anomalies and curiosities of medicine-第30部分

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olegal　points　of　view。　Hyneaux　mentions　forcible　accouchement　practised　on　both　the　dead　and　the　dying。　Rogowicz　advocates　artificial　delivery　by　the　natural　channel　in　place　of　Cesarian　section　in　cases　of　pending　or　recent　death；　and　Thevenot　discussed　this　question　at　length　at　the　International　Medico…Legal　Congress　in　1878。　Duer　presented　the　question　of　postmortem　delivery　in　this　country。

Kelly　reports　the　history　of　a　woman　of　forty　who　died　in　her　eighth　pregnancy；　and　who　was　delivered　of　a　female　child　by　version　and　artificial　means。　Artificial　respiration　was　successfully　practised　on　the　child；　although　fifteen　minutes　had　elapsed　from　the　death　of　the　mother　to　its　extraction。　Driver　relates　the　history　of　a　woman　of　thirty…five；　who　died　in　the　eighth　month　of　gestation；　and　who　was　delivered　postmortem　by　the　vagina；　manual　means　only　being　used。　The　operator　was　about　to　perform　Cesarean　section　when　he　heard　the　noise　of　the　membranes　rupturing。　Thornton　reports　the　extraction　of　a　living　child　by　version　after　the　death　of　the　mother。　Aveling　has　compiled　extensive　statistics　on　all　varieties　of　postmortem　deliveries；　collecting　44　cases　of　spontaneous　expulsion　of　the　fetus　after　death　of　the　mother。

Aveling　states　that　in　1820　the　Council　of　Cologne　sanctioned　the　placing　of　a　gag　in　the　mouth　of　a　dead　pregnant　woman；　thereby　hoping　to　prevent　suffocation　of　the　infant；　and　there　are　numerous　such　laws　on　record；　although　most　of　them　pertain　to　the　performance　of　Cesarean　section　immediately　after　death。

Reiss　records　the　death　of　a　woman　who　was　hastily　buried　while　her　husband　was　away；　and　on　his　return　he　ordered　exhumation　of　her　body；　and　on　opening　the　coffin　a　child's　cry　was　heard。　The　infant　had　evidently　been　born　postmortem。　It　lived　long　afterward　under　the　name　of　〃Fils　de　la　terre。〃　Willoughby　mentions　the　curious　instance　in　which　rumbling　was　heard　from　the　coffin　of　a　woman　during　her　hasty　burial。　One　of　her　neighbors　returned　to　the　grave；　applied　her　ear　to　the　ground；　and　was　sure　she　heard　a　sighing　noise。　A　soldier　with　her　affirmed　her　tale；　and　together　they　went　to　a　clergyman　and　a　justice；　begging　that　the　grave　be　opened。　When　the　coffin　was　opened　it　was　found　that　a　child　had　been　born；　which　had　descended　to　her　knees。　In　Derbyshire；　to　this　day；　may　be　seen　on　the　parish　register：　〃April　ye　20；　1650；　was　buried　Emme；　the　wife　of　Thomas　Toplace；　who　was　found　delivered　of　a　child　after　she　had　lain　two　hours　in　the　grave。〃

Johannes　Matthaeus　relates　the　case　of　a　buried　woman；　and　that　some　time　afterward　a　noise　was　heard　in　the　tomb。　The　coffin　was　immediately　opened；　and　a　living　female　child　rolled　to　the　feet　of　the　corpse。　Hagendorn　mentions　the　birth　of　a　living　child　some　hours　after　the　death　of　the　mother。　Dethardingius　mentions　a　healthy　child　born　one…half　hour　after　the　mother's　death。　In　the　Gentleman's　Magazine　there　is　a　record　of　an　instance；　in　1759；　in　which　a　midwife；　after　the　death　of　a　woman　whom　she　had　failed　to　deliver；　imagined　that　she　saw　a　movement　under　the　shroud　and　found　a　child　between　its　mother's　legs。　It　died　soon　after。　Valerius　Maximus　says　that　while　the　body　of　the　mother　of　Gorgia　Epirotas　was　being　carried　to　the　grave；　a　loud　noise　was　heard　to　come　from　the　coffin　and　on　examination　a　live　child　was　found　between　the　thighs；whence　arose　the　proverb：　〃Gorgiam　prius　ad　funus　elatum；　quam　natum　fuisse。〃

