the golden bough-第215部分

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ugh　it　would　seem　that　the　community　to　which　the　chief's　son　thus　obtained　admission　was　not　so　much　a　totem　clan　as　a　secret　society　called　Tlokoala；　whose　members　imitated　wolves。　Every　new　member　of　the　society　must　be　initiated　by　the　wolves。　At　night　a　pack　of　wolves；　personated　by　Indians　dressed　in　wolf…skins　and　wearing　wolf…masks；　make　their　appearance；　seize　the　novice；　and　carry　him　into　the　woods。　When　the　wolves　are　heard　outside　the　village；　coming　to　fetch　away　the　novice；　all　the　members　of　the　society　blacken　their　faces　and　sing；　Among　all　the　tribes　is　great　excitement；　because　I　am　Tlokoala。　Next　day　the　wolves　bring　back　the　novice　dead；　and　the　members　of　the　society　have　to　revive　him。　The　wolves　are　supposed　to　have　put　a　magic　stone　into　his　body；　which　must　be　removed　before　he　can　come　to　life。　Till　this　is　done　the　pretended　corpse　is　left　lying　outside　the　house。　Two　wizards　go　and　remove　the　stone；　which　appears　to　be　quartz；　and　then　the　novice　is　resuscitated。　Among　the　Niska　Indians　of　British　Columbia；　who　are　divided　into　four　principal　clans　with　the　raven；　the　wolf；　the　eagle；　and　the　bear　for　their　respective　totems；　the　novice　at　initiation　is　always　brought　back　by　an　artificial　totem　animal。　Thus　when　a　man　was　about　to　be　initiated　into　a　secret　society　called　Olala；　his　friends　drew　their　knives　and　pretended　to　kill　him。　In　reality　they　let　him　slip　away；　while　they　cut　off　the　head　of　a　dummy　which　had　been　adroitly　substituted　for　him。　Then　they　laid　the　decapitated　dummy　down　and　covered　it　over；　and　the　women　began　to　mourn　and　wail。　His　relations　gave　a　funeral　banquet　and　solemnly　burnt　the　effigy。　In　short；　they　held　a　regular　funeral。　For　a　whole　year　the　novice　remained　absent　and　was　seen　by　none　but　members　of　the　secret　society。　But　at　the　end　of　that　time　he　came　back　alive；　carried　by　an　artificial　animal　which　represented　his　totem。

In　these　ceremonies　the　essence　of　the　rite　appears　to　be　the　killing　of　the　novice　in　his　character　of　a　man　and　his　restoration　to　life　in　the　form　of　the　animal　which　is　thenceforward　to　be；　if　not　his　guardian　spirit；　at　least　linked　to　him　in　a　peculiarly　intimate　relation。　It　is　to　be　remembered　that　the　Indians　of　Guatemala；　whose　life　was　bound　up　with　an　animal；　were　supposed　to　have　the　power　of　appearing　in　the　shape　of　the　particular　creature　with　which　they　were　thus　sympathetically　united。　Hence　it　seems　not　unreasonable　to　conjecture　that　in　like　manner　the　Indians　of　British　Columbia　may　imagine　that　their　life　depends　on　the　life　of　some　one　of　that　species　of　creature　to　which　they　assimilate　themselves　by　their　costume。　At　least　if　that　is　not　an　article　of　belief　with　the　Columbian　Indians　of　the　present　day；　it　may　very　well　have　been　so　with　their　ancestors　in　the　past；　and　thus　may　have　helped　to　mould　the　rites　and　ceremonies　both　of　the　totem　clans　and　of　the　secret　societies。　For　though　these　two　sorts　of　communities　differ　in　respect　of　the　mode　in　which　membership　of　them　is　obtaineda　man　being　born　into　his　totem　clan　but　admitted　into　a　secret　society　later　in　lifewe　can　hardly　doubt　that　they　are　near　akin　and　have　their　root　in　the　same　mode　of　thought。　That　thought；　if　I　am　right；　is　the　possibility　of　establishing　a　sympathetic　relation　with　an　animal；　a　spirit；　or　other　mighty　being；　with　whom　a　man　deposits　for　safe…keeping　his　soul　or　some　part　of　it；　and　from　whom　he　receives　in　return　a　gift　of　magical　powers。

