the.world.is.flat-第86部分

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when　we　go　to　Disney　World　that　the　man　in　the　Mickey　Mouse　outfit　is　not　wearing　
a　bomb…laden　vest　underneath；　we　trust　when　we　get　on　the　shuttle　flight　from　Boston　
to　New　York　that　the　foreign　student　seated　next　to　us　isn't　going　to　blow　up　his　
tennis　shoes。　Without　trust；　there　is　no　open　society；　because　there　are　not　enough　
police　to　patrol　every　opening　in　an　open　society。　Without　trust；　there　can　also　be　
no　flat　world；　because　it　is　trust　that　allows　us　to　take　down　walls；　remove　barriers；　
and　eliminate　friction　at　borders。　Trust　is　essential　for　a　flat　world；　where　you　
have　supply　chains　involving　ten；　a　hundred；　or　a　thousand　people；　most　of　whom　have　
never　met　face…to…face。　The　more　open　societies　are　exposed　to　indiscriminate　
terrorism；　the　more　trust　is　removed；　and　the　more　open　societies　will　erect　walls　
and　dig　moats　instead。　


The　founders　of　al…Qaeda　are　not　religious　fundamentalists　per　se。　That　is；　they　are　
not　focused　simply　on　the　relationship　between　themselves　and　God；　and　on　the　values　
and　cultural　norms　of　the　religious　community。　They　are　a　political　phenomenon　more　
than　a　religious　one。　I　like　to　call　them　Islamo…Leninists。　I　use　the　term　〃Leninists〃　
to　convey　the　utopian…totalitarian　vision　of　al…Qaeda　as　well　its　self…image。　As　
al…Qaeda's　chief　ideologist；　Ayman　al…Zawahiri；　has　put　it；　al…Qaeda　is　the　
ideological　vanguard；　whose　attacks　on　the　United　States　and　other　Western　targets　
are　designed　to　mobilize　and　energize　the　Muslim　masses　to　rise　up　against　their　own　
corrupt　rulers；　who　are　propped　up　by　America。　Like　all　good　Leninists；　the　
Islamo…Leninists　are　certain　that　the　Muslim　masses　are　deeply　dissatisfied　with　
their　lot　and　that　one　or　two　spectacular　acts　of　jihad　against　the　〃pillars　of　
tyranny〃　in　the　West　will　spark　them　to　overthrow　the　secularizing；　immoral；　and　
unjust　Arab…　
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Muslim　regimes　that　have　defiled　Islam。　In　their　place；　the　Islamo…Leninists；　however；　
do　not　want　to　establish　a　workers'　paradise　but　rather　a　religious　paradise。　They　
vow　to　establish　an　Islamic　state　across　the　same　territory　that　Islam　ruled　over　
at　its　height；　led　by　a　caliph；　a　supreme　religious…political　leader；　who　would　unite　
all　the　Muslim　peoples　into　a　single　community。　
Islamo…Leninism；　in　many　ways；　emerged　from　the　same　historical　context　as　the　radical　
European　ideologies　of　the　nineteenth　and　twentieth　centuries。　Fascism　and　
Marxist…Leninism　grew　out　ofthe　rapid　industrialization　and　modernization　ofGermany　
and　Central　Europe；　where　communities　living　in　tightly　bonded　villages　and　extended　
families　suddenly　got　shattered　and　the　sons　and　fathers　went　off　to　the　urban　areas　
to　work　for　big　industrial　companies。　In　this　age　of　transitions；　young　men　in　
particular　lost　a　sense　of　identity；　rootedness；　and　personal　dignity　that　had　been　
provided　by　traditional　social　structures。　In　that　vacuum；　along　came　Hitler；　Lenin；　
and　Mussolini；　who　told　these　young　men　that　they　had　an　answer　for　their　feelings　
of　dislocation　and　humiliation：　You　may　not　be　in　the　village　or　small　town　anymore；　
but　you　are　still　proud；　dignified　members　of　a　larger　community…the　working　class；　
or　the　Aryan　nation。　
