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are　treat　their　king　thus；　threw　down　their　bows。　　Smith；　still　holding　the　King　by　the　hair；　made　them　a　bold　address；　offering　peace　or　war。　　They　chose　peace。

In　the　picture　of　this　remarkable　scene　in　the　〃General　Historie；〃　the　savage　is　represented　as　gigantic　in　stature；　big　enough　to　crush　the　little　Smith　in　an　instant　if　he　had　but　chosen。　　Having　given　the　savages　the　choice　to　load　his　ship　with　corn　or　to　load　it　himself　with　their　dead　carcasses；　the　Indians　so　thronged　in　with　their　commodities　that　Smith　was　tired　of　receiving　them；　and　leaving　his　comrades　to　trade；　he　lay　down　to　rest。　　When　he　was　asleep　the　Indians；　armed　some　with　clubs；　and　some　with　old　English　swords；　entered　into　the　house。　　Smith　awoke　in　time；　seized　his　arms；　and　others　coming　to　his　rescue；　they　cleared　the　house。

While　enduring　these　perils；　sad　news　was　brought　from　Jamestown。　Mr。　Scrivener；　who　had　letters　from　England　（writes　Smith）　urging　him　to　make　himself　Caesar　or　nothing；　declined　in　his　affection　for　Smith；　and　began　to　exercise　extra　authority。　　Against　the　advice　of　the　others；　he　needs　must　make　a　journey　to　the　Isle　of　Hogs；　taking　with　him　in　the　boat　Captain　Waldo；　Anthony　Gosnoll　（or　Gosnold；　believed　to　be　a　relative　of　Captain　Bartholomew　Gosnold）；　and　eight　others。　　The　boat　was　overwhelmed　in　a　storm；　and　sunk；　no　one　knows　how　or　where。　　The　savages　were　the　first　to　discover　the　bodies　of　the　lost。　　News　of　this　disaster　was　brought　to　Captain　Smith　（who　did　not　disturb　the　rest　by　making　it　known）　by　Richard　Wiffin；　who　encountered　great　dangers　on　the　way。　　Lodging　overnight　at　Powhatan's；　he　saw　great　preparations　for　war；　and　found　himself　in　peril。　　Pocahontas　hid　him　for　a　time；　and　by　her　means；　and　extraordinary　bribes；　in　three　days'　travel　he　reached　Smith。

Powhatan；　according　to　Smith；　threatened　death　to　his　followers　if　they　did　not　kill　Smith。　　At　one　time　swarms　of　natives；　unarmed；　came　bringing　great　supplies　of　provisions；　this　was　to　put　Smith　off　his　guard；　surround　him　with　hundreds　of　savages；　and　slay　him　by　an　ambush。　　But　he　also　laid　in　ambush　and　got　the　better　of　the　crafty　foe　with　a　superior　craft。　　They　sent　him　poisoned　food；　which　made　his　company　sick；　but　was　fatal　to　no　one。　　Smith　apologizes　for　temporizing　with　the　Indians　at　this　time；　by　explaining　that　his　purpose　was　to　surprise　Powhatan　and　his　store　of　provisions。　　But　when　they　stealthily　stole　up　to　the　seat　of　that　crafty　chief；　they　found　that　those　〃damned　Dutchmen〃　had　caused　Powhatan　to　abandon　his　new　house　at　Werowocomoco；　and　to　carry　away　all　his　corn　and　provisions。

The　reward　of　this　wearisome　winter　campaign　was　two　hundred　weight　of　deer…suet　and　four　hundred　and　seventy…nine　bushels　of　corn　for　the　general　store。　　They　had　not　to　show　such　murdering　and　destroying　as　the　Spaniards　in　their　〃relations；〃　nor　heaps　and　mines　of　gold　and　silver；　the　land　of　Virginia　was　barbarous　and　ill…　planted；　and　without　precious　jewels；　but　no　Spanish　relation　could　show；　with　such　scant　means；　so　much　country　explored；　so　many　natives　reduced　to　obedience；　with　so　little　bloodshed。




