anomalies and curiosities of medicine-第20部分

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r　of　puppies　unsought　for；　by　a　setter　from　a　favorite　pointer　bitch；　and　after　this　she　never　bred　any　true　pointers；　no　matter　what　the　paternity　was。'

〃Lord　Polwarth；　whose　very　fine　breed　of　Border　Leicesters　is　famed　throughout　Britain；　and　whose　knowledge　on　the　subject　of　breeding　is　great；　says　that　'In　sheep　we　always　consider　that　if　a　ewe　breeds　to　a　Shrop　ram；　she　is　never　safe　to　breed　pure　Leicesters　from；　as　dun　or　colored　legs　are　apt　to　come　even　when　the　sire　is　a　pure　Leicester。　This　has　been　proved　in　various　instances；　but　is　not　invariable。'　〃

Hon。　Henry　Scott　says：　〃Dog…breeders　know　this　theory　well；　and　if　a　pure…bred　bitch　happens　to　breed　to　a　dog　of　another　breed；　she　is　of　little　use　for　breeding　pure…bred　puppies　afterward。　Animals　which　produce　large　litters　and　go　a　short　time　pregnant　show　this　throwing　back　to　previous　sires　far　more　distinctly　than　othersI　fancy　dogs　and　pigs　most　of　all；　and　probably　horses　least。　The　influence　of　previous　sires　may　be　carried　into　the　second　generation　or　further；　as　I　have　a　cat　now　which　appears　to　be　half　Persian　（long　hair）。　His　dam　has　very　long　hair　and　every　appearance　of　being　a　half　Persian；　whereas　neither　have　really　any　Persian　blood；　as　far　as　I　know；　but　the　grand…dam　（a　very　smooth…haired　cat）　had　several　litters　by　a　half…Persian　tom…cat；　and　all　her　produce　since　have　showed　the　influence　retained。　The　Persian　tom…cat　died　many　years　ago；　and　was　the　only　one　in　the　district；　so；　although　I　cannot　be　absolutely　positive；　still　I　think　this　case　is　really　as　stated。〃

Breeders　of　Bedlington　terriers　wish　to　breed　dogs　with　as　powerful　jaws　as　possible。　In　order　to　accomplish　this　they　put　the　Bedlington　terrier　bitch　first　to　a　bull…terrier　dog；　and　get　a　mongrel　litter　which　they　destroy。　They　now　put　the　bitch　to　a　Bedlington　terrier　dog　and　get　a　litter　of　puppies　which　are　practically　pure；　but　have　much　stronger　jaws　than　they　would　otherwise　have　had；　and　also　show　much　of　the　gameness　of　the　bull…terrier；　thus　proving　that　physiologic　as　well　as　anatomic　characters　may　be　transmitted　in　this　way。

After　citing　the　foregoing　examples；　Blaikie　directs　his　attention　to　man；　and　makes　the　following　interesting　remarks：

〃We　might　expect　from　the　foregoing　account　of　telegony　amongst　animals　that　whenever　a　black　woman　had　a　child　to　a　white　man；　and　then　married　a　black　man；　her　subsequent　children　would　not　be　entirely　black。　Dr。　Robert　Balfour　of　Surinam　in　1851　wrote　to　Harvey　that　he　was　continually　noticing　amongst　the　colored　population　of　Surinam　'that　if　a　negress　had　a　child　or　children　by　a　white；　and　afterward　fruitful　intercourse　with　a　negro；　the　latter　offspring　had　generally　a　lighter　color　than　the　parents。'　But；　as　far　as　I　know；　this　is　the　only　instance　of　this　observation　on　record。　Herbert　Spencer　has　shown　that　when　a　pure…bred　animal　breeds　with　an　animal　of　a　mixed　breed；　the　offspring　resembles　much　more　closely　the　parent　of　pure　blood；　and　this　may　explain　why　the　circumstance　recorded　by　Balfour　has　been　so　seldom　noted。　For　a　negro；　who　is　of　very　pure　blood；　will　naturally　have　a　stronger　influence　on　the　subsequent　progeny　than　an　Anglo…Saxon；　who　comes　of　a　mixed　stock。　If　this　be　the　correct　explanation；　we　should　expect　that　when　a　white　woman　married　first　a　black　man；　and　then　a　white；　the　children　by　the　white　husband　would　be　dark　colored。　Unfortunately　for　the　proof　of　telegony；　it　is　very　rare　that　a　white　woman　does　marry　a　black　man；　and　then　have　a　white　as　second　husband；　nevertheless；　we　have　a　fair　number　of　recorded　instances　of　dark…colored　children　being　born　in　the　above　way　of　white　parents。

