history of florence-第5部分

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weak　and　unsettled。　And；　therefore；　in　relating　the　events　which　have

taken　place　from　those　times　to　the　present；　the　ruin　of　the　empire

will　be　no　longer　illustrated；　but　only　the　increase　of　the

pontificate　and　of　the　other　principalities　which　ruled　Italy　till　the

coming　of　Charles　VIII。　It　will　be　seen　how　the　popes；　first　with

censures；　and　afterward　with　these　and　arms；　mingled　with　indulgences；

became　both　terrible　and　venerable；　and　how；　from　having　abused　both；

they　ceased　to　possess　any　influence；　and　were　wholly　dependent　on　the

will　of　others　for　assistance　in　their　wars。



But　to　return　to　the　order　of　our　narration。　Gregory　III。　occupied　the

papacy；　and　the　kingdom　of　the　Lombards　was　held　by　Astolphus；　who；

contrary　to　agreement；　seized　Ravenna；　and　made　war　upon　the　pope。　On

this　account；　Gregory　no　longer　relying　upon　the　emperor　of

Constantinople；　since　he；　for　the　reasons　above　given；　was　unable　to

assist　him；　and　unwilling　to　trust　the　Lombards；　for　they　had

frequently　broken　their　faith；　had　recourse　to　Pepin　II。；　who；　from

being　lord　of　Austria　and　Brabant；　had　become　king　of　France；　not　so

much　by　his　own　valor　as　by　that　of　Charles　Martel；　his　father；　and

Pepin　his　grandfather；　for　Charles　Martel；　being　governor　of　the

kingdom；　effected　the　memorable　defeat　of　the　Saracens　near　Tours；

upon　the　Loire；　in　which　two　hundred　thousand　of　them　are　said　to　have

been　left　dead　upon　the　field　of　battle。　Hence；　Pepin；　by　his　father's

reputation　and　his　own　abilities；　became　afterward　king　of　France。　To

him　Pope　Gregory；　as　we　have　said；　applied　for　assistance　against　the

Lombards；　which　Pepin　promised　to　grant；　but　desired　first　to　see　him

and　be　honored　with　his　presence。　Gregory　accordingly　went　to　France；

passing　uninjured　through　the　country　of　his　enemies；　so　great　was　the

respect　they　had　for　religion；　and　was　treated　honorably　by　Pepin；　who

sent　an　army　into　Italy；　and　besieged　the　Lombards　in　Pavia。　King

Astolphus；　compelled　by　necessity；　made　proposals　of　peace　to　the

French；　who　agreed　to　them　at　the　entreaty　of　the　popefor　he　did　not

desire　the　death　of　his　enemy；　but　that　he　should　be　converted　and

live。　In　this　treaty；　Astolphus　promised　to　give　to　the　church　all　the

places　he　had　taken　from　her；　but　the　king's　forces　having　returned　to

France；　he　did　not　fulfill　the　agreement；　and　the　pope　again　had

recourse　to　Pepin；　who　sent　another　army；　conquered　the　Lombards；　took

Ravenna；　and；　contrary　to　the　wishes　of　the　Greek　emperor；　gave　it　to

the　pope；　with　all　the　places　that　belonged　to　the　exarchate；　and

added　to　them　Urbino　and　the　Marca。　But　Astolphus；　while　fulfilling

the　terms　of　his　agreement；　died；　and　Desiderius；　a　Lombard；　who　was

duke　of　Tuscany；　took　up　arms　to　occupy　the　kingdom；　and　demanded

assistance　of　the　pope；　promising　him　his　friendship。　The　pope

acceding　to　his　request；　the　other　princes　assented。　Desiderius　kept

faith　at　first；　and　proceeded　to　resign　the　districts　to　the　pope；

according　to　the　agreement　made　with　Pepin；　so　that　an　exarch　was　no

longer　sent　from　Constantinople　to　Ravenna；　but　it　was　governed

according　to　the　will　of　the　pope。　Pepin　soon　after　died；　and　was

succeeded　by　his　son　Charles；　the　same　who；　on　account　of　the