XII

TRIALS　OF　THE　SETTLEMENT

Without　entering　at　all　into　the　consideration　of　the　character　of　the　early　settlers　of　Virginia　and　of　Massachusetts；　one　contrast　forces　itself　upon　the　mind　as　we　read　the　narratives　of　the　different　plantations。　　In　Massachusetts　there　was　from　the　beginning　a　steady　purpose　to　make　a　permanent　settlement　and　colony；　and　nearly　all　those　who　came　over　worked；　with　more　or　less　friction；　with　this　end　before　them。　　The　attempt　in　Virginia　partook　more　of　the　character　of　a　temporary　adventure。　　In　Massachusetts　from　the　beginning　a　commonwealth　was　in　view。　　In　Virginia；　although　the　London　promoters　desired　a　colony　to　be　fixed　that　would　be　profitable　to　themselves；　and　many　of　the　adventurers；　Captain　Smith　among　them；　desired　a　permanent　planting；　a　great　majority　of　those　who　went　thither　had　only　in　mind　the　advantages　of　trade；　the　excitement　of　a　free　and　licentious　life；　and　the　adventure　of　something　new　and　startling。　　It　was　long　before　the　movers　in　it　gave　up　the　notion　of　discovering　precious　metals　or　a　short　way　to　the　South　Sea。　　The　troubles　the　primitive　colony　endured　resulted　quite　as　much　from　its　own　instability　of　purpose；　recklessness；　and　insubordination　as　from　the　hostility　of　the　Indians。　　The　majority　spent　their　time　in　idleness；　quarreling；　and　plotting　mutiny。

The　ships　departed　for　England　in　December；　1608。　　When　Smith　returned　from　his　expedition　for　food　in　the　winter　of　1609；　he　found　that　all　the　provision　except　what　he　had　gathered　was　so　rotted　from　the　rain；　and　eaten　by　rats　and　worms；　that　the　hogs　would　scarcely　eat　it。　　Yet　this　had　been　the　diet　of　the　soldiers；　who　had　consumed　the　victuals　and　accomplished　nothing　except　to　let　the　savages　have　the　most　of　the　tools　and　a　good　part　of　the　arms。

Taking　stock　of　what　he　brought　in；　Smith　found　food　enough　to　last　till　the　next　harvest；　and　at　once　organized　the　company　into　bands　of　ten　or　fifteen；　and　compelled　them　to　go　to　work。　　Six　hours　a　day　were　devoted　to　labor；　and　the　remainder　to　rest　and　merry　exercises。　Even　with　this　liberal　allowance　of　pastime　a　great　part　of　the　colony　still　sulked。　　Smith　made　them　a　short　address；　exhibiting　his　power　in　the　letters…patent；　and　assuring　them　that　he　would　enforce　discipline　and　punish　the　idle　and　froward；　telling　them　that　those　that　did　not　work　should　not　eat；　and　that　the　labor　of　forty　or　fifty　industrious　men　should　not　be　consumed　to　maintain　a　hundred　and　fifty　idle　loiterers。　　He　made　a　public　table　of　good　and　bad　conduct；　but　even　with　this　inducement　the　worst　had　to　be　driven　to　work　by　punishment　or　the　fear　of　it。

The　Dutchmen　with　Powhatan　continued　to　make　trouble；　and　confederates　in　the　camp　supplied　them　with　powder　and　shot；　swords　and　tools。　　Powhatan　kept　the　whites　who　were　with　him　to　instruct　the　Indians　in　the　art　of　war。　　They　expected　other　whites　to　join　them；　and　those　not　coming；　they　sent　Francis；　their　companion；　disguised　as　an　Indian；　to　find　out　the　cause。　　He　came　to　the　Glass　house　in　the　woods　a　mile　from　Jamestown；　which　was　the　rendezvous　for　all　their　villainy。　　Here　they　laid　an　ambush　of　forty　men　for　Smith；　who　hearing　of　the　Dutchman；　went　thither　to　apprehend　him。　The　rascal　had　gone；　and　Smith；　sending　twenty　soldiers　to　follow　and　capture　him；　started　alone　from　the　Glass　house　to　return　to　the　fort。　　And　now　occurred　another　of　those　personal　adventures　which　made　Smith　famous　by　his　own　narration。

