anomalies and curiosities of medicine-第185部分

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ection　of　the　face　and　eyes；　and　was　quite　unable　to　close　his　lids。　While　in　his　bedroom；　he　was　struck　senseless　by　lightning；　and　did　not　recover　until　the　next　day；　when　it　was　found　that　the　paralysis　had　disappeared；　and　during　the　fourteen　years　which　he　afterward　lived　his　affection　never　returned。　There　is　a　record　of　a　young　collier　in　the　north　of　England　who　lost　his　sight　by　an　explosion　of　gunpowder；　utterly　destroying　the　right　eye　and　fracturing　the　frontal　bone。　The　vision　of　the　left　eye　was　lost　without　any　serious　damage　to　the　organ；　and　this　was　attributed　to　shock。　On　returning　from　Ettingshall　in　a　severe　thunder　storm；　he　remarked　to　his　brother　that　he　had　seen　light　through　his　spectacles；　and　had　immediately　afterward　experienced　a　piercing　sensation　which　had　passed　through　the　eye　to　the　back　of　the　head。　The　pain　was　brief；　and　he　was　then　able　to　see　objects　distinctly。　From　this　occasion　he　steadily　improved　until　he　was　able　to　walk　about　without　a　guide。

Le　Conte　mentions　the　case　of　a　negress　who　was　struck　by　lightning　August　19；　1842；　on　a　plantation　in　Georgia。　For　years　before　the　reception　of　the　shock　her　health　had　been　very　bad；　and　she　seemed　to　be　suffering　from　a　progressive　emaciation　and　feebleness　akin　to　chlorosis。　The　difficulty　had　probably　followed　a　protracted　amenorrhea；　subsequent　to　labor　and　a　retained　placenta　In　the　course　of　a　week　she　had　recovered　from　the　effects　of　lightning　and　soon　experienced　complete　restoration　to　health；　and　for　two　years　had　been　a　remarkably　healthy　and　vigorous　laborer。　Le　Conte　quotes　five　similar　cases；　and　mentions　one　in　which　a　lightning…shock　to　a　woman　of　twenty…nine　produced　amenorrhea；　whereas　she　had　previously　suffered　from　profuse　menstruation；　and　also　mentions　another　case　of　a　woman　of　seventy　who　was　struck　unconscious；　the　catamenial　discharge　which　had　ceased　twenty　years　before；　was　now　permanently　reestablished；　and　the　shrunken　mammae　again　resumed　their　full　contour。

A　peculiar　feature　or　superstition　as　to　lightning…stroke　is　its　photographic　properties。　In　this　connection　Stricker　of　Frankfort　quotes　the　case　of　Raspail　of　a　man　of　twenty…two　who；　while　climbing　a　tree　to　a　bird's　nest；　was　struck　by　lightning；　and　afterward　showed　upon　his　breast　a　picture　of　the　tree；　with　the　nest　upon　one　of　its　branches。　Although　in　the　majority　of　cases　the　photographs　resembled　trees；　there　was　one　case　in　which　it　resembled　a　horse…shoe；　another；　a　cow；　a　third；　a　piece　of　furniture；　a　fourth；　the　whole　surrounding　landscape。　This　theory　of　lightning…photographs　of　neighboring　objects　on　the　skin　has　probably　arisen　from　the　resemblance　of　the　burns　due　to　the　ramifications　of　the　blood…vessels　as　conductors；　or　to　peculiar　electric　movements　which　can　be　demonstrated　by　positive　charges　on　lycopodium　powder。

A　lightning…stroke　does　not　exhaust　its　force　on　a　few　individuals　or　objects；　but　sometimes　produces　serious　manifestations　over　a　large　area；　or　on　a　great　number　of　people。　It　is　said　that　a　church　in　the　village　of　Chateauneuf；　in　the　Department　of　the　Lower　Alps；　in　France；　was　struck　by　three　successive　lightning　strokes　on　July　11；　1819；　during　the　installation　of　a　new　pastor。　The　company　were　all　thrown　down；　nine　were　killed　and　82　wounded。　The　priest；　who　was　celebrating　mass；　was　not　affected；　it　is　believed；　on　account　of　his　silken　robe　acting　as　an　insulator。　Bryant　of　Charlestown；　Mass。；　has　communicated　the　particulars　of　a　stroke　of　lightning　on　June　20；　1829；　which　shocked　several　hundred　persons。　The　effect　of　this　discharge　was　felt　over　an　area　of　172；500　square　feet　with　nearly　the　same　degree　of　intensity。　Happily；　there　was　no　permanent　injury　recorded。　Le　Conte　reports　that　a　person　may　be　killed　when　some　distanceeven　as　far　as　20　miles　away　from　the　stormby　what　Lord　Mahon　calls　the　〃returning　stroke。〃