magnitude　and　success　of　his　enterprises；　was　called　Charlemagne；　or

Charles　the　Great。　Theodore　I。　now　succeeded　to　the　papacy；　and

discord　arising　between　him　and　Desiderius；　the　latter　besieged　him　in

Rome。　The　pope　requested　assistance　of　Charles；　who；　having　crossed

the　Alps；　besieged　Desiderius　in　Pavai；　where　he　took　both　him　and　his

children；　and　sent　them　prisoners　to　France。　He　then　went　to　visit　the

pontiff　at　Rome；　where　he　declared；　THAT　THE　POPE；　BEING　VICAR　OF　GOD；

COULD　NOT　BE　JUDGED　BY　MEN。　The　pope　and　the　people　of　Rome　made　him

emperor；　and　thus　Rome　began　to　have　an　emperor　of　the　west。　And

whereas　the　popes　used　to　be　established　by　the　emperors；　the　latter

now　began　to　have　need　of　the　popes　at　their　elections；　the　empire

continued　to　lose　its　powers；　while　the　church　acquired　them；　and；　by

these　means；　she　constantly　extended　her　authority　over　temporal

princes。



The　Lombards；　having　now　been　two　hundred　and　thirty…two　years　in　the

country；　were　strangers　only　in　name；　and　Charles；　wishing　to

reorganize　the　states　of　Italy；　consented　that　they　should　occupy　the

places　in　which　they　had　been　brought　up；　and　call　the　province　after

their　own　name；　Lombardy。　That　they　might　be　led　to　respect　the　Roman

name；　he　ordered　all　that　part　of　Italy　adjoining　to　them；　which　had

been　under　the　exarchate　of　Ravenna；　to　be　called　Romagna。　Besides

this；　he　created　his　son　Pepin；　king　of　Italy；　whose　dominion　extended

to　Benevento；　all　the　rest　being　possessed　by　the　Greek　emperor；　with

whom　Charles　was　in　league。　About　this　time　Pascal　I。　occupied　the

pontificate；　and　the　priests　of　the　churches　of　Rome；　from　being　near

to　the　pope；　and　attending　the　elections　of　the　pontiff；　began　to

dignify　their　own　power　with　a　title；　by　calling　themselves　cardinals；

and　arrogated　so　great　authority；　that　having　excluded　the　people　of

Rome　from　the　election　of　pontiff；　the　appointment　of　a　new　pope　was

scarcely　ever　made　except　from　one　of　their　own　number：　thus　on　the

death　of　Pascal；　the　cardinal　of　St。　Sabina　was　created　pope　by　the

title　of　Eugenius　II。　Italy　having　come　into　the　hands　of　the　French；

a　change　of　form　and　order　took　place；　the　popes　acquiring　greater

temporal　power；　and　the　new　authorities　adopting　the　titles　of　count

and　marquis；　as　that　of　duke　had　been　introduced　by　Longinus；　exarch

of　Ravenna。　After　the　deaths　of　some　pontiffs；　Osporco；　a　Roman；

succeeded　to　the　papacy；　but　on　account　of　his　unseemly　appellation；

he　took　the　name　of　Sergius；　and　this　was　the　origin　of　that　change　of

names　which　the　popes　adopt　upon　their　election　to　the　pontificate。



In　the　meantime；　the　Emperor　Charles　died　and　was　succeeded　by　Lewis

（the　Pious；　after　whose　death　so　many　disputes　arose　among　his　sons；

that　at　the　time　of　his　grandchildren；　the　house　of　France　lost　the

empire；　which　then　came　to　the　Germans；　the　first　German　emperor　being

called　Arnolfus。　Nor　did　the　Carlovingian　family　lose　the　empire　only；

their　discords　also　occasioned　them　the　loss　of　Italy；　for　the

Lombards；　gathering　strength；　offended　the　pope　and　the　Romans；　and

Arnolfo；　not　knowing　where　to　seek　relief；　was　compelled　to　create

Berengarius；　duke　of　Fruili；　king　of　Italy。　These　events　induced　the

Huns；　who　occupied　Pannonia；　to　assail　Italy；　but；　in　an　engagement