〃Dr。　Harvey　mentions　a　case　in　which　'a　young　woman；　residing　in　Edinburgh；　and　born　of　white　（Scottish）　parents；　but　whose　mother；　some　time　previous　to　her　marriage；　had　a　natural　（mulatto）　child　by　a　negro　man…servant　in　Edinburgh；　exhibits　distinct　traces　of　the　negro。　Dr。　Simpson　afterward　Sir　James　Simpsonwhose　patient　the　young　woman　at　one　time　was；　has　had　no　recent　opportunities　of　satisfying　himself　as　to　the　precise　extent　to　which　the　negro　character　prevails　in　her　features；　but　he　recollects　being　struck　with　the　resemblance；　and　noticed　particularly　that　the　hair　had　the　qualities　characteristic　of　the　negro。'　Herbert　Spencer　got　a　letter　from　a　'distinguished　correspondent'　in　the　United　States；　who　said　that　children　by　white　parents　had　been　'repeatedly'　observed　to　show　traces　of　black　blood　when　the　women　had　had　previous　connection　with　（i。e。；　a　child　by）　a　negro。　Dr。　Youmans　of　New　York　interviewed　several　medical　professors；　who　said　the　above　was　'generally　accepted　as　a　fact。'　Prof。　Austin　Flint；　in　'A　Text…book　of　Human　Physiology；'　mentioned　this　fact；　and　when　asked　about　it　said：　'He　had　never　heard　the　statement　questioned。'

〃But　it　is　not　only　in　relation　to　color　that　we　find　telegony　to　have　been　noticed　in　the　human　subject。　Dr。　Middleton　Michel　gives　a　most　interesting　case　in　the　American　Journal　of　the　Medical　Sciences　for　1868：　'A　black　woman；　mother　of　several　negro　children；　none　of　whom　were　deformed　in　any　particular；　had　illicit　intercourse　with　a　white　man；　by　whom　she　became　pregnant。　During　gestation　she　manifested　great　uneasiness　of　mind；　lest　the　birth　of　a　mulatto　offspring　should　disclose　her　conduct。　。　。　。　It　so　happened　that　her　negro　husband　possessed　a　sixth　digit　on　each　hand；　but　there　was　no　peculiarity　of　any　kind　in　the　white　man；　yet　when　the　mulatto　child　was　born　it　actually　presented　the　deformity　of　a　supernumerary　finger。'　Taruffi；　the　celebrated　Italian　teratologist；　in　speaking　of　the　subject；　says：　'Our　knowledge　of　this　strange　fact　is　by　no　means　recent　for　Fienus；　in　1608；　said　that　most　of　the　children　born　in　adultery　have　a　greater　resemblance　to　the　legal　than　to　the　real　father'an　observation　that　was　confirmed　by　the　philosopher　Vanini　and　by　the　naturalist　Ambrosini。　From　these　observations　comes　the　proverb：　'Filium　ex　adultera　excusare　matrem　a　culpa。'　Osiander　has　noted　telegony　in　relation　to　moral　qualities　of　children　by　a　second　marriage。　Harvey　said　that　it　has　long　been　known　that　the　children　by　a　second　husband　resemble　the　first　husband　in　features　mind；　and　disposition。　He　then　gave　a　case　in　which　this　resemblance　was　very　well　marked。　Orton；　Burdach　（Traite　de　Physiologie）；　and　Dr。　William　Sedgwick　have　all　remarked　on　this　physical　resemblance；　and　Dr。　Metcalfe；　in　a　dissertation　delivered　before　this　society　in　1855；　observed　that　in　the　cases　of　widows　remarrying　the　children　of　the　second　marriage　frequently　resemble　the　first　husband。