On　his　way　he　encountered　the　King　of　Paspahegh；　〃a　most　strong；　stout　savage；〃　who；　seeing　that　Smith　had　only　his　falchion；　attempted　to　shoot　him。　　Smith　grappled　him；　the　savage　prevented　his　drawing　his　blade；　and　bore　him　into　the　river　to　drown　him。　　Long　they　struggled　in　the　water；　when　the　President　got　the　savage　by　the　throat　and　nearly　strangled　him；　and　drawing　his　weapon；　was　about　to　cut　off　his　head；　when　the　King　begged　his　life　so　pitifully；　that　Smith　led　him　prisoner　to　the　fort　and　put　him　in　chains。

In　the　pictures　of　this　achievement；　the　savage　is　represented　as　about　twice　the　size　and　stature　of　Smith；　another　illustration　that　this　heroic　soul　was　never　contented　to　take　one　of　his　size。

The　Dutchman　was　captured；　who；　notwithstanding　his　excuses　that　he　had　escaped　from　Powhatan　and　did　not　intend　to　return；　but　was　only　walking　in　the　woods　to　gather　walnuts；　on　the　testimony　of　Paspahegh　of　his　treachery；　was　also　〃laid　by　the　heels。〃　　Smith　now　proposed　to　Paspahegh　to　spare　his　life　if　he　would　induce　Powhatan　to　send　back　the　renegade　Dutchmen。　　The　messengers　for　this　purpose　reported　that　the　Dutchmen；　though　not　detained　by　Powhatan；　would　not　come；　and　the　Indians　said　they　could　not　bring　them　on　their　backs　fifty　miles　through　the　woods。　　Daily　the　King's　wives；　children；　and　people　came　to　visit　him；　and　brought　presents　to　procure　peace　and　his　release。　　While　this　was　going　on；　the　King；　though　fettered；　escaped。　　A　pursuit　only　resulted　in　a　vain　fight　with　the　Indians。　Smith　then　made　prisoners　of　two　Indians　who　seemed　to　be　hanging　around　the　camp；　Kemps　and　Tussore；　〃the　two　most　exact　villains　in　all　the　country；〃　who　would　betray　their　own　king　and　kindred　for　a　piece　of　copper；　and　sent　them　with　a　force　of　soldiers；　under　Percy；　against　Paspahegh。　　The　expedition　burned　his　house；　but　did　not　capture　the　fugitive。　　Smith　then　went　against　them　himself；　killed　six　or　seven；　burned　their　houses；　and　took　their　boats　and　fishing　wires。　　Thereupon　the　savages　sued　for　peace；　and　an　amnesty　was　established　that　lasted　as　long　as　Smith　remained　in　the　country。

Another　incident　occurred　about　this　time　which　greatly　raised　Smith's　credit　in　all　that　country。　　The　Chicahomanians；　who　always　were　friendly　traders；　were　great　thieves。　　One　of　them　stole　a　Pistol；　and　two　proper　young　fellows；　brothers；　known　to　be　his　confederates；　were　apprehended。　　One　of　them　was　put　in　the　dungeon　and　the　other　sent　to　recover　the　pistol　within　twelve　hours；　in　default　of　which　his　brother　would　be　hanged。　　The　President；　pitying　the　wretched　savage　in　the　dungeon；　sent　him　some　victuals　and　charcoal　for　a　fire。　　〃Ere　midnight　his　brother　returned　with　the　pistol；　but　the　poor　savage　in　the　dungeon　was　so　smothered　with　the　smoke　he　had　made；　and　so　piteously　burnt；　that　we　found　him　dead。　The　other　most　lamentably　bewailed　his　death；　and　broke　forth　in　such　bitter　agonies；　that　the　President；　to　quiet　him；　told　him　that　if　hereafter　they　would　not　steal；　he　would　make　him　alive　again；　but　he　（Smith）　little　thought　he　could　be　recovered。〃　　Nevertheless；　by　a　liberal　use　of　aqua　vitae　and　vinegar　the　Indian　was　brought　again　to　life；　but　〃so　drunk　and　affrighted　that　he　seemed　lunatic；　the　which　as　much　tormented　and　grieved　the　other　as　before　to　see　him　dead。〃　Upon　further　promise　of　good　behavior　Smith　promised　to　bring　the　Indian　out　of　this　malady　also；　and　so　laid　him　by　a　fire　to　sleep。　In　the　morning　the　savage　had　recovered　his　perfect　senses；　his　wounds　were　dressed；　and　the　brothers　with　presents　of　copper　were　sent　away　well　contented。