appendix-d-第3部分

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again　it　will　be　a　Realm　where　he　will　have　one　good　square

responsible　Sex；　and　have　it　all　to　himself；　instead　of

having　a　mangy　lot　of　assorted　Sexes　scattered　all　over　him

in　Spots。　



…



There；　now；　the　reader　can　see　for　himself　that　this　pronoun

business　is　a　very　awkward　thing　for　the　unaccustomed　tongue。　

I　suppose　that　in　all　languages　the　similarities　of　look

and　sound　between　words　which　have　no　similarity　in　meaning

are　a　fruitful　source　of　perplexity　to　the　foreigner。　

It　is　so　in　our　tongue；　and　it　is　notably　the　case　in

the　German。　　Now　there　is　that　troublesome　word　VERMA〃HLT：

to　me　it　has　so　close　a　resemblanceeither　real　or

fanciedto　three　or　four　other　words；　that　I　never　know

whether　it　means　despised；　painted；　suspected；　or　married；

until　I　look　in　the　dictionary；　and　then　I　find　it　means

the　latter。　　There　are　lots　of　such　words　and　they　are

a　great　torment。　　To　increase　the　difficulty　there　are

words　which　SEEM　to　resemble　each　other；　and　yet　do　not；

but　they　make　just　as　much　trouble　as　if　they　did。　

For　instance；　there　is　the　word　VERMIETHEN　（to　let；

to　lease；　to　hire）；　and　the　word　VERHEIRATHEN　（another　way

of　saying　to　marry）。　I　heard　of　an　Englishman　who　knocked

at　a　man's　door　in　Heidelberg　and　proposed；　in　the　best

German　he　could　command；　to　〃verheirathen〃　that　house。　

Then　there　are　some　words　which　mean　one　thing　when　you

emphasize　the　first　syllable；　but　mean　something　very

different　if　you　throw　the　emphasis　on　the　last　syllable。　

For　instance；　there　is　a　word　which　means　a　runaway；

or　the　act　of　glancing　through　a　book；　according　to　the

placing　of　the　emphasis；　and　another　word　which　signifies

to　ASSOCIATE　with　a　man；　or　to　AVOID　him；　according　to

where　you　put　the　emphasisand　you　can　generally　depend

on　putting　it　in　the　wrong　place　and　getting　into　trouble。　



There　are　some　exceedingly　useful　words　in　this　language。　

SCHLAG；　for　example；　and　ZUG。　　There　are　three…quarters

of　a　column　of　SCHLAGS　in　the　dictonary；　and　a　column

and　a　half　of　ZUGS。　　The　word　SCHLAG　means　Blow；　Stroke；

Dash；　Hit；　Shock；　Clap；　Slap；　Time；　Bar；　Coin；　Stamp；　Kind；

Sort；　Manner；　Way；　Apoplexy；　Wood…cutting；　Enclosure；

Field；　Forest…clearing。　This　is　its　simple　and　EXACT

meaningthat　is　to　say；　its　restricted；　its　fettered　meaning；

but　there　are　ways　by　which　you　can　set　it　free；

so　that　it　can　soar　away；　as　on　the　wings　of　the　morning；

and　never　be　at　rest。　　You　can　hang　any　word　you　please

to　its　tail；　and　make　it　mean　anything　you　want　to。　

You　can　begin　with　SCHLAG…ADER；　which　means　artery；

and　you　can　hang　on　the　whole　dictionary；　word　by　word；

clear　through　the　alphabet　to　SCHLAG…WASSER；　which　means

bilge…waterand　including　SCHLAG…MUTTER；　which　means

mother…in…law。



Just　the　same　with　ZUG。　　Strictly　speaking；　ZUG　means　Pull；

Tug；　Draught；　Procession；　March；　Progress；　Flight；　Direction；

Expedition；　Train；　Caravan；　Passage；　Stroke；　Touch；　Line；

Flourish；　Trait　of　Character；　Feature；　Lineament；　Chess…move；

Organ…stop；　Team；　Whiff；　Bias；　Drawer；　Propensity；　Inhalation；

Disposition：　but　that　thing　which　it　does　NOT　meanwhen

all　its　legitimate　pennants　have　been　hung　on；　has　not　been

discovered　yet。　



