anomalies and curiosities of medicine-第40部分

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s　that　followed　in　the　time　of　Pope　Alexander　I。　Volateranus；　Cardani；　and　many　others　cite　instances　of　this　kind。　Lycosthenes　says　that　in　the　year　1110；　in　the　bourg　of　Liege；　there　was　found　a　creature　with　the　head；　visage；　hands；　and　feet　of　a　man；　and　the　rest　of　the　body　like　that　of　a　pig。　Pare　quotes　this　case　and　gives　an　illustration。　Rhodiginus　mentions　a　shepherd　of　Cybare　by　the　name　of　Cratain；　who　had　connection　with　a　female　goat　and　impregnated　her；　so　that　she　brought　forth　a　beast　with　a　head　resembling　that　of　the　father；　but　with　the　lower　extremities　of　a　goat。　He　says　that　the　likeness　to　the　father　was　so　marked　that　the　head…goat　of　the　herd　recognized　it；　and　accordingly　slew　the　goatherd　who　had　sinned　so　unnaturally。

In　the　year　1547；　at　Cracovia；　a　very　strange　monster　was　born；　which　lived　three　days。　It　had　a　head　shaped　like　that　of　a　man；　a　nose　long　and　hooked　like　an　elephant's　trunk；　the　hands　and　feet　looking　like　the　web…foot　of　a　goose；　and　a　tail　with　a　hook　on　it。　It　was　supposed　to　be　a　male；　and　was　looked　upon　as　a　result　of　sodomy。　Rueff　says　that　the　procreation　of　human　beings　and　beasts　is　brought　about

（1）　By　the　natural　appetite；

（2）　By　the　provocation　of　nature　by　delight；

（3）　By　the　attractive　virtue　of　the　matrix；　which　in　beasts　and　women　is　alike。

Plutarch；　in　his　〃Lesser　Parallels；〃　says　that　Aristonymus　Ephesius；　son　of　Demonstratus；　being　tired　of　women；　had　carnal　knowledge　with　an　ass；　which　in　the　process　of　time　brought　forth　a　very　beautiful　child；　who　became　the　maid　Onoscelin。　He　also　speaks　of　the　origin　of　the　maiden　Hippona；　or　as　he　calls　her；　Hippo；　as　being　from　the　connection　of　a　man　with　a　mare。　Aristotle　mentions　this　in　his　paradoxes；　and　we　know　that　the　patron　of　horses　was　Hippona。　In　Helvetia　was　reported　the　existence　of　a　colt　（whose　mother　had　been　covered　by　a　bull）　that　was　half　horse　and　half　bull。　One　of　the　kings　of　France　was　supposed　to　have　been　presented　with　a　colt　with　the　hinder　part　of　a　hart；　and　which　could　outrun　any　horse　in　the　kingdom。　Its　mother　had　been　covered　by　a　hart。

Writing　in　1557；　Lycosthenes　reports　the　mythical　birth　of　a　serpent　by　a　woman。　It　is　quite　possible　that　some　known　and　classified　type　of　monstrosity　was　indicated　here　in　vague　terms。　In　1726　Mary　Toft；　of　Godalming；　in　Surrey；　England；　achieved　considerable　notoriety　throughout　Surrey；　and　even　over　all　England；　by　her　extensively　circulated　statements　that　she　bore　rabbits。　Even　at　so　late　a　day　as　this　the　credulity　of　the　people　was　so　great　that　many　persons　believed　in　her。　The　woman　was　closely　watched；　and　being　detected　in　her　maneuvers　confessed　her　fraud。　To　show　the　extent　of　discussion　this　case　called　forth；　there　are　no　less　than　nine　pamphlets　and　books　in　the　Surgeon…General's　library　at　Washington　devoted　exclusively　to　this　case　of　pretended　rabbit…breeding。　Hamilton　in　1848；　and　Hard　in　1884；　both　report　the　births　in　this　country　of　fetal　monstrosities　with　heads　which　showed　marked　resemblance　to　those　of　dogs。　Doubtless　many　of　the　older　cases　of　the　supposed　results　of　bestiality；　if　seen　to…day；　could　be　readily　classified　among　some　of　our　known　forms　of　monsters。　Modern　investigation　has　shown　us　the　sterile　results　of　the　connections　between　man　and　beast　or　between　beasts　of　different　species；　and　we　can　only　wonder　at　the　simple　credulity　and　the　imaginative　minds　of　our　ancestors。　At　one　period　certain　phenomena　of　nature；　such　as　an　eclipse　or　comet；　were　thought　to　exercise　their　influence　on　monstrous　births。　Rueff　mentions　that　in　Sicily　there　happened　a　great　eclipse　of　the　sun；　and　that　women　immediately　began　to　bring　forth　deformed　and　double…headed　children。

