history of florence-第6部分

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emperor；　who　at　the　end　of　twelve　years　was　crowned　by　Pope　Stephen

VIII。　Henry　and　his　wife　Simeonda　were　persons　of　very　holy　life；　as

is　seen　by　the　many　temples　built　and　endowed　by　them；　of　which　the

church　of　St。　Miniato；　near　Florence；　is　one。　Henry　died　in　1024；　and

was　succeeded　by　Conrad　of　Suabia；　and　the　latter　by　Henry　II。；　who

came　to　Rome；　and　as　there　was　a　schism　in　the　church　of　three　popes；

he　set　them　all　aside；　and　caused　the　election　of　Clement　II。；　by　whom

he　was　crowned　emperor。







CHAPTER　IV



　　Nicholas　II。　commits　the　election　of　the　pope　to　the　cardinals

　　First　example　of　a　prince　deprived　of　his　dominions　by　the　pope

　　Guelphs　and　GhibellinesEstablishment　of　the　kingdom　of　Naples

　　Pope　Urban　II。　goes　to　FranceThe　first　crusadeNew　orders　of

　　knighthoodSaladin　takes　from　the　Christians　their　possessions　in

　　the　eastDeath　of　the　Countess　MatildaCharacter　of　Frederick

　　BarbarossaSchismFrederick　creates　an　anti…popeBuilding　of

　　Alexandria　in　PugliaDisgraceful　conditions　imposed　by　the　pope

　　upon　Henry；　king　of　EnglandReconciliation　of　Frederick　with　the

　　popeThe　kingdom　of　Naples　passes　to　the　GermansOrders　of　St。

　　Dominic　and　St。　Francis。



Italy　was　at　this　time　governed　partly　by　the　people；　some　districts

by　their　own　princes；　and　others　by　the　deputies　of　the　emperor。　The

highest　in　authority；　and　to　whom　the　others　referred；　was　called　the

chancellor。　Of　the　princes；　the　most　powerful　were　Godfred　and　the

Countess　Matilda　his　wife；　who　was　daughter　of　Beatrice；　the　sister　of

Henry　II。　She　and　her　husband　possessed　Lucca；　Parma；　Reggio；　Mantua；

and　the　whole　of　what　is　now　called　THE　PATRIMONY　OF　THE　CHURCH。　The

ambition　of　the　Roman　people　caused　many　wars　between　them　and　the

pontiffs；　whose　authority　had　previously　been　used　to　free　them　from

the　emperors；　but　when　they　had　taken　the　government　of　the　city　to

themselves；　and　regulated　it　according　to　their　own　pleasure；　they　at

once　became　at　enmity　with　the　popes；　who　received　far　more　injuries

from　them　than　from　any　Christian　potentate。　And　while　the　popes

caused　all　the　west　to　tremble　with　their　censures；　the　people　of　Rome

were　in　open　rebellion　against　them；　nor　had　they　or　the　popes　any

other　purpose；　but　to　deprive　each　other　of　reputation　and　authority。



Nicholas　II。　now　attained　the　papacy；　and　as　Gregory　V。　had　taken　from

the　Romans　the　right　to　create　an　emperor；　he　in　the　same　manner

determined　to　deprive　them　of　their　share　in　the　election　of　the　pope；

and　confined　the　creation　to　the　cardinals　alone。　Nor　did　this　satisfy

him；　for；　having　agreed　with　the　princes　who　governed　Calabria　and

Puglia；　with　methods　which　we　shall　presently　relate；　he　compelled　the

officers　whom　the　Romans　appointed　to　their　different　jurisdictions；

to　render　obedience　to　him；　and　some　of　them　he　even　deprived　of　their

offices。　After　the　death　of　Nicholas；　there　was　a　schism　in　the

church；　the　clergy　of　Lombardy　refused　obedience　to　Alexander　II。；

created　at　Rome；　and　elected　Cadolo　of　Parma　anti…pope；　and　Henry；　who

hated　the　power　of　the　pontiffs；　gave　Alexander　to　understand　that　he

must　renounce　the　pontificate；　and　ordered　the　cardinals　to　go　into

Germany　to　appoint　a　new　pope。　He　was　the　first　who　felt　the

