anomalies and curiosities of medicine-第119部分

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usicians；　one　of　whom　always　perceived　in　the　affected　ear；　during　damp　weather；　tones　an　octave　lower　than　in　the　other　ear。　The　other　musician　perceived　tones　an　octave　higher　in　the　affected　ear。　Cheyne　is　quoted　as　mentioning　a　case　in　which；　when　the　subject　heard　the　noise　of　a　drum；　blood　jetted　from　the　veins　with　considerable　force。　Sauvages　has　seen　a　young　man　in　whom　intense　headache　and　febrile　paroxysm　were　only　relieved　by　the　noise　from　a　beaten　drum。　Esparron　has　mentioned　an　infant　in　whom　an　ataxic　fever　was　established　by　the　noise　of　this　instrument。　Ephemerides　contains　an　account　of　a　young　man　who　became　nervous　and　had　the　sense　of　suffocation　when　he　heard　the　noise　made　by　sweeping。　Zimmerman　speaks　of　a　young　girl　who　had　convulsions　when　she　heard　the　rustling　of　oiled　silk。　Boyle；　the　father　of　chemistry；　could　not　conquer　an　aversion　he　had　to　the　sound　of　water　running　through　pipes。　A　gentleman　of　the　Court　of　the　Emperor　Ferdinand　suffered　epistaxis　when　he　heard　a　cat　mew。　La　Mothe　Le　Vayer　could　not　endure　the　sounds　of　musical　instruments；　although　he　experienced　pleasurable　sensations　when　he　heard　a　clap　of　thunder。　It　is　said　that　a　chaplain　in　England　always　had　a　sensation　of　cold　at　the　top　of　his　head　when　he　read　the　53d　chapter　of　Isaiah　and　certain　verses　of　the　Kings。　There　was　an　unhappy　wight　who　could　not　hear　his　own　name　pronounced　without　being　thrown　into　convulsions。　Marguerite　of　Valois；　sister　of　Francis　I；　could　never　utter　the　words　〃mort〃　or　〃petite　verole；〃　such　a　horrible　aversion　had　she　to　death　and　small…pox。　According　to　Campani；　the　Chevalier　Alcantara　could　never　say　〃lana；〃　or　words　pertaining　to　woolen　clothing。　Hippocrates　says　that　a　certain　Nicanor　had　the　greatest　horror　of　the　sound　of　the　flute　at　night；　although　it　delighted　him　in　the　daytime。　Rousseau　reports　a　Gascon　in　whom　incontinence　of　urine　was　produced　by　the　sound　of　a　bagpipe。　Frisch；　Managetta；　and　Rousse　speak　of　a　man　in　whom　the　same　effect　was　produced　by　the　sound　of　a　hurdy…gurdy。　Even　Shakespeare　alludes　to　the　effects　of　the　sound　of　bagpipes。　Tissot　mentions　a　case　in　which　music　caused　epileptic　convulsions；　and　Forestus　mentions　a　beggar　who　had　convulsions　at　the　sound　of　a　wooden　trumpet　similar　to　those　used　by　children　in　play。　Rousseau　mentions　music　as　causing　convulsive　laughter　in　a　woman。　Bayle　mentions　a　woman　who　fainted　at　the　sound　of　a　bell。　Paullini　cites　an　instance　of　vomiting　caused　by　music；　and　Marcellus　Donatus　mentions　swooning　from　the　same　cause。　Many　people　are　unable　to　bear　the　noise　caused　by　the　grating　of　a　pencil　on　a　slate；　the　filing　of　a　saw；　the　squeak　of　a　wheel　turning　about　an　axle；　the　rubbing　of　pieces　of　paper　together；　and　certain　similar　sounds。　Some　persons　find　the　tones　of　music　very　disagreeable；　and　some　animals；　particularly　dogs；　are　unable　to　endure　it。　In　Albinus　the　younger　the　slightest　perceptible　tones　were　sufficient　to　produce　an　inexplicable　anxiety。　There　was　a　certain　woman　of　fifty　who　was　fond　of　the　music　of　the　clarionet　and　flute；　but　was　not　able　to　listen　to　the　sound　of　a　bell　or　tambourine。　Frank　knew　a　man　who　ran　out　of　church　at　the　beginning　of　the　sounds　of　an　organ；　not　being　able　to　tolerate　them。　Pope　could　not　imagine　music　producing　any　pleasure。　The　harmonica　has　been　noticed　to　produce　fainting　in　females。　Fischer　says　that　music　provokes　sexual　frenzy　in　elephants。　Gutfeldt　speaks　of　a　peculiar　idiosyncrasy　of　sleep　produced　by　hearing　music。　Delisle　mentions　a　young　person　who　during　a　whole　year　passed　pieces　of　ascarides　and　tenia；　during　which　time　he　could　not　endure　music。