One　cannot　overestimate　the　usefulness　of　SCHLAG　and　ZUG。　

Armed　just　with　these　two；　and　the　word　ALSO；　what　cannot

the　foreigner　on　German　soil　accomplish？　The　German　word

ALSO　is　the　equivalent　of　the　English　phrase　〃You　know；〃

and　does　not　mean　anything　at　allin　TALK；　though　it

sometimes　does　in　print。　　Every　time　a　German　opens　his

mouth　an　ALSO　falls　out；　and　every　time　he　shuts　it　he　bites

one　in　two　that　was　trying　to　GET　out。　



Now；　the　foreigner；　equipped　with　these　three　noble　words；

is　master　of　the　situation。　　Let　him　talk　right　along；

fearlessly；　let　him　pour　his　indifferent　German　forth；

and　when　he　lacks　for　a　word；　let　him　heave　a　SCHLAG　into

the　vacuum；　all　the　chances　are　that　it　fits　it　like　a　plug；

but　if　it　doesn't　let　him　promptly　heave　a　ZUG　after　it；

the　two　together　can　hardly　fail　to　bung　the　hole；　but　if；

by　a　miracle；　they　SHOULD　fail；　let　him　simply　say　ALSO！

and　this　will　give　him　a　moment's　chance　to　think　of　the

needful　word。　　In　Germany；　when　you　load　your　conversational

gun　it　is　always　best　to　throw　in　a　SCHLAG　or　two　and　a　ZUG

or　two；　because　it　doesn't　make　any　difference　how　much

the　rest　of　the　charge　may　scatter；　you　are　bound　to　bag

something　with　THEM。　　Then　you　blandly　say　ALSO；　and　load

up　again。　　Nothing　gives　such　an　air　of　grace　and　elegance

and　unconstraint　to　a　German　or　an　English　conversation

as　to　scatter　it　full　of　〃Also's〃　or　〃You　knows。〃



In　my　note…book　I　find　this　entry：



July　1。In　the　hospital　yesterday；　a　word　of　thirteen

syllables　was　successfully　removed　from　a　patienta

North　German　from　near　Hamburg；　but　as　most　unfortunately

the　surgeons　had　opened　him　in　the　wrong　place；　under　the

impression　that　he　contained　a　panorama；　he　died。　

The　sad　event　has　cast　a　gloom　over　the　whole　community。　



That　paragraph　furnishes　a　text　for　a　few　remarks　about

one　of　the　most　curious　and　notable　features　of　my

subjectthe　length　of　German　words。　　Some　German　words

are　so　long　that　they　have　a　perspective。　　Observe　these

examples：



Freundschaftsbezeigungen。　



Dilettantenaufdringlichkeiten。　



Stadtverordnetenversammlungen。　



These　things　are　not　words；　they　are　alphabetical　processions。　

And　they　are　not　rare；　one　can　open　a　German　newspaper

at　any　time　and　see　them　marching　majestically　across

the　pageand　if　he　has　any　imagination　he　can　see

the　banners　and　hear　the　music；　too。　　They　impart

a　martial　thrill　to　the　meekest　subject。　　I　take　a

great　interest　in　these　curiosities。　　Whenever　I　come

across　a　good　one；　I　stuff　it　and　put　it　in　my　museum。　

In　this　way　I　have　made　quite　a　valuable　collection。　

When　I　get　duplicates；　I　exchange　with　other　collectors；

and　thus　increase　the　variety　of　my　stock。　　Here　rare

some　specimens　which　I　lately　bought　at　an　auction　sale

of　the　effects　of　a　bankrupt　bric…a…brac　hunter：



Generalstaatsverordnetenversammlungen。　



Alterthumswissenschaften。　



Kinderbewahrungsanstalten。　



Unabhaengigkeitserklaerungen。　



Wiedererstellungbestrebungen。　



Waffenstillstandsunterhandlungen。　



Of　course　when　one　of　these　grand　mountain　ranges　goes

stretching　across　the　printed　page；　it　adorns　and　ennobles

that　literary　landscapebut　at　the　same　time　it　is　a　great

distress　to　the　new　student；　for　it　blocks　up　his　way；

he　cannot　crawl　under　it；　or　climb　over　it；　or　tunnel

