history of florence-第21部分

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each　escaped　by　paying　a　fine。



The　tumults　which　arose　in　Florence　from　the　coming　of　the　rebels　to

the　gates；　showed　that　one　leader　was　insufficient　for　the　companies

of　the　people；　they；　therefore；　determined　that　in　future　each　should

have　three　or　four；　and　to　every　Gonfalonier　two　or　three　Pennonieri

（pennon　bearers）　were　added；　so　that　if　the　whole　body　were　not　drawn

out；　a　part　might　operate　under　one　of　them。　And　as　happens　in

republics；　after　any　disturbance；　some　old　laws　are　annulled　and

others　renewed；　so　on　this　occasion；　as　it　had　been　previously

customary　to　appoint　the　Signory　for　a　time　only；　the　then　existing

Signors　and　the　Colleagues；　feeling　themselves　possessed　of　sufficient

power；　assumed　the　authority　to　fix　upon　the　Signors　that　would　have

to　sit　during　the　next　forty　months；　by　putting　their　names　into　a　bag

or　purse；　and　drawing　them　every　two　months。　But；　before　the

expiration　of　the　forty　months；　many　citizens　were　jealous　that　their

names　had　not　been　deposited　among　the　rest；　and　a　new　emborsation　was

made。　From　this　beginning　arose　the　custom　of　emborsing　or　enclosing

the　names　of　all　who　should　take　office　in　any　of　the　magistracies　for

a　long　time　to　come；　as　well　those　whose　offices　employed　them　within

the　city　as　those　abroad；　though　previously　the　councils　of　the

retiring　magistrates　had　elected　those　who　were　to　succeed　them。　These

emborsations　were　afterward　called　Squittini；　or　pollings；and　it　was

thought　they　would　prevent　much　trouble　to　the　city；　and　remove　the

cause　of　those　tumults　which　every　three；　or　at　most　five；　years；　took

place　upon　the　creation　of　magistrates；　from　the　number　of　candidates

for　office。　And　not　being　able　to　adopt　a　better　expedient；　they　made

use　of　this；　but　did　not　observe　the　defects　which　lay　concealed　under

such　a　trivial　accommodation。



In　1325；　Castruccio；　having　taken　possession　of　Pistoia；　became　so

powerful　that　the　Florentines；　fearing　his　greatness；　resolved；　before

he　should　get　himself　firmly　seated　in　his　new　conquest；　to　attack　him

and　withdraw　it　from　his　authority。　Of　their　citizens　and　friends　they

mustered　an　army　amounting　to　20；000　foot　and　3；000　horse；　and　with

this　body　encamped　before　Altopascio；　with　the　intention　of　taking　the

place　and　thus　preventing　it　from　relieving　Pistoia。　Being　successful

in　the　first　part　of　their　design；　they　marched　toward　Lucca；　and　laid

the　country　waste　in　their　progress；　but　from　the　little　prudence　and

less　integrity　of　their　leader；　Ramondo　di　Cardona；　they　made　but

small　progress；　for　he；　having　observed　them　upon　former　occasions

very　prodigal　of　their　liberty；　placing　it　sometimes　in　the　hands　of　a

king；　at　others　in　those　of　a　legate；　or　persons　of　even　inferior

quality；　thought；　if　he　could　bring　them　into　some　difficulty；　it

might　easily　happen　that　they　would　make　him　their　prince。　Nor　did　he

fail　frequently　to　mention　these　matters；　and　required　to　have　that

authority　in　the　city　which　had　been　given　him　over　the　army；

endeavoring　to　show　that　otherwise　he　could　not　enforce　the　obedience

requisite　to　a　leader。　As　the　Florentines　did　not　consent　to　this；　he

wasted　time；　and　allowed　Castruccio　to　obtain　the　assistance　which　the

