anomalies and curiosities of medicine-第191部分

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ersally　prevalent　among　our　own　people。

The　extremists　in　this　custom　are　the　Botocudos；　who　represent　the　most　cruel　and　ferocious　of　the　Brazilian　tribes；　and　who　especially　cherish　a　love　for　cannibalism。　They　have　a　fondness　for　disfiguring　themselves　by　inserting　in　the　lower　parts　of　their　ears　and　in　their　under　lips　variously　shaped　pieces　of　wood　ornaments　called　peleles；　causing　enormous　protrusion　of　the　under　lip　and　a　repulsive　wide　mouth；　as　shown　in　Figure　230。

Tattooing　is　a　peculiar　custom　originating　in　various　ways。　The　materials　used　are　vermilion；　indigo；　carbon；　or　gunpowder。　At　one　time　this　custom　was　used　in　the　East　to　indicate　caste　and　citizenship。　Both　sexes　of　the　Sandwich　Islanders　have　a　peculiar　tattooed　mark　indicative　of　their　tribe　or　district。　Among　the　Uapes；　one　tribe；　the　Tucanoes；　have　three　vertical　blue　lines。　Among　other　people　tattooed　marks　indicated　servility；　and　Boyle　says　the　Kyans；　Pakatans；　and　Kermowits　alone；　among　the　Borneo　people；　practised　tattooing；　and　adds　that　these　races　are　the　least　esteemed　for　bravery。　Of　the　Fijians　the　women　alone　are　tattooed；　possibly　as　a　method　of　adornment。

The　tattooing　of　the　people　of　Otaheite；　seen　by　Cook；　was　surmised　by　him　to　have　a　religious　significance；　as　it　presented　in　many　instances　〃squares；　circles；　crescents；　and　ill…designed　representations　of　men　and　dogs。〃　Every　one　of　these　people　was　tattooed　upon　reaching　majority。　According　to　Carl　Bock；　among　the　Dyaks　of　Borneo　all　of　the　married　women　were　tattooed　on　the　hands　and　feet；　and　sometimes　on　the　thighs。　The　decoration　is　one　of　the　privileges　of　matrimony；　and　is　not　permitted　to　unmarried　girls。　Andrew　Lang　says　of　the　Australian　tribes　that　the　Wingong　or　the　Totem　of　each　man　is　indicated　by　a　tattooed　representation　of　it　on　his　flesh。　The　celebrated　American　traveler；　Carpenter；　remarks　that　on　his　visit　to　a　great　prison　in　Burmah；　which　contains　more　than　3000　men；　he　saw　6000　tattooed　legs。　The　origin　of　the　custom　he　was　unable　to　find　out；　but　in　Burmah　tattooing　was　a　sign　of　manhood；　and　professional　tattooers　go　about　with　books　of　designs；　each　design　warding　off　some　danger。　Bourke　quotes　that　among　the　Apaches…Yumas　of　Arizona　the　married　women　are　distinguished　by　several　blue　lines　running　from　the　lower　lip　to　the　chin；　and　he　remarks　that　when　a　young　woman　of　this　tribe　is　anxious　to　become　a　mother　she　tattoos　the　figure　of　a　child　on　her　forehead。　After　they　marry　Mojave　girls　tattoo　the　chin　with　vertical　blue　lines；　and　when　an　Eskimo　wife　has　her　face　tattooed　with　lamp…black　she　is　regarded　as　a　matron　in　society。　The　Polynesians　have　carried　this　dermal　art　to　an　extent　which　is　unequaled　by　any　other　people；　and　it　is　universally　practiced　among　them。　Quoted　by　Burke；　Sullivan　states　that　the　custom　of　tattooing　continued　in　England　and　Ireland　down　to　the　seventh　century。　This　was　the　tattooing　with　the　woad。　Fletcher　remarks　that　at　one　time；　about　the　famous　shrine　of　Our　Lady　of　Loretto；　were　seen　professional　tattooers；　who　for　a　small　sum　of　money　would　produce　a　design　commemorative　of　the　pilgrim's　visit　to　the　shrine。　A　like　profitable　industry　is　pursued　in　Jerusalem。