Other　cases　of　postmortem　delivery　are　less　successful；　the　delivery　being　delayed　too　late　for　the　child　to　be　viable。　The　first　of　Aveling's　cases　was　that　of　a　pregnant　woman　who　was　hanged　by　a　Spanish　Inquisitor　in　1551　While　still　hanging；　four　hours　later；　two　children　were　said　to　have　dropped　from　her　womb。　The　second　case　was　of　a　woman　of　Madrid；　who　after　death　was　shut　in　a　sepulcher。　Some　months　after；　when　the　tomb　was　opened；　a　dead　infant　was　found　by　the　side　of　the　corpse。　Rolfinkius　tells　of　a　woman　who　died　during　parturition；　and　her　body　being　placed　in　a　cellar；　five　days　later　a　dead　boy　and　girl　were　found　on　the　bier。　Bartholinus　is　accredited　with　the　following：　Three　midwives　failing　to　deliver　a　woman；　she　died；　and　forty…eight　hours　after　death　her　abdomen　swelled　to　such　an　extent　as　to　burst　her　grave…clothes；　and　a　male　child；　dead；　was　seen　issuing　from　the　vagina。　Bonet　tells　of　a　woman；　who　died　in　Brussels　in　1633；　who；　undelivered；　expired　in　convulsions　on　Thursday。　On　Friday　abdominal　movements　in　the　corpse　were　seen；　and　on　Sunday　a　dead　child　was　found　hanging　between　the　thighs。　According　to　Aveling；　Herman　of　Berne　reports　the　instance　of　a　young　lady　whose　body　was　far　advanced　in　putrefaction；　from　which　was　expelled　an　unbroken　ovum　containing　twins。　Even　the　placenta　showed　signs　of　decomposition。　Naumann　relates　the　birth　of　a　child　on　the　second　day　after　the　death　of　the　mother。　Richter　of　Weissenfels；　in　1861；　reported　the　case　of　a　woman　who　died　in　convulsions；　and　sixty　hours　after　death　an　eight　months'　fetus　came　away。　Stapedius　writes　to　a　friend　of　a　fetus　being　found　dead　between　the　thighs　of　a　woman　who　expired　suddenly　of　an　acute　disease。　Schenk　mentions　that　of　a　woman；　dying　at　5　P。M。；　a　child　having　two　front　teeth　was　born　at　3　A。M。　Veslingius　tells　of　a　woman　dying　of　epilepsy　on　June　6；　1630；　from　whose　body；　two　days　later；　issued　a　child。　Wolfius　relates　the　case　of　a　woman　dying　in　labor　in　1677。　Abdominal　movements　being　seen　six　hours　after　death；　Cesarean　section　was　suggested；　but　its　performance　was　delayed；　and　eighteen　hours　after　a　child　was　spontaneously　born。　Hoyer　of　Mulhausen　tells　of　a　child　with　its　mouth　open　and　tongue　protruding；　which　was　born　while　the　mother　was　on　the　way　to　the　grave。　Bedford　of　Sydney；　according　to　Aveling；　relates　the　story　of　a　case　in　which　malpractice　was　suspected　on　a　woman　of　thirty…seven；　who　died　while　pregnant　with　her　seventh　child。　The　body　was　exhumed；　and　a　transverse　rupture　of　the　womb　six　inches　long　above　the　cervix　was　found；　and　the　body　of　a　dead　male　child　lay　between　the　thighs。　In　1862；　Lanigan　tells　of　a　woman　who　was　laid　out　for　funeral　obsequies；　and　on　removal　of　the　covers　for　burial　a　child　was　found　in　bed　with　her。　Swayne　is　credited　with　the　description　of　the　death　of　a　woman　whom　a　midwife　failed　to　deliver。　Desiring　an　inquest；　the　coroner　had　the　body　exhumed；　when；　on　opening　the　coffin；　a　well…developed　male　infant　was　found　parallel　to　and　lying　on　the　lower　limbs；　the　cord　and　placenta　being　entirely　unattached　from　the　mother。