Bin　Laden　offered　the　same　sort　of　ideological　response　for　young　Arabs　and　Muslims。　
The　first　person　to　recognize　the　Islamo…Leninist　character　of　these　9/11　
hijackers…that　they　were　not　fundamentalists　but　adherents　of　an　extreme；　violent　
political　cult…was　Adrian　Karatnycky；　the　president　of　Freedom　House。　In　a　November　
5；　2001；　article　in　the　National　Review；　titled　〃Under　Our　Very　Noses；〃　Karatnycky　
makes　the　following　argument：　〃The　key　hijackers。。。　were　well…educated　children　of　
privilege。　None　of　them　suffered　first…hand　economic　privation　or　political　
oppression。〃　And　none　of　them　seem　to　have　been　raised　in　a　particularly　
fundamentalist　household。　Indeed；　the　top　9/11　operatives　and　pilots；　like　Mohammed　
Atta　and　Marwan　al…Shehhi；　who　shared　an　apartment　in　Hamburg；　where　they　both　
attended　the　Technical　University　of　Hamburg…Harburg；　all　seem　to　have　been　recruited　
to　al…Qaeda　through　cells　and　prayer　groups…after　they　moved　to　Europe。　
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None　of　these　plotters　was　recruited　in　the　Middle　East　and　then　planted　in　Europe　
years　in　advance　by　bin　Laden；　notes　Karatnycky。　To　the　contrary；　virtually　all　of　
them　seem　to　have　lived　in　Europe　on　their　own；　grown　alienated　from　the　European　
society　around　them；　gravitated　to　a　local　prayer　group　or　mosque　to　find　warmth　and　
solidarity；　undergone　a　〃born…again〃　conversion；　gotten　radicalized　by　Islamist　
elements；　gone　off　for　training　in　Afghanistan；　and　presto；　a　terrorist　was　born。　
Their　discovery　of　religion　was　not　just　part　of　a　personal　search　for　meaning。　It　
went　far　beyond　fundamentalism。　They　converted　Islam　into　a　political　ideology；　a　
religious　totalitarianism。　Had　the　9/11　hijackers　been　students　at　Berkeley　in　the　
early　1970's；　they　would　have　been　Trotskyite　radicals。　〃To　understand　the　September　
11　terrorists；　we　should　have　in　mind　the　profile　of　the　classic　revolutionary：　
deracinated；　middle　class；　shaped　in　part　by　exile。　In　other　words；　the　image　of　Lenin　
in　Zurich；　or　of　Pol　Pot　or　Ho　Chi　Minh　in　Paris　。　。　。　For　them　Islamism　is　the　new　
universal　revolutionary　creed；　and　bin　Laden　is　Sheikh　Guevara；〃　writes　Karatnycky。　
〃Like　the　leaders　of　America's　Weather　Underground；　Germany's　Baader…Meinhof　Gang；　
Italy's　Red　Brigades；　and　Japan's　Red　Army　Faction；　the　Islamic　terrorists　were　
university…educated　converts　to　an　all…encompassing　neo…totalitarian　ideology。〃　
My　friend　Abdallah　Schleifer；　a　journalism　professor　in　Cairo；　actually　knew　Ayman　
al…Zawahiri；　bin　Laden's　number　two　and　chief　ideologue；　when　al…Zawahiri　was　a　young　
doctor　on　his　way　to　becoming　a　young　neo…Leninist　Muslim　revolutionary。　〃Ayman　was　
attracted　from　the　time　he　was　a　teenager　into　a　Utopian　vision　of　an　Islamic　state；〃　
Schleifer　told　me　on　a　visit　to　Cairo。　But　instead　of　being　drawn　to　the　traditional　
concern　of　religion…the　relationship　between　oneself　and　God…al…Zawahiri　became　
drawn　to　religion　as　a　political　ideology。　Like　a　good　Marxist　or　Leninist；　
al…Zawahiri　was　interested　in　〃building　the　Kingdom　of　God　on　earth；〃　said　Schleifer；　
and　Islamism　became　his　Marxism…his　〃utopian　ideology。〃　And　where　Mohammed　Atta　meets　
al…Zawahiri　is　the　intersection　where　rage　and　humiliation　meet　the　ideology　that　
is　going　to　make　it　all　right。　〃Ayman　is　saying　to　someone　like　Mohammed　Atta；　'You　
see　injustice？　We　have　a　system…a　system；　mind　