importance　of　spiritual　weapons；　for　the　pope　called　a　council　at

Rome；　and　deprived　Henry　of　both　the　empire　and　the　kingdom。　Some　of

the　people　of　Italy　took　the　part　of　the　pope；　others　of　Henry；　and

hence　arose　the　factions　of　the　Guelphs　and　the　Ghibellines；　that

Italy；　relieved　from　the　inundations　of　barbarians；　might　be

distracted　with　intestine　strife。　Henry；　being　excommunicated；　was

compelled　by　his　people　to　come　into　Italy；　and　fall　barefooted　upon

his　knees　before　the　pope；　and　ask　his　pardon。　This　occurred　in　the

year　1082。　Nevertheless；　there　shortly　afterward　arose　new　discords

between　the　pope　and　Henry；　upon　which　the　pope　again　excommunicated

him；　and　the　emperor　sent　his　son；　also　named　Henry；　with　an　army　to

Rome；　and　he；　with　the　assistance　of　the　Romans；　who　hated　the　pope；

besieged　him　in　the　fortress。　Robert　Guiscard　them　came　from　Puglia　to

his　relief；　but　Henry　had　left　before　his　arrival；　and　returned　to

Germany。　The　Romans　stood　out　alone；　and　the　city　was　sacked　by

Robert；　and　reduced　to　ruins。　As　from　this　Robert　sprung　the

establishment　of　the　kingdom　of　Naples；　it　seems　not　superfluous　to

relate　particularly　his　actions　and　origin。



Disunion　having　arisen　among　the　descendants　of　Charlemagne；　occasion

was　given　to　another　northern　people；　called　Normans；　to　assail　France

and　occupy　that　portion　of　the　country　which　is　now　named　Normandy。　A

part　of　these　people　came　into　Italy　at　the　time　when　the　province　was

infested　with　the　Berengarii；　the　Saracans；　and　the　Huns；　and　occupied

some　places　in　Romagna；　where；　during　the　wars　of　that　period；　they

conducted　themselves　valiantly。　Tancred；　one　of　these　Norman　princes；

had　many　children；　among　the　rest　were　William；　surnamed　Ferabac；　and

Robert；　called　Guiscard。　When　the　principality　was　governed　by

William；　the　troubles　of　Italy　were　in　some　measure　abated；　but　the

Saracens　still　held　Sicily；　and　plundered　the　coasts　of　Italy　daily。

On　this　account　William　arranged　with　the　princes　of　Capua　and

Salerno；　and　with　Melorco；　a　Greek；　who　governed　Puglia　and　Calabria

for　the　Greek　emperor；　to　attack　Sicily；　and　it　was　agreed　that；　if

they　were　victorious；　each　should　have　a　fourth　part　of　the　booty　and

the　territory。　They　were　fortunate　in　their　enterprise；　expelled　the

Saracens；　and　took　possession　of　the　island；　but；　after　the　victory；

Melorco　secretly　caused　forces　to　be　brought　from　Greece；　seized

Sicily　in　the　name　of　the　emperor；　and　appropriated　the　booty　to

himself　and　his　followers。　William　was　much　dissatisfied　with　this；

but　reserved　the　exhibition　of　his　displeasure　for　a　suitable

opportunity；　and　left　Sicily　with　the　princes　of　Salerno　and　Capua。

But　when　they　had　parted　from　him　to　return　to　their　homes；　instead　of

proceeding　to　Romagna　he　led　his　people　towards　Puglia；　and　took

Melfi；　and　from　thence；　in　a　short　time；　recovered　from　the　Greek

emperor　almost　the　whole　of　Puglia　and　Calabria；　over　which　provinces；

in　the　time　of　pope　Nicholas　II。　his　brother　Robert　Guiscard　was

sovereign。　Robert　having　had　many　disputes　with　his　nephews　for　the

inheritance　of　these　states；　requested　the　influence　of　the　pope　to

settle　them；　which　his　holiness　was　very　willing　to　afford；　being

anxious　to　make　a　friend　of　Robert；　to　defend　himself　against　the