Autenreith　mentions　the　vibrations　of　a　loud　noise　tickling　the　fauces　to　such　an　extent　as　to　provoke　vomiting。　There　are　some　emotional　people　who　are　particularly　susceptible　to　certain　expressions。　The　widow　of　Jean　Calas　always　fell　in　a　faint　when　she　heard　the　words　of　the　death…decree　sounded　on　the　street。　There　was　a　Hanoverian　officer　in　the　Indian　war　against　Typoo…Saib；　a　good　and　brave　soldier；　who　would　feel　sick　if　he　heard　the　word　〃tiger〃　pronounced。　It　was　said　that　he　had　experienced　the　ravages　of　this　beast。

The　therapeutic　value　of　music　has　long　been　known。　For　ages　warriors　have　been　led　to　battle　to　the　sounds　of　martial　strains。　David　charmed　away　Saul's　evil　spirit　with　his　harp。　Horace　in　his　32d　Ode　Book　1；　concludes　his　address　to　the　lyre：

　　　　　〃O　laborum　　　　　Dulce　lenimen　mihicumque　calve；　　　　　Rite　vocanti；〃

Or；　as　Kiessling　of　Berlin　interprets：

　　　　　〃O　laborum；　　　　　Dulce　lenimen　medieumque；　salve；　　　　Rite　vocanti。〃

〃O；　of　our　troubles　the　sweet；　the　healing　sedative；　etc。〃　

Homer；　Plutarch；　Theophrastus；　and　Galen　say　that　music　cures　rheumatism；　the　pests；　and　stings　of　reptiles；　etc。　Diemerbroeck；　Bonet；　Baglivi；　Kercher；　and　Desault　mention　the　efficacy　of　melody　in　phthisis；　gout；　hydrophobia；　the　bites　of　venomous　reptiles；　etc。　There　is　a　case　in　the　Lancet　of　a　patient　in　convulsions　who　was　cured　in　the　paroxysm　by　hearing　the　tones　of　music。　Before　the　French　Academy　of　Sciences　in　1708；　and　again　in　1718；　there　was　an　instance　of　a　dancing…master　stricken　with　violent　fever　and　in　a　condition　of　delirium；　who　recovered　his　senses　and　health　on　hearing　melodious　music。　There　is　little　doubt　of　the　therapeutic　value　of　music；　but　particularly　do　we　find　its　value　in　instances　of　neuroses。　The　inspiration　offered　by　music　is　well…known；　and　it　is　doubtless　a　stimulant　to　the　intellectual　work。　Bacon；　Milton；　Warburton；　and　Alfieri　needed　music　to　stimulate　them　in　their　labors；　and　it　is　said　that　Bourdaloue　always　played　an　air　on　the　violin　before　preparing　to　write。