〃An　observation　probably　having　some　bearing　on　this　subject　was　made　by　Count　de　Stuzeleci　（Harvey；　loc。　cit。）。　He　noticed　that　when　an　aboriginal　female　had　had　a　child　by　a　European；　she　lost　the　power　of　conception　by　a　male　of　her　own　race；　but　could　produce　children　by　a　white　man。　He　believed　this　to　be　the　case　with　many　aboriginal　races；　but　it　has　been　disproved；　or　at　all　events　proved　to　be　by　no　means　a　universal　law；　in　every　case　except　that　of　the　aborigines　of　Australia　and　New　Zealand。　Dr。　William　Sedgwick　thought　it　probable　that　the　unfruitfulness　of　prostitutes　might　in　some　degree　be　due　to　the　same　cause　as　that　of　the　Australian　aborigines　who　have　had　children　by　white　men。

〃It　would　seem　as　though　the　Israelites　had　had　some　knowledge　of　telegony；　for　in　Deuteronomy　we　find　that　when　a　man　died　leaving　no　issue；　his　wife　was　commanded　to　marry　her　husband's　brother；　in　order　that　he　might　'raise　up　seed　to　his　brother。'　〃

We　must　omit　the　thorough　inquiry　into　this　subject　that　is　offered　by　Mr。　Blaikie。　The　explanations　put　forward　have　always　been　on　one　of　three　main　lines：

（1）　The　imagination…theory；　or；　to　quote　Harvey：　〃Due　to　mental　causes　so　operating　either　on　the　mind　of　the　female　and　so　acting　on　her　reproductive　powers；　or　on　the　mind　of　the　male　parent；　and　so　influencing　the　qualities　of　his　semen；　as　to　modify　the　nutrition　and　development　of　the　offspring。〃

（2）　Due　to　a　local　influence　on　the　reproductive　organs　of　the　mother。

（3）　Due　to　a　general　influence　through　the　fetus　on　the　mother。

Antenatal　Pathology。We　have　next　to　deal　with　the　diseases；　accidents；　and　operations　that　affect　the　pregnant　uterus　and　its　contents；　these　are　rich　in　anomalies　and　facts　of　curious　interest；　and　have　been　recognized　from　the　earliest　times。　In　the　various　works　usually　grouped　together　under　the　general　designation　of　〃Hippocratic〃　are　to　be　found　the　earliest　opinions　upon　the　subject　of　antenatal　pathology　which　the　medical　literature　of　Greece　has　handed　down　to　modern　times。　That　there　were　medical　writers　before　the　time　of　Hippocrates　cannot　be　doubted；　and　that　the　works　ascribed　to　the　〃Father　of　Medicine〃　were　immediately　followed　by　those　of　other　physicians；　is　likewise　not　to　be　questioned；　but　whilst　nearly　all　the　writings　prior　to　and　after　Hippocrates　have　been　long　lost　to　the　world；　most　of　those　that　were　written　by　the　Coan　physician　and　his　followers　have　been　almost　miraculously　preserved。　As　Littre　puts　it；　〃Les　ecrits　hippocratiques　demeurent　isoles　au　milieu　des　debris　de　l'antique　litterature　medicale。〃（Ballantyne。）

The　first　to　be　considered　is　the　transmission　of　contagious　disease　to　the　fetus　in　utero。　The　first　disease　to　attract　attention　was　small…pox。　Devilliers；　Blot；　and　Depaul　all　speak　of　congenital　small…pox；　the　child　born　dead　and　showing　evidences　of　the　typical　small…pox　pustulation；　with　a　history　of　the　mother　having　been　infected　during　pregnancy。　Watson　reports　two　cases　in　which　a　child　in　utero　had　small…pox。　In　the　first　case　the　mother　was　infected　in　pregnancy；　the　other　was　nursing　a　patient　when　seven　months　pregnant；　she　did　not　take　the　disease；　although　she　had　been　infected　many　months　before。　Mauriceau　delivered　a　woman　of　a　healthy　child　at　full　term　after　she　had　recovered　from　a　severe　attack　of　this　disease　during　the　fifth　month　of　gestation。　Mauriceau　supposed　the　child　to　be　immune　after　the　delivery。　Vidal　reported　to　the　French　Academy　of　Medicine；　May；　1871；　the　case　of　a　woman　who　gave　birth　to　a　living　child　of　about　six　and　one…half　months'　matu