Universal　tattooing　in　some　of　the　Eastern　countries　is　used　as　a　means　of　criminal　punishment；　the　survival　of　the　persecuted　individual　being　immaterial　to　the　torturers；　as　he　would　be　branded　for　life　and　ostracized　if　he　recovered。　Illustrative　of　this　O'Connell　tells　of　a　case　in　Hebra's　clinic。　The　patient；　a　man　five　feet　nine　inches　in　height；　was　completely　tattooed　from　head　to　foot　with　all　sorts　of　devices；　such　as　elephants；　birds；　lions；　etc。；　and　across　his　forehead；　dragons。　Not　a　square　of　even　a　quarter　inch　had　been　exempt　from　the　process。　According　to　his　tale　this　man　had　been　a　leader　of　a　band　of　Greek　robbers；　organized　to　invade　Chinese　Tartary；　and；　together　with　an　American　and　a　Spaniard；　was　ordered　by　the　ruler　of　the　invaded　province　to　be　branded　in　this　manner　as　a　criminal。　It　took　three　months'　continuous　work　to　carry　out　this　sentence；　during　which　his　comrades　succumbed　to　the　terrible　agonies。　During　the　entire　day　for　this　extended　period　indigo　was　pricked　in　this　unfortunate　man's　skin。　Accounts　such　as　this　have　been　appropriated　by　exhibitionists；　who　have　caused　themselves　to　be　tattooed　merely　for　mercenary　purposes。　The　accompanying　illustration　represents　the　appearance　of　a　〃tattooed　man〃　who　exhibited　himself。　He　claimed　that　his　tattooing　was　done　by　electricity。　The　design　showing　on　his　back　is　a　copy　of　a　picture　of　the　Virgin　Mary　surrounded　by　31　angels。

The　custom　of　tattooing　the　arms；　chest；　or　back　is　quite　prevalent；　and　particularly　among　sailors　and　soldiers。　The　sequences　of　this　custom　are　sometimes　quite　serious。　Syphilis　has　been　frequently　contracted　in　this　manner；　and　Maury　and　Dulles　have　collected　15　cases　of　syphilis　acquired　in　tattooing。　Cheinisse　reports　the　case　of　a　young　blacksmith　who　had　the　emblems　of　his　trade　tattooed　upon　his　right　forearm。　At　the　end　of　forty　days　small；　red；　scaly　elevations　appeared　at　five　different　points　in　the　tattooed　area。　These　broke　down　and　formed　ulcers。　When　examined　these　ulcers　presented　the　peculiarities　of　chancres；　and　there　was　upon　the　body　of　the　patient　a　well…marked　syphilitic　roseola。　It　was　ascertained　that　during　the　tattooing　the　operator　had　moistened　the　ink　with　his　own　saliva。

Hutchinson　exhibited　drawings　and　photographs　showing　the　condition　of　the　arms　of　two　boys　suffering　from　tuberculosis　of　the　skin；　who　had　been　inoculated　in　the　process　of　tattooing。　The　tattooing　was　done　by　the　brother　of　one　of　the　lads　who　was　in　the　last　stages　of　phthisis；　and　who　used　his　own　saliva　to　mix　the　pigment。　The　cases　were　under　the　care　of　Murray　of　Tottenham；　by　whom　they　had　been　previously　reported。　Williams　has　reported　the　case　of　a　militiamen　of　seventeen　who；　three　days　after　an　extensive　tattooing　of　the　left　forearm；　complained　of　pain；　swelling；　and　tenderness　of　the　left　wrist。　A　day　later　acute　left…sided　pneumonia　developed；　but　rapidly　subsided。　The　left　shoulder；　knee；　and　ankle　were　successively　involved　in　the　inflammation；　and　a　cardiac　bruit　developed。　Finally　chorea　developed　as　a　complication；　limited　for　a　time　to　the　left　side；　but　shortly　spreading　to　the　right；　where　rheumatic　inflammation　was　attacking　the　joints。　The　last；　however；　quickly　subsided；　leaving　a　general；　though　mild　chorea　and　a　permanently　damaged　heart。