According　to　the　American　Medico…Surgical　Bulletin；　〃Professor　Tarchanoff　of　Saint　Petersburg　has　been　investigating　the　influence　of　music　upon　man　and　other　animals。　The　subject　is　by　no　means　a　new　one。　In　recent　times　Dagiel　and　Fere　have　investigated　the　effect　of　music　upon　the　respirations；　the　pulse；　and　the　muscular　system　in　man。　Professor　Tarchanoff　made　use　of　the　ergograph　of　Mosso；　and　found　that　if　the　fingers　were　completely　fatigued；　either　by　voluntary　efforts　or　by　electric　excitation；　to　the　point　of　being　incapable　of　making　any　mark　except　a　straight　line　on　the　registering　cylinder；　music　had　the　power　of　making　the　fatigue　disappear；　and　the　finger　placed　in　the　ergograph　again　commenced　to　mark　lines　of　different　heights；　according　to　the　amount　of　excitation。　It　was　also　found　that　music　of　a　sad　and　lugubrious　character　had　the　opposite　effect；　and　could　check　or　entirely　inhibit　the　contractions。　Professor　Tarchanoff　does　not　profess　to　give　any　positive　explanation　of　these　facts；　but　he　inclines　to　the　view　that　'the　voluntary　muscles；　being　furnished　with　excitomotor　and　depressant　fibers；　act　in　relation　to　the　music　similarly　to　the　heartthat　is　to　say；　that　joyful　music　resounds　along　the　excitomotor　fibers；　and　sad　music　along　the　depressant　or　inhibitory　fibers。'　Experiments　on　dogs　showed　that　music　was　capable　of　increasing　the　elimination　of　carbonic　acid　by　16。7　per　cent；　and　of　increasing　the　consumption　of　oxygen　by　20。1　per　cent。　It　was　also　found　that　music　increased　the　functional　activity　of　the　skin。　Professor　Tarchanoff　claims　as　the　result　of　these　experiments　that　music　may　fairly　be　regarded　as　a　serious　therapeutic　agent；　and　that　it　exercises　a　genuine　and　considerable　influence　over　the　functions　of　the　body。　Facts　of　this　kind　are　in　no　way　surprising；　and　are　chiefly　of　interest　as　presenting　some　physiologic　basis　for　phenomena　that　are　sufficiently　obvious。　The　influence　of　the　war…chant　upon　the　warrior　is　known　even　to　savage　tribes。　We　are　accustomed　to　regard　this　influence　simply　as　an　ordinary　case　of　psychic　stimuli　producing　physiologic　effects。

〃Professor　Tarchanoff　evidently　prefers　to　regard　the　phenomena　as　being　all　upon　the　same　plane；　namely；　that　of　physiology；　and　until　we　know　the　difference　between　mind　and　body；　and　the　principles　of　their　interaction；　it　is　obviously　impossible　to　controvert　this　view　successfully。　From　the　immediately　practical　point　of　view　we　should　not　ignore　the　possible　value　of　music　in　some　states　of　disease。　In　melancholia　and　hysteria　it　is　probably　capable　of　being　used　with　benefit；　and　it　is　worth　bearing　in　mind　in　dealing　with　insomnia。　Classical　scholars　will　not　forget　that　the　singing　of　birds　was　tried　as　a　remedy　to　overcome　the　insomnia　of　Maecenas。　Music　is　certainly　a　good　antidote　to　the　pernicious　habit　of　introspection　and　self…analysis；　which　is　often　a　curse　both　of　the　hysteric　and　of　the　highly　cultured。　It　would　seem　obviously　preferable　to　have　recourse　to　music　of　a　lively　and　cheerful　character。〃

Idiosyncrasies　of　the　visual　organs　are　generally　quite　rare。　It　is　well…known　that　among　some　of　the　lower　animals；　e。g。；　the　turkey…cocks；　buffaloes；　and　elephants；　the　color　red　is　unendurable。　Buchner　and　Tissot　mention　a　young　boy　who　had　a　paroxysm　if　he　viewed　anything　red。　Certain　individuals　become　nauseated　when　they　look　for　a　long　time　on　irregular　lines　or　curves；　as；　for　examples；　in　caricatures。　Many　of　the　older　examples　of　idiosyncrasies　of　color　are　nothing　more　than　instances　of　color…blindness；　which　in　those　times　was　unrecognized。　Prochaska　knew　a　woman　who　in　her　youth　became　unconscious　at　the　sight　of　beet…root；　although　in　her　later　years　she　managed　to　conquer　this　antipathy；　but　was　never　able　to　eat　the　vegetable　in　question。　One　of　the　most　remarkable　forms　of　idiosyncrasy　on　record　is　that　of　a　student　who　was　deprived　of　his　senses　by　the　very　sight　of　an　old　woman。　On　one　occasion　he　was　carried　out　from　a　party　in　a　dying　state；　caused；　presumably；　by　the　abhorred　aspect　of　the　chaperons　The　Count　of　Caylus　was　always　horror…stricken　at　the　sight　of　a　Capuchin　friar。　He　cured　himself　by　a　wooden　image　dressed　in　the　costume　of　this　order　placed　in　his　room　and　constantly　before　his　view。　It　is　common　to　see　persons　who　faint　at　the　sight　of　blood。　Analogous　are　the　individuals　who　feel　nausea　in　an　hospital　ward。

All　Robert　Boyle's　philosophy　could　not　make　him　endure　the　sight　of　a　spider；　although　he　had　no　such　aversion　to　toads；　venomous　sna