through　it。　　So　he　resorts　to　the　dictionary　for　help；

but　there　is　no　help　there。　　The　dictionary　must　draw

the　line　somewhereso　it　leaves　this　sort　of　words　out。　

And　it　is　right；　because　these　long　things　are　hardly

legitimate　words；　but　are　rather　combinations　of　words；

and　the　inventor　of　them　ought　to　have　been　killed。　

They　are　compound　words　with　the　hyphens　left　out。　

The　various　words　used　in　building　them　are　in　the　dictionary；

but　in　a　very　scattered　condition；　so　you　can　hunt

the　materials　out；　one　by　one；　and　get　at　the　meaning

at　last；　but　it　is　a　tedious　and　harassing　business。　

I　have　tried　this　process　upon　some　of　the　above　examples。　

〃Freundshaftsbezeigungen〃　seems　to　be　〃Friendship

demonstrations；〃

which　is　only　a　foolish　and　clumsy　way　of　saying　〃demonstrations

of　friendship。〃　〃Unabhaengigkeitserklaerungen〃　seems

to　be　〃Independencedeclarations；〃　which　is　no　improvement

upon　〃Declarations　of　Independence；〃　so　far　as　I　can　see。　

〃Generalstaatsverordnetenversammlungen〃　seems　to　be

〃General…statesrepresentativesmeetings；〃　as　nearly　as　I

can　get　at　ita　mere　rhythmical；　gushy　euphuism　for

〃meetings　of　the　legislature；〃　I　judge。　　We　used　to　have

a　good　deal　of　this　sort　of　crime　in　our　literature；

but　it　has　gone　out　now。　　We　used　to　speak　of　a　things　as　a

〃never…to…be…forgotten〃　circumstance；　instead　of　cramping

it　into　the　simple　and　sufficient　word　〃memorable〃　and　then

going　calmly　about　our　business　as　if　nothing　had　happened。　

In　those　days　we　were　not　content　to　embalm　the　thing

and　bury　it　decently；　we　wanted　to　build　a　monument　over　it。　



But　in　our　newspapers　the　compounding…disease　lingers

a　little　to　the　present　day；　but　with　the　hyphens　left　out；

in　the　German　fashion。　　This　is　the　shape　it　takes：

instead　of　saying　〃Mr。　Simmons；　clerk　of　the　county　and

district　courts；　was　in　town　yesterday；〃　the　new　form　put

it　thus：　〃Clerk　of　the　County　and　District　Courts　Simmons

was　in　town　yesterday。〃　This　saves　neither　time　nor　ink；

and　has　an　awkward　sound　besides。　　One　often　sees　a　remark

like　this　in　our　papers：　〃MRS。　Assistant　District　Attorney

Johnson　returned　to　her　city　residence　yesterday　for　the　season。〃

That　is　a　case　of　really　unjustifiable　compounding；

because　it　not　only　saves　no　time　or　trouble；　but　confers

a　title　on　Mrs。　Johnson　which　she　has　no　right　to。　

But　these　little　instances　are　trifles　indeed；　contrasted

with　the　ponderous　and　dismal　German　system　of　piling

jumbled　compounds　together。　　I　wish　to　submit　the　following

local　item；　from　a　Mannheim　journal；　by　way　of　illustration：



〃In　the　daybeforeyesterdayshortlyaftereleveno'clock　Night；

the　inthistownstandingtavern　called　'The　Wagoner'　was　downburnt。　

When　the　fire　to　the　onthedownburninghouseresting　Stork's

Nest　reached；　flew　the　parent　Storks　away。　　But　when

the　bytheraging；　firesurrounded　Nest　ITSELF　caught　Fire；

straightway　plunged　the　quickreturning　Mother…Stork　into

the　Flames　and　died；　her　Wings　over　her　young　ones　outspread。〃



Even　the　cumbersome　German　construction　is　not　able　to

take　the　pathos　out　of　that　pictureindeed；　it　somehow

seems　to　strengthen　it。　　This　item　is　dated　away　back

yonder　months　ago。　　I　could　have　used　it　sooner；　but　I

was　waiting　to　hear　from　the　Father…stork。　I　am　still　waiting。　



〃ALS