Thus；　on　the　theory　here　suggested；　wherever　totemism　is　found；　and　wherever　a　pretence　is　made　of　killing　and　bringing　to　life　again　the　novice　at　initiation；　there　may　exist　or　have　existed　not　only　a　belief　in　the　possibility　of　permanently　depositing　the　soul　in　some　external　objectanimal；　plant；　or　what　notbut　an　actual　intention　of　so　doing。　If　the　question　is　put；　why　do　men　desire　to　deposit　their　life　outside　their　bodies？　the　answer　can　only　be　that；　like　the　giant　in　the　fairy　tale；　they　think　it　safer　to　do　so　than　to　carry　it　about　with　them；　just　as　people　deposit　their　money　with　a　banker　rather　than　carry　it　on　their　persons。　We　have　seen　that　at　critical　periods　the　life　or　soul　is　sometimes　temporarily　stowed　away　in　a　safe　place　till　the　danger　is　past。　But　institutions　like　totemism　are　not　resorted　to　merely　on　special　occasions　of　danger；　they　are　systems　into　which　every　one；　or　at　least　every　male；　is　obliged　to　be　initiated　at　a　certain　period　of　life。　Now　the　period　of　life　at　which　initiation　takes　place　is　regularly　puberty；　and　this　fact　suggests　that　the　special　danger　which　totemism　and　systems　like　it　are　intended　to　obviate　is　supposed　not　to　arise　till　sexual　maturity　has　been　attained；　in　fact；　that　the　danger　apprehended　is　believed　to　attend　the　relation　of　the　sexes　to　each　other。　It　would　be　easy　to　prove　by　a　long　array　of　facts　that　the　sexual　relation　is　associated　in　the　primitive　mind　with　many　serious　perils；　but　the　exact　nature　of　the　danger　apprehended　is　still　obscure。　We　may　hope　that　a　more　exact　acquaintance　with　savage　modes　of　thought　will　in　time　disclose　this　central　mystery　of　primitive　society；　and　will　thereby　furnish　the　clue；　not　only　to　totemism；　but　to　the　origin　of　the　marriage　system。

Chapter　68。　The　Golden　Bough

THUS　the　view　that　Balder's　life　was　in　the　mistletoe　is　entirely　in　harmony　with　primitive　modes　of　thought。　It　may　indeed　sound　like　a　contradiction　that；　if　his　life　was　in　the　mistletoe；　he　should　nevertheless　have　been　killed　by　a　blow　from　the　plant。　But　when　a　person's　life　is　conceived　as　embodied　in　a　particular　object；　with　the　existence　of　which　his　own　existence　is　inseparably　bound　up；　and　the　destruction　of　which　involves　his　own；　the　object　in　question　may　be　regarded　and　spoken　of　indifferently　as　his　life　or　his　death；　as　happens　in　the　fairy　tales。　Hence　if　a　man's　death　is　in　an　object；　it　is　perfectly　natural　that　he　should　be　killed　by　a　blow　from　it。　In　the　fairy　tales　Koshchei　the　Deathless　is　killed　by　a　blow　from　the　egg　or　the　stone　in　which　his　life　or　death　is　secreted；　the　ogres　burst　when　a　certain　grain　of　sanddoubtless　containing　their　life　or　deathis　carried　over　their　heads；　the　magician　dies　when　the　stone　in　which　his　life　or　death　is　contained　is　put　under　his　pillow；　and　the　Tartar　hero　is　warned　that　he　may　be　killed　by　the　golden　arrow　or　golden　sword　in　which　his　soul　has　been　stowed　away。