Visconti　and　other　tyrants　of　Lombardy　had　promised　him；　and　thus

become　very　strong。　Ramondo；　having　willfully　let　the　opportunity　of

victory　pass　away；　now　found　himself　unable　to　escape；　for　Castruccio

coming　up　with　him　at　Altopascio；　a　great　battle　ensued　in　which　many

citizens　were　slain　and　taken　prisoners；　and　among　the　former　fell

Ramondo；　who　received　from　fortune　that　reward　of　bad　faith　and

mischievous　counsels　which　he　had　richly　deserved　from　the

Florentines。　The　injury　they　suffered　from　Castruccio；　after　the

battle；　in　plunder；　prisoners；　destruction；　and　burning　of　property；

is　quite　indescribable；　for；　without　any　opposition；　during　many

months；　he　led　his　predatory　forces　wherever　he　thought　proper；　and　it

seemed　sufficient　to　the　Florentines　if；　after　such　a　terrible　event；

they　could　save　their　city。



Still　they　were　not　so　absolutely　cast　down　as　to　prevent　them　from

raising　great　sums　of　money；　hiring　troops；　and　sending　to　their

friends　for　assistance；　but　all　they　could　do　was　insufficient　to

restrain　such　a　powerful　enemy；　so　that　they　were　obliged　to　offer　the

sovereignty　to　Charles　duke　of　Calabria；　son　of　King　Robert；　if　they

could　induce　him　to　come　to　their　defense；　for　these　princes；　being

accustomed　to　rule　Florence；　preferred　her　obedience　to　her

friendship。　But　Charles；　being　engaged　in　the　wars　of　Sicily；　and

therefore　unable　to　undertake　the　sovereignty　of　the　city；　sent　in　his

stead　Walter；　by　birth　a　Frenchman；　and　duke　of　Athens。　He；　as

viceroy；　took　possession　of　the　city；　and　appointed　the　magistracies

according　to　his　own　pleasure；　but　his　mode　of　proceeding　was　quite

correct；　and　so　completely　contrary　to　his　real　nature；　that　everyone

respected　him。



The　affairs　of　Sicily　being　composed；　Charles　came　to　Florence　with　a

thousand　horse。　He　made　his　entry　into　the　city　in　July；　1326；　and　his

coming　prevented　further　pillage　of　the　Florentine　territory　by

Castruccio。　However；　the　influence　which　they　acquired　without　the

city　was　lost　within　her　walls；　and　the　evils　which　they　did　not

suffer　from　their　enemies　were　brought　upon　them　by　their　friends；　for

the　Signory　could　not　do　anything　without　the　consent　of　the　duke　of

Calabria；　who；　in　the　course　of　one　year；　drew　from　the　people　400；000

florins；　although　by　the　agreement　entered　into　with　him；　the　sum　was

not　to　exceed　200；000；　so　great　were　the　burdens　with　which　either

himself　or　his　father　constantly　oppressed　them。



To　these　troubles　were　added　new　jealousies　and　new　enemies；　for　the

Ghibellines　of　Lombardy　became　so　alarmed　upon　the　arrival　of　Charles

in　Tuscany；　that　Galeazzo　Visconti　and　the　other　Lombard　tyrants；　by

money　and　promises；　induced　Louis　of　Bavaria；　who　had　lately　been

elected　emperor　contrary　to　the　wish　of　the　pope；　to　come　into　Italy。

After　passing　through　Lombardy　he　entered　Tuscany；　and　with　the

assistance　of　Castruccio；　made　himself　master　of　Pisa；　from　whence；

having　been　pacified　with　sums　of　money；　he　directed　his　course

towards　Rome。　This　caused　the　duke　of　Calabria　to　be　apprehensive　for

the　safety　of　Naples；　he　therefore　left　Florence；　and　appointed　as　his

viceroy　Filippo　da　Saggineto。



After　the　departure　of　the　emperor；　Castruccio　made　himself　master　of

Pisa；　but　the　Florentines；　by　a　treaty　with　Pistoia；　withdrew　her　from

obedience　to　him。　Castruccio　then　besieged　Pistoia；　and　persevered