you；　a　system…that　will　give　you　＇justice＇；　not　a　religion；　because　religion　gives　
you　inner　peace。'　It　doesn't　necessarily　solve　any　social　problem。　But　＇al…Zawahiri＇　
is　saying　we　have　a　system　that　will　give　you　justice。　You　feel　frustration？　We　have　
a　system　that　will　enable　you　to　flower。　The　system　is　what　we　call　Islamism…an　
ideological；　highly　politicized　Islam；　in　which　the　spiritual　content…the　personal　
relationship　＇with　God＇　…　is　taken　out　of　Islam　and　instead　it　is　transformed　into　
a　religious　ideology　like　fascism　or　communism。〃　But　unlike　the　Leninists；　who　wanted　
to　install　the　reign　of　the　perfect　class；　the　working　class；　and　unlike　Nazis；　who　
wanted　to　install　the　reign　of　the　perfect　race；　the　Aryan　race；　bin　Laden　and　
al…Zawahiri　wanted　to　install　the　reign　of　the　perfect　religion。　
Unfortunately；　bin　Laden　and　his　colleagues　have　found　it　all　too　easy　to　enlist　
recruits　in　the　Arab…Muslim　world。　I　think　this　has　to　do；　in　part；　with　the　state　
of　half…flatness　that　many　Arab…Muslim　young　people　are　living　in；　particularly　those　
in　Europe。　They　have　been　raised　to　believe　that　Islam　is　the　most　perfect　and　complete　


expression　of　God's　monotheistic　message　and　that　the　Prophet　Muhammed　is　God's　last　
and　most　perfect　messenger。　This　is　not　a　criticism。　This　is　Islam's　self…identity。　
Yet；　in　a　flat　world；　these　youth；　particularly　those　living　in　Europe；　can　and　do　
look　around　and　see　that　the　Arab…Muslim　world；　in　too　many　cases；　has　fallen　behind　
the　rest　of　the　planet。　It　is　not　living　as　prosperously　or　democratically　as　other　
civilizations。　How　can　that　be？　these　young　Arabs　and　Muslims　must　ask　themselves。　
If　we　have　the　superior　faith；　and　if　our　faith　is　all　encompassing　of　religion；　
politics；　and　economics；　why　are　others　living　so　much　better？　
This　is　a　source　of　real　cognitive　dissonance　for　many　Arab…Muslim　youth…the　sort　
of　dissonance；　and　loss　of　self…esteem；　that　sparks　rage；　and　leads　some　of　them　to　
join　violent　groups　and　lash　out　at　the　world。　It　is　also　the　sort　of　dissonance　that　
leads　many　others；　average　folks；to　give　radicalgroups　like　al…Qaeda　passive　support。　
Again；　the　flattening　of　the　world　only　sharpens　that　dissonance　by　making　the　
backwardness　of　the　Arab…Muslim　region；　compared　to　others；　impossible　to　ignore。　
It　has　become　so　impossible　to　ignore　that　some　Arab…Muslim　intellectuals　have　started　
to　point　out　this　backwardness　with　brutal　honesty　and　to　demand　

solutions。　They　do　this　in　defiance　of　their　authoritarian　governments；　who　prefer　
to　use　their　media　not　to　encourage　honest　debate；　but　rather　to　blame　all　their　
problems　on　others…on　America；　on　Israel；　or　on　a　legacy　of　Western　colonialism…on　
anything　and　anyone　but　the　dead　hand　of　these　authoritarian　regimes。　
According　to　the　second　Arab　Human　Development　Report；　which　was　written　in　2003　for　
the　United　Nations　Development　Program　by　a　group　of　courageous　Arab　social　scientists；　
between　1980　and　1999；　Arab　countries　produced　171　international　patents。　South　Korea　
alone　during　that　same　period　registered　16；328　patents。　Hewlett…Packard　registers；　
on　average；　11　new　patents　a　day。　The　average　number　of　scientists　and　engineers　
working　in　research　and　development　in　the　Arab　countries　is　371　per　million　people；　
while　the　world　average；　including　countries　in　Africa；　Asia；　and　Latin　America；　is　
979；　the　report　said。　This　helps　to　explain　why　although　massive　amounts　of　foreign　
technology　are　imported　to　the　Arab　regions；　very　little　of　it　is　internalized　or　
supplanted　by　Arab　innovat