Skin…grafting　is　a　subject　which　has　long　been　more　or　less　familiar　to　medical　men；　but　which　has　only　recently　been　developed　to　a　practically　successful　operation。　The　older　surgeons　knew　that　it　was　possible　to　reunite　a　resected　nose　or　an　amputated　finger；　and　in　Hunter's　time　tooth…　replantation　was　quite　well　known。　Smellie　has　recorded　an　instance　in　which；　after　avulsion　of　a　nipple　in　suckling；　restitution　was　effected。　It　is　not　alone　to　the　skin　that　grafting　is　applicable；　it　is　used　in　the　cornea；　nerves；　muscles；　bones；　tendons；　and　teeth。　Wolfer　has　been　successful　in　transplanting　the　mucous　membranes　of　frogs；　rabbits；　and　pigeons　to　a　portion　of　mucous　membrane　previously　occupied　by　cicatricial　tissue；　and　was　the　first　to　show　that　on　mucous　surfaces；　mucous　membrane　remains　mucous　membrane；　but　when　transplanted　to　skin；　it　becomes　skin。　Attempts　have　been　made　to　transplant　a　button　of　clear　cornea　of　a　dog；　rabbit；　or　cat　to　the　cornea　of　a　human　being；　opaque　as　the　result　of　ophthalmia；　and　von　Hippel　has　devised　a　special　method　of　doing　this。　Recently　Fuchs　has　reported　his　experience　in　cornea…grafting　in　sections；　as　a　substitute　for　von　Hippel's　method；　in　parenchymatous　keratitis　and　corneal　staphyloma；　and　though　not　eminently　successful　himself；　he　considers　the　operation　worthy　of　trial　in　cases　that　are　without　help；　and　doomed　to　blindness。

John　Hunter　was　the　first　to　perform　the　implantation　of　teeth；　and　Younger　the　first　to　transplant　the　teeth　of　man　in　the　jaws　of　man；　the　initial　operation　should　be　called　replantation；　as　it　was　merely　the　replacement　of　a　tooth　in　a　socket　from　which　it　had　accidentally　or　intentionally　been　removed。　Hunter　drilled　a　hole　in　a　cock's　comb　and　inserted　a　tooth；　and　held　it　by　a　ligature。　Younger　drilled　a　hole　in　a　man's　jaw　and　implanted　a　tooth；　and　proved　that　it　was　not　necessary　to　use　a　fresh　tooth。　Ottolengni　mentions　the　case　of　a　man　who　was　struck　by　a　ruffian　and　had　his　two　central　incisors　knocked　out。　He　searched　for　them；　washed　them　in　warm　water；　carefully　washed　the　teeth…sockets；　and　gently　placed　the　teeth　back　in　their　position；　where　they　remained　firmly　attached。　At　the　time　of　report；　six　years　after　the　accident；　they　were　still　firmly　in　position。　Pettyjohn　reports　a　successful　case　of　tooth…replantation　in　his　young　daughter　of　two；　who　fell　on　the　cellar　stairs；　completely　excising　the　central　incisors。　The　alveolar　process　of　the　right　jaw　was　fractured；　and　the　gum　lacerated　to　the　entire　length　of　the　root。　The　teeth　were　placed　in　a　tepid　normal　saline　solution；　and　the　child　chloroformed；　narcosis　being　induced　in　sleep；　the　gums　were　cleaned　antiseptically；　and　3　1/2　hours　afterward　the　child　had　the　teeth　firmly　in　place。　They　had　been　out　of　the　mouth　fully　an　hour。　Four　weeks　afterward　they　were　as　firm　as　ever。　By　their　experiments　Gluck　and　Magnus　prove　that　there　is　a　return　of　activity　after　transplantation　of　muscle。　After　excision　of　malignant　tumors　of　muscles；　Helferich　of　Munich；　and　Lange　of　New　York；　have　filled　the　gap　left　by　the　excision　of　the　muscle　affected　by　the　tumor　with　transplanted　muscles　from　dogs。　Gluck　has　induced　reproduction　of　lost　tendons　by　grafting　them　with　cat…gut；　and　according　to　Ashhurst；　Peyrot　has　filled　the　gaps　in　retracted　tendons　by　transplanting　tendons；　taken　in　one　case　from　a　dog；　and　in　another　from　a　cat。