with　Berengarius；　they　were　compelled　to　return　to　Pannonia；　which　had

from　them　been　named　Hungary。



Romano　was　at　this　time　emperor　of　Greece；　having；　while　prefect　of

the　army；　dethroned　Constantine；　and　as　Puglia　and　Calabria；　which；　as

before　observed；　were　parts　of　the　Greek　empire；　had　revolted；　he　gave

permission　to　the　Saracans　to　occupy　them；　and　they　having　taken

possession　of　these　provinces；　besieged　Rome。　The　Romans；　Berengarius

being　then　engaged　in　defending　himself　against　the　Huns；　appointed

Alberic；　duke　of　Tuscany；　their　leader。　By　his　valor　Rome　was　saved

from　the　Saracens；　who；　withdrawing　from　the　siege；　erected　a　fortress

upon　Mount　Gargano；　by　means　of　which　they　governed　Puglia　and

Calabria；　and　harassed　the　whole　country。　Thus　Italy　was　in　those

times　very　grievously　afflicted；　being　in　constant　warfare　with　the

Huns　in　the　direction　of　the　Alps；　and；　on　the　Neapolitan　side；

suffering　from　the　inroads　of　the　Saracens。　This　state　of　things

continued　many　years；　occupying　the　reigns　of　three　Berengarii；　who

succeeded　each　other；　and　during　this　time　the　pope　and　the　church

were　greatly　disturbed；　the　impotence　of　the　eastern；　and　the　disunion

which　prevailed　among　the　western　princes；　leaving　them　without

defense。　The　city　of　Genoa；　with　all　her　territory　upon　the　rivers；

having　been　overrun　by　the　Saracens；　an　impulse　was　thus　given　to　the

rising　greatness　of　Pisa；　in　which　city　multitudes　took　refuge　who　had

been　driven　out　of　their　own　country。　These　events　occurred　in　the

year　931；　when　Otho；　duke　of　Saxony；　the　son　of　Henry　and　Matilda；　a

man　of　great　prudence　and　reputation；　being　made　emperor；　the　pope

Agapito；　begged　that　he　would　come　into　Italy　and　relieve　him　from　the

tyranny　of　the　Berengarii。



The　States　of　Italy　were　governed　in　this　manner：　Lombardy　was　under

Berengarius　III。　and　Alfred　his　son；　Tuscany　and　Romagna　were　governed

by　a　deputy　of　the　western　emperor；　Puglia　and　Calabria　were　partly

under　the　Greek　emperor；　and　partly　under　the　Saracens；　in　Rome　two

consuls　were　annually　chosen　from　the　nobility；　who　governed　her

according　to　ancient　custom；　to　these　was　added　a　prefect；　who

dispensed　justice　among　the　people；　and　there　was　a　council　of　twelve；

who　each　year　appointed　rectors　for　the　places　subject　to　them。　The

popes　had　more　or　less　authority　in　Rome　and　the　rest　of　Italy；　in

proportion　as　they　were　favorites　of　the　emperor　or　of　the　most

powerful　states。　The　Emperor　Otho　came　into　Italy；　took　the　kingdom

from　the　Berengarii；　in　which　they　had　reigned　fifty…five　years；　and

reinstated　the　pontiff　in　his　dignity。　He　had　a　son　and　a　nephew；　each

named　Otho；　who；　one　after　the　other；　succeeded　to　the　empire。　In　the

reign　of　Otho　III。；　Pope　Gregory　V。　was　expelled　by　the　Romans；

whereupon　the　emperor　came　into　Italy　and　replaced　him；　and　the　pope；

to　revenge　himself　on　the　Romans；　took　from　them　the　right　to　create

an　emperor；　and　gave　it　to　three　princes　and　three　bishops　of　Germany；

the　princes　of　Brandenburg；　Palatine；　and　Saxony；　and　the　bishops　of

Magonza；　Treveri；　and　Colonia。　This　occurred　in　the　year　1002。　After

the　death　of　Otho　III。　the　electors　created　Henry；　duke　of　Bavaria；

emperor；　who　at　the　end　of　twelve　years　was　crowned　by　Pope　Stephen

VIII。　Henry　and　his　wife　Simeonda　were　persons　of　very　holy　life；　as

is　seen　by　the