emperor　of　Germany　and　the　insolence　of　the　Roman　people；　which　indeed

shortly　followed；　when；　at　the　instance　of　Gregory；　he　drove　Henry

from　Rome；　and　subdued　the　people。　Robert　was　succeeded　by　his　sons

Roger　and　William；　to　whose　dominion　not　only　was　Naples　added；　but

all　the　places　interjacent　as　far　as　Rome；　and　afterward　Sicily；　of

which　Roger　became　sovereign；　but；　upon　William　going　to

Constantinople；　to　marry　the　daughter　of　the　emperor；　his　dominions

were　wrested　from　him　by　his　brother　Roger。　Inflated　with　so　great　an

acquisition；　Roger　first　took　the　title　of　king　of　Italy；　but

afterward　contented　himself　with　that　of　king　of　Puglia　and　Sicily。　He

was　the　first　who　established　and　gave　that　name　to　this　kingdom；

which　still　retains　its　ancient　boundaries；　although　its　sovereigns

have　been　of　many　families　and　countries。　Upon　the　failure　of　the

Normans；　it　came　to　the　Germans；　after　these　to　the　French；　then　to

the　Aragonese；　and　it　is　now　held　by　the　Flemish。



About　this　time　Urban　II。　became　pope　and　excited　the　hatred　of　the

Romans。　As　he　did　not　think　himself　safe　even　in　Italy；　on　account　of

the　disunion　which　prevailed；　he　directed　his　thoughts　to　a　generous

enterprise。　With　his　whole　clergy　he　went　into　France；　and　at　Anvers；

having　drawn　together　a　vast　multitude　of　people；　delivered　an　oration

against　the　infidels；　which　so　excited　the　minds　of　his　audience；　that

they　determined　to　undertake　the　conquest　of　Asia　from　the　Saracens；

which　enterprise；　with　all　those　of　a　similar　nature；　were　afterward

called　crusades；　because　the　people　who　joined　in　them　bore　upon　their

armor　and　apparel　the　figure　of　a　cross。　The　leaders　were　Godfrey；

Eustace；　and　Baldwin　of　Bouillon；　counts　of　Boulogne；　and　Peter；　a

hermit　celebrated　for　his　prudence　and　sagacity。　Many　kings　and　people

joined　them；　and　contributed　money；　and　many　private　persons　fought

under　them　at　their　own　expense；　so　great　was　the　influence　of

religion　in　those　days　upon　the　minds　of　men；　excited　by　the　example

of　those　who　were　its　principal　ministers。　The　proudest　successes

attended　the　beginning　of　this　enterprise；　for　the　whole　of　Asia

Minor；　Syria；　and　part　of　Egypt；　fell　under　the　power　of　the

Christians。　To　commemorate　these　events　the　order　of　the　Knights　of

Jerusalem　was　created；　which　still　continues；　and　holds　the　island　of

Rhodesthe　only　obstacle　to　the　power　of　the　Mohammedans。　The　same

events　gave　rise　to　the　order　of　the　Knights　Templars；　which；　after　a

short　time；　on　account　of　their　shameless　practices；　was　dissolved。

Various　fortunes　attended　the　crusaders　in　the　course　of　their

enterprises；　and　many　nations　and　individuals　became　celebrated

accordingly。　The　kings　of　France　and　England　joined　them；　and；　with

the　Venetians；　Pisans；　and　Genoese；　acquired　great　reputation；　till

the　time　of　Saladin；　when；　by　whose　talents；　and　the　disagreement　of

the　Christians　among　themselves；　the　crusaders　were　robbed　of　all　that

glory　which　they　had　at　first　acquired；　and；　after　ninety　years；　were

driven　from　those　places　which　they　had　so　honorably　and　happily

recovered。



After　the　death　of　Urban；　Pascal　II。　became　pope；　and　the　empire　was


under　the　dominion　of　Henry　IV。　who　came　to　Rome　pretending　friendship

for　the　pontiff　but　afterward　put　his　holiness　and　all　his　clergy　in

prison；　n