Infibulation　of　the　male　and　female　external　genital　organs　for　the　prevention　of　sexual　congress　is　a　very　ancient　custom。　The　Romans　infibulated　their　singers　to　prevent　coitus；　and　consequent　change　in　the　voice；　and　pursued　the　same　practice　with　their　actors　and　dancers。　According　to　Celsus；　Mercurialis；　and　others；　the　gladiators　were　infibulated　to　guard　against　the　loss　of　vigor　by　sexual　excesses。　In　an　old　Italian　work　there　is　a　figure　of　an　infibulated　musiciana　little　bronze　statue　representing　a　lean　individual　tortured　or　deformed　by　carrying　an　enormous　ring　through　the　end　of　the　penis。　In　one　of　his　pleasantries　Martial　says　of　these　infibulated　singers　that　they　sometimes　break　their　rings　and　fail　to　place　them　back〃et　cujus　refibulavit　turgidum　faber　peruem。〃　Heinsius　considers　Agamemnon　cautious　when　he　left　Demodocus　near　Clytemnestra；　as　he　remarks　that　Demodocus　was　infibulated。　For　such　purposes　as　the　foregoing　infibulation　offered　a　more　humane　method　than　castration。

Infibulation　by　a　ring　in　the　prepuce　was　used　to　prevent　premature　copulation；　and　was　in　time　to　be　removed；　but　in　some　cases　its　function　was　the　preservation　of　perpetual　chastity。　Among　some　of　the　religious　mendicants　in　India　there　were　some　who　were　condemned　to　a　life　of　chastity；　and；　in　the　hotter　climates；　where　nudity　was　the　custom；　these　persons　traveled　about　exposing　an　enormous　preputial　ring；　which　was　looked　upon　with　adoration　by　devout　women。　It　is　said　these　holy　persons　were　in　some　places　so　venerated　that　people　came　on　their　knees；　and　bowing　below　the　ring；　asked　forgivenesspossibly　for　sexual　excesses。

Rhodius　mentions　the　usage　of　infibulation　in　antiquity；　and　Fabricius　d'Aquapendente　remarks　that　infibulation　was　usually　practiced　in　females　for　the　preservation　of　chastity。　No　Roman　maiden　was　able　to　preserve　her　virginity　during　participation　in　the　celebrations　in　the　Temples　of　Venus；　the　debauches　of　Venus　and　Mars；　etc。；　wherein　vice　was　authorized　by　divine　injunction；　for　this　reason　the　lips　of　the　vagina　were　closed　by　rings　of　iron；　copper；　or　silver；　so　joined　as　to　hinder　coitus；　but　not　prevent　evacuation。　Different　sized　rings　were　used　for　those　of　different　ages。　Although　this　device　provided　against　the　coitus；　the　maiden　was　not　free　from　the　assaults　of　the　Lesbians。　During　the　Middle　Ages；　in　place　of　infibulation；　chastity…girdles　were　used；　and　in　the　Italian　girdles；　such　as　the　one　exhibited　in　the　Musee　Cluny　in　Paris；　both　the　anus　and　vulva　were　protected　by　a　steel　covering　perforated　for　the　evacuations。　In　the　Orient；　particularly　in　India　and　Persia；　according　to　old　travelers；　the　labia　were　sewed　together；　allowing　but　a　small　opening　for　excretions。　Buffon　and　Brown　mention　infibulation　in　Abyssinia；　the　parts　being　separated　by　a　bistoury　at　the　time　of　marriage。　In　Circassia　the　women　were　protected　by　a　copper　girdle　or　a　corset　of　hide　and　skin　which；　according　to　custom；　only　the　husband　could　undo。　Peney　speaks　of　infibulation　for　the　preservation　of　chastity；　as　observed　by　him　in　the　Soudan。　Among　the　Nubians　this　operation　was　performed　at　about　the　age　of　eight　with　great　ceremony；　and　when　the　time　for　marriage　approached　the　vulva　had　to　be　opened　by　incision。　Sir　Richard　Buxton；　a　distinguished　traveler；　also　speaks　of　infibulation；　and；　according　to　him；　at　the　time　of　the　marriage　ceremony　the　male　tries　to　prove　his　manhood　by　using　only　Nature's　method　and　weapon　to　consummate　the　marriage；　but　if　he　failed　he　was　allowed　artificial　aid　to　effect　entrance。　Sir　Samuel　Baker　is　accredited　in　The　Lancet　with　giving　an　account　in　Latin　text　of　the　modus　operandi　of　a　practice　among　the　Nubian　women　of　removing