Tuscany；　it　would　be　necessary　to　destroy　Florence；　as　the　only　means

of　compelling　the　Guelphs　to　withdraw　their　support　from　the　party　of

the　church。　To　this　so　cruel　a　sentence；　given　against　such　a　noble

city；　there　was　not　a　citizen　who　offered　any　opposition；　except

Farinata　degli　Uberti；　who　openly　defended　her；　saying　he　had　not

encountered　so　many　dangers　and　difficulties；　but　in　the　hope　of

returning　to　his　country；　that　he　still　wished　for　what　he　had　so

earnestly　sought；　nor　would　he　refuse　the　blessing　which　fortune　now

presented；　even　though　by　using　it；　he　were　to　become　as　much　an　enemy

of　those　who　thought　otherwise；　as　he　had　been　of　the　Guelphs；　and

that　no　one　need　be　afraid　the　city　would　occasion　the　ruin　of　their

country；　for　he　hoped　that　the　valor　which　had　expelled　the　Guelphs；

would　be　sufficient　to　defend　her。　Farinata　was　a　man　of　undaunted

resolution；　and　excelled　greatly　in　military　affairs：　being　the　head

of　the　Ghibelline　party；　and　in　high　estimation　with　Manfred；　his

authority　put　a　stop　to　the　discussion；　and　induced　the　rest　to　think

of　some　other　means　of　preserving　their　power。



The　Lucchese　being　threatened　with　the　anger　of　the　count；　for

affording　refuge　to　the　Guelphs　after　the　battle　of　the　Arbia；　could

allow　them　to　remain　no　longer；　so　leaving　Lucca；　they　went　to

Bologna；　from　whence　they　were　called　by　the　Guelphs　of　Parma　against

the　Ghibellines　of　that　city；　where；　having　overcome　the　enemy；　the

possessions　of　the　latter　were　assigned　to　them；　so　that　having

increased　in　honors　and　riches；　and　learning　that　Pope　Clement　had

invited　Charles　of　Anjou　to　take　the　kingdom　from　Manfred；　they　sent

ambassadors　to　the　pope　to　offer　him　their　services。　His　holiness　not

only　received　them　as　friends；　but　gave　them　a　standard　upon　which　his

insignia　were　wrought。　It　was　ever　after　borne　by　the　Guelphs　in

battle；　and　is　still　used　at　Florence。　Charles　having　taken　the

kingdom　from　Manfred；　and　slain　him；　to　which　success　the　Guelphs　of

Florence　had　contributed；　their　party　became　more　powerful；　and　that

of　the　Ghibellines　proportionately　weaker。　In　consequence　of　this；

those　who　with　Count　Novello　governed　the　city；　thought　it　would　be

advisable　to　attach　to　themselves；　with　some　concession；　the　people

whom　they　had　previously　aggravated　with　every　species　of　injury；　but

these　remedies　which；　if　applied　before　the　necessity　came　would　have

been　beneficial；　being　offered　when　they　were　no　longer　considered

favors；　not　only　failed　of　producing　any　beneficial　results　to　the

donors；　but　hastened　their　ruin。　Thinking；　however；　to　win　them　to

their　interests；　they　restored　some　of　the　honors　of　which　they　had

deprived　them。　They　elected　thirty…six　citizens　from　the　higher　rank

of　the　people；　to　whom；　with　two　cavaliers；　knights　or　gentlemen；

brought　from　Bologna；　the　reformation　of　the　government　of　the