with　so　much　vigor　and　resolution；　that　although　the　Florentines　often

attempted　to　relieve　her；　by　attacking　first　his　army　and　then　his

country；　they　were　unable　either　by　force　or　policy　to　remove　him；　so

anxious　was　he　to　punish　the　Pistolesi　and　subdue　the　Florentines。　At

length　the　people　of　Pistoia　were　compelled　to　receive　him　for　their

sovereign；　but　this　event；　although　greatly　to　his　glory；　proved　but

little　to　his　advantage；　for　upon　his　return　to　Lucca　he　died。　And　as

one　event　either　of　good　or　evil　seldom　comes　alone；　at　Naples　also

died　Charles　duke　of　Calabria　and　lord　of　Florence；　so　that　in　a　short

time；　beyond　the　expectation　of　their　most　sanguine　hopes；　the

Florentines　found　themselves　delivered　from　the　domination　of　the　one

and　the　fear　of　the　other。　Being　again　free；　they　set　about　the

reformation　of　the　city；　annulled　all　the　old　councils；　and　created

two　new　ones；　the　one　composed　of　300　citizens　from　the　class　of　the

people；　the　other　of　250　from　the　nobility　and　the　people。



The　first　was　called　the　Council　of　the　People；　the　other　the　Council

of　the　Commune。







CHAPTER　VII



　　The　Emperor　at　RomeThe　Florentines　refuse　to　purchase　Lucca；　and

　　repent　of　itEnterprises　of　the　FlorentinesConspiracy　of　the

　　Bardi　and　the　FrescobaldiThe　conspiracy　discovered　and　checked

　　Maffeo　da　Marradi　appeases　the　tumultLucca　is　purchased　by　the

　　Florentines　and　taken　by　the　PisansThe　duke　of　Athens　at

　　FlorenceThe　nobility　determine　to　make　him　prince　of　the　city。



The　emperor；　being　arrived　at　Rome；　created　an　anti…pope；　did　many

things　in　opposition　to　the　church；　and　attempted　many　others；　but

without　effect；　so　that　at　last　he　retired　with　disgrace；　and　went　to

Pisa；　where；　either　because　they　were　not　paid；　or　from　disaffection；

about　800　German　horse　mutinied；　and　fortified　themselves　at

Montechiaro　upon　the　Ceruglio；　and　when　the　emperor　had　left　Pisa　to

go　into　Lombardy；　they　took　possession　of　Lucca　and　drove　out

Francesco　Castracani；　whom　he　had　left　there。　Designing　to　turn　their

conquest　to　account；　they　offered　it　to　the　Florentines　for　80；000

florins；　which；　by　the　advice　of　Simone　della　Tosa；　was　refused。　This

resolution；　if　they　had　remained　in　it；　would　have　been　of　the

greatest　utility　to　the　Florentines；　but　as　they　shortly　afterward

changed　their　minds；　it　became　most　pernicious；　for　although　at　the

time　they　might　have　obtained　peaceful　possession　of　her　for　a　small

sum　and　would　not；　they　afterward　wished　to　have　her　and　could　not；

even　for　a　much　larger　amount；　which　caused　many　and　most　hurtful

changes　to　take　place　in　Florence。　Lucca；　being　refused　by　the

Florentines；　was　purchased　by　Gherardino　Spinoli；　a　Genoese；　for

30；000　florins。　And　as　men　are　often　less　anxious　to　take　what　is　in

their　power　than　desirous　of　that　which　they　cannot　attain；　as　soon　as

the　purchase　of　Gherardino　became　known；　and　for　how　small　a　sum　it

had　been　bought；　the　people　of　Florence　were　seized　with　an　extreme

desire　to　have　it；　blaming　themselves　and　those　by　whose　advice　they

had　been　induced　to　reject　the　offer　made　to　them。　And　in　order　to

obtain　by　force　what　they　had　refused　to　purchase；　they　sent　troops　to

plunder　and　overrun　the　country　of　the　Lucchese。



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