The　idea　that　the　life　of　the　oak　was　in　the　mistletoe　was　probably　suggested；　as　I　have　said；　by　the　observation　that　in　winter　the　mistletoe　growing　on　the　oak　remains　green　while　the　oak　itself　is　leafless。　But　the　position　of　the　plantgrowing　not　from　the　ground　but　from　the　trunk　or　branches　of　the　treemight　confirm　this　idea。　Primitive　man　might　think　that；　like　himself；　the　oak…spirit　had　sought　to　deposit　his　life　in　some　safe　place；　and　for　this　purpose　had　pitched　on　the　mistletoe；　which；　being　in　a　sense　neither　on　earth　nor　in　heaven；　might　be　supposed　to　be　fairly　out　of　harm's　way。　In　a　former　chapter　we　saw　that　primitive　man　seeks　to　preserve　the　life　of　his　human　divinities　by　keeping　them　poised　between　earth　and　heaven；　as　the　place　where　they　are　least　likely　to　be　assailed　by　the　dangers　that　encompass　the　life　of　man　on　earth。　We　can　therefore　understand　why　it　has　been　a　rule　both　of　ancient　and　of　modern　folk…medicine　that　the　mistletoe　should　not　be　allowed　to　touch　the　ground；　were　it　to　touch　the　ground；　its　healing　virtue　would　be　gone。　This　may　be　a　survival　of　the　old　superstition　that　the　plant　in　which　the　life　of　the　sacred　tree　was　concentrated　should　not　be　exposed　to　the　risk　incurred　by　contact　with　the　earth。　In　an　Indian　legend；　which　offers　a　parallel　to　the　Balder　myth；　Indra　swore　to　the　demon　Namuci　that　he　would　slay　him　neither　by　day　nor　by　night；　neither　with　staff　nor　with　bow；　neither　with　the　palm　of　the　hand　nor　with　the　fist；　neither　with　the　wet　nor　with　the　dry。　But　he　killed　him　in　the　morning　twilight　by　sprinkling　over　him　the　foam　of　the　sea。　The　foam　of　the　sea　is　just　such　an　object　as　a　savage　might　choose　to　put　his　life　in；　because　it　occupies　that　sort　of　intermediate　or　nondescript　position　between　earth　and　sky　or　sea　and　sky　in　which　primitive　man　sees　safety。　It　is　therefore　not　surprising　that　the　foam　of　the　river　should　be　the　totem　of　a　clan　in　India。

Again；　the　view　that　the　mistletoe　owes　its　mystic　character　partly　to　its　not　growing　on　the　ground　is　confirmed　by　a　parallel　superstition　about　the　mountain…ash　or　rowan…tree。　In　Jutland　a　rowan　that　is　found　growing　out　of　the　top　of　another　tree　is　esteemed　exceedingly　effective　against　witchcraft：　since　it　does　not　grow　on　the　ground　witches　have　no　power　over　it；　if　it　is　to　have　its　full　effect　it　must　be　cut　on　Ascension　Day。　Hence　it　is　placed　over　doors　to　prevent　the　ingress　of　witches。　In　Sweden　and　Norway；　also；　magical　properties　are　ascribed　to　a　flying…rowan　（fl？gr？nn）；　that　is　to　a　rowan　which　is　found　growing　not　in　the　ordinary　fashion　on　the　ground　but　on　another　tree；　or　on　a　roof；　or　in　a　cleft　of　the　rock；　where　it　has　sprouted　from　seed　scattered　by　birds。　They　say　that　a　man　who　is　out　in　the　dark　should　have　a　bit　of　flying…rowan　with　him　to　chew；　else　he　runs　a　risk　of　being　bewitched　and　of　being　unable　to　stir　from　the　spot。　Just　as　in　Scandinavia　the　parasitic　rowan　is　deemed　a　countercharm　to　sorcery；　so　in　Germany　the　parasitic　mistletoe　is　still　commonly　considered　a　protection　against　witch…craft；　and　in　Sweden；　as　we　saw；　the　mistletoe　which　is　gathered　on　Midsummer　Eve　is　attached　to　the　ceiling　of　the　house；　the　horse's　stall　or　the　cow's　crib；　in　the　belief　that　this　renders　the　Troll　powerless　to　injure　man　or　beast。

The　view　that　the　mistletoe　was　not　merely　the　instrument　of　Balder's　death；　but　that　it　contained　his　life；　is　countenanced　by　the　analogy　of　a　Scottish　superstition。　Tradition　ran　that　the　fate　of　the　Hays　of　Errol；　an　estate　in　Perthshire；　near　the　Firth　of　Tay；　was　bound　up　with　the　mistletoe　that　grew　on　a　certain　great　oak。　A　member　of　the　Hay　family　has　recorded　the　old　belief　as　follows：　Among　the　low　country　families　the　badges　are　now　almost　generally　forgotten；　but　it　appears　by　an　ancient　MS。；　and　the　tradition