Nerve…grafting；　as　a　supplementary　operation　to　neurectomy；　has　been　practiced；　and　Gersung　has　transplanted　the　nerves　of　lower　animals　to　the　nerve　stumps　of　man。

Bone…grafting　is　quite　frequently　practiced；　portions　from　a　recently　amputated　limb；　or　portions　removed　from　living　animals；　or　bone…chips；　may　be　used。　Senn　proposed　decalcified　bone…plates　to　be　used　to　fill　in　the　gaps。　Shifting　of　the　bone　has　been　done；　e。g。；　by　dividing　a　strip　of　the　hard　palate　covered　with　its　soft　parts；　parallel　to　the　fissure　in　cleft　palate；　but　leaving　unsevered　the　bony　attachments　in　front；　and　partially　fracturing　the　pedicle；　drawing　the　bony　flaps　together　with　sutures；　or；　when　forming　a　new　nose；　by　turning　down　with　the　skin　and　periosteum　the　outer　table　of　the　frontal　bone；　split　off　with　a　chisel；　after　cutting　around　the　part　to　be　removed。　Trueheart　reports　a　case　of　partial　excision　of　the　clavicle；　successfully　followed　by　the　grafting　of　periosteal　and　osseous　material　taken　from　a　dog。　Robson　and　Hayes　of　Rochester；　N。Y。；　have　successfully　supplemented　excision　of　spina　bifida　by　the　transplantation　of　a　strip　of　periosteum　from　a　rabbit。　Poncet　hastened　a　cure　in　a　case　of　necrosis　with　partial　destruction　of　the　periosteum　by　inserting　grafts　taken　from　the　bones　of　a　dead　infant　and　from　a　kid。　Ricketts　speaks　of　bone…grafting　and　the　use　of　ivory；　and　remarks　that　Poncet　of　Lyons　restored　a　tibia　in　nine　months　by　grafting　to　the　superior　articular　surface。　Recently　amalgam　fillings　have　been　used　in　bone…cavities　to　supplant　grafting。

In　destructive　injuries　of　the　skin；　various　materials　were　formerly　used　in　grafting；　none　of　which；　however；　have　produced　the　same　good　effect　as　the　use　of　skin　by　the　Thiersch　Method；　which　will　be　described　later

Rodgers；　U。S。N。；　reports　the　case　of　a　white　man　of　thirty…eight　who　suffered　from　gangrene　of　the　skin　of　the　buttocks　caused　by　sitting　in　a　pan　of　caustic　potash。　When　seen　the　man　was　intoxicated；　and　there　was　a　gangrenous　patch　four　by　six　inches　on　his　buttocks。　Rodgers　used　grafts　from　the　under　wing　of　a　young　fowl；　as　suggested　by　Redard；　with　good　result。　Vanmeter　of　Colorado　describes　a　boy　of　fourteen　with　a　severe　extensive　burn；　a　portion　beneath　the　chin　and　lower　jaw；　and　the　right　arm　from　the　elbow　to　the　fingers；　formed　a　granulating　surface　which　would　not　heal；　and　grafting　was　resorted　to。　The　neck…grafts　were　supplied　by　the　skin　of　the　father　and　brother；　but　the　arm…grafts　were　taken　from　two　young　puppies　of　the　Mexican　hairless　breed；　whose　soft；　white；　hairless　skin　seemed　to　offer　itself　for　the　purpose　with　good　prospect　of　a　successful　result。　The　outcome　was　all　that　could　be　desired。　The　puppy…grafts　took　faster　and　proved　themselves　to　be　superior　to　the　skin…grafts。　There　is　a　case　reported　in　which　the　skin　of　a　greyhound　seven　days　old；　taken　from　the　abdominal　wall　and　even　from　the　tail；　was　used　with　most　satisfact