Some　time　after　her　decease　Harvey　found　between　the　thighs　of　a　dead　woman　a　dead　infant　which　had　been　expelled　postmortem。　Mayer　relates　the　history　of　a　case　of　a　woman　of　forty…five　who　felt　the　movement　of　her　child　for　the　fourth　time　in　the　middle　of　November。　In　the　following　March　she　had　hemoptysis；　and　serious　symptoms　of　inflammation　in　the　right　lung　following；　led　to　her　apparent　death　on　the　31st　of　the　month。　For　two　days　previous　to　her　death　she　had　failed　to　perceive　the　fetal　movements。　She　was　kept　on　her　back　in　a　room；　covered　up　and　undisturbed；　for　thirty…six　hours；　the　members　of　the　family　occasionally　visiting　her　to　sprinkle　holy　water　on　her　face。　There　was　no　remembrance　of　cadaveric　distortion　of　the　features　or　any　odor。　When　the　undertakers　were　drawing　the　shroud　on　they　noticed　a　half…round；　bright…red；　smooth…looking　body　between　the　genitals　which　they　mistook　for　a　prolapsed　uterus。　Early　on　April　2d；　a　few　hours　before　interment；　the　men　thought　to　examine　the　swelling　they　had　seen　the　day　before。　A　second　look　showed　it　to　be　a　dead　female　child；　now　lying　between　the　thighs　and　connected　with　the　mother　by　the　umbilical　cord。　The　interment　was　stopped；　and　Mayer　was　called　to　examine　the　body；　but　with　negative　results；　though　the　signs　of　death　were　not　plainly　visible　for　a　woman　dead　fifty…eight　hours。　By　its　development　the　body　of　the　fetus　confirmed　the　mother's　account　of　a　pregnancy　of　twenty…one　weeks。　Mayer　satisfies　himself　at　least　that　the　mother　was　in　a　trance　at　the　time　of　delivery　and　died　soon　afterward。

Moritz　gives　the　instance　of　a　woman　dying　in　pregnancy；　undelivered；　who　happened　to　be　disinterred　several　days　after　burial。　The　body　was　in　an　advanced　state　of　decomposition；　and　a　fetus　was　found　in　the　coffin。　It　was　supposed　that　the　pressure　of　gas　in　the　mother's　body　had　forced　the　fetus　from　the　uterus。　Ostmann　speaks　of　a　woman　married　five　months；　who　was　suddenly　seized　with　rigors；　headache；　and　vomiting。　For　a　week　she　continued　to　do　her　daily　work；　and　in　addition　was　ill…treated　by　her　husband。　She　died　suddenly　without　having　any　abdominal　pain　or　any　symptoms　indicative　of　abortion。　The　body　was　examined　twenty…four　hours　after　death　and　was　seen　to　be　dark；　discolored；　and　the　abdomen　distended。　There　was　no　sanguineous　discharge　from　the　genitals；　but　at　the　time　of　raising　the　body　to　place　it　in　the　coffin；　a　fetus；　with　the　umbilical　cord；　escaped　from　the　vagina。　There　seemed　to　have　been　a　rapid　putrefaction　in　this　ease；　generating　enough　pressure　of　gas　to　expel　the　fetus　as　well　as　the　uterus　from　the　body。　This　at　least　is　the　view　taken　by　Hoffman　and　others　in　the　solution　of　these　strange　cases。

Antepartum　Crying　of　the　Child。There　are　on　record　fabulous　cases　of　children　crying　in　the　uterus　during　pregnancy；　and　all　sorts　of　unbelievable　stories　have　been　constructed　from　these　reported　occurrences。　Quite　possible；　however；　and　worthy　of　belief　are　the　cases　in　which　the　child　has　been　heard　to　cry　during　the　progress　of　parturitionthat　is；　during　delivery。　Jonston　speaks　of　infants　crying　in　the　womb；　and　attempts　a　scientific　explanation　of　the　fact。　He　also　quotes　the　following　lines　in　reference　to　this　subject：

〃Mirandum　foetus　nlaterna　clausus　in　alvo　　Dicitur　insuetos　ore　dedisse　sonos。　　Causa　subest；　doluit　se　angusta　sede　telleri　　Et　cupiit　magnae　cernere　moliis　opus。　　Aut　quia　quaerendi　studio　vis　fessa　parentum　　Aucupii　aptas　innuit　esse　manus。〃

The　Ephemerides　gives　examples　of　the　child　hiccoughing　in　the　uterus。　Cases　of　crying　before　delivery；　some　in　the　vagina；　some　just　before　the　complete　expulsion　of　the　head　from　the　o