Before　ending　these　preliminary　remarks；　there　might　be　mentioned　the　marine　monsters；　such　as　mermaids；　sea…serpents；　and　the　like；　which　from　time　to　time　have　been　reported；　even　at　the　present　day　there　are　people　who　devoutly　believe　that　they　have　seen　horrible　and　impossible　demons　in　the　sea。　Pare　describes　and　pictures　a　monster；　at　Rome；　on　November　3；　1520；　with　the　upper　portion　of　a　child　apparently　about　five　or　six　years　old；　and　the　lower　part　and　ears　of　a　fish…like　animal。　He　also　pictures　a　sea…devil　in　the　same　chapter；　together　with　other　gruesome　examples　of　the　power　of　imagination。

Early　Teratology。Besides　such　cases　as　the　foregoing；　we　find　the　medieval　writers　report　likely　instances　of　terata；　as；　for　instance；　Rhodiginus；　who　speaks　of　a　monster　in　Italy　with　two　heads　and　two　bodies；　Lycosthenes　saw　a　double　monster；　both　components　of　which　slept　at　the　same　time；　he　also　says　this　creature　took　its　food　and　drink　simultaneously　in　its　two　mouths。　Even　Saint　Augustine　says　that　he　knew　of　a　child　born　in　the　Orient　who；　from　the　belly　up；　was　in　all　parts　double。

The　first　evidences　of　a　step　toward　classification　and　definite　reasoning　in　regard　to　the　causation　of　monstrosities　were　evinced　by　Ambroise　Pare　in　the　sixteenth　century；　and　though　his　ideas　are　crude　and　some　of　his　phenomena　impossible；　yet　many　of　his　facts　and　arguments　are　worthy　of　consideration。　Pare　attributed　the　cause　of　anomalies　of　excess　to　an　excessive　quantity　of　semen；　and　anomalies　of　default　to　deficiency　of　the　same　fluid。　He　has　collected　many　instances　of　double　terata　from　reliable　sources；　but　has　interspersed　his　collection　with　accounts　of　some　hideous　and　impossible　creatures；　such　as　are　illustrated　in　the　accompanying　figure；　which　shows　a　creature　that　was　born　shortly　after　a　battle　of　Louis　XII；　in　1512；　it　had　the　wings；　crest；　and　lower　extremity　of　a　bird　and　a　human　head　and　trunk；　besides；　it　was　an　hermaphrodite；　and　had　an　extra　eye　in　the　knee。　Another　illustration　represents　a　monstrous　head　found　in　an　egg；　said　to　have　been　sent　for　examination　to　King　Charles　at　Metz　in　1569。　It　represented　the　face　and　visage　of　a　man；　with　small　living　serpents　taking　the　place　of　beard　and　hair。　So　credulous　were　people　at　this　time　that　even　a　man　so　well　informed　as　Pare　believed　in　the　possibility　of　these　last　two；　or　at　least　represented　them　as　facts。　At　this　time　were　also　reported　double　hermaphroditic　terata；　seemingly　without　latter…day　analogues。　Rhodiginus　speaks　of　a　two…headed　monster　born　in　Ferrari；　Italy；　in　1540；　well　formed；　and　with　two　sets　of　genitals；　one　male　and　the　other　female。　Pare　gives　a　picture　of　twins；　born　near　Heidelberg　in　1486；　which　had　double　bodies　joined　back　to　back；　one　of　the　twins　had　the　aspect　of　a　female　and　the　other　of　a　male；　though　both　had　two　sets　of　genitals。

Scientific　Teratology。About　the　first　half　of　the　eighteenth　century　what　might　be　called　the　positive　period　of　teratology　begins。　Following　the　advent　of　this　era　come　Mery；　Duverney；　Winslow；　Lemery；　and　Littre。　In　their　works　true　and　concise　descriptions　are　given　and　violent　attacks　are　made　against　the　ancient　beliefs　and　prejudices。　From　the　beginning　of　the　second　half　of　the　last　century　to　the　present　time　may　be　termed　the　scientific　epoch　of　teratology。　We　can　almost　with　a　certainty　start　this　era　with　the　names　of　Haller；　Morgagni；　Geoffroy…Saint…Hilaire；　and　Meckel；　who　adduced　the　explanations　asked　for　by　Harvey　and　Wolff。　From　the　appearance　of　the　treatise　by　Geoffroy…Saint…Hilaire；　teratology　has　made　enormous　strides；　and　is　to…day　well　on　the　road　to　becoming　a　science。　Hand　in　hand　with　embryology　it　has　been　the　subject　of　much　investigation　in　this　century；　and　to　enumerate　the　workers　of　the　present　day　who　have　helped　to　bring　about　scientific　progress　would　be　a　task　of　many　pages。　Even　in　the　artificial　production　of　monsters　much　has　been　done；　and　a　glance　at　the　work　of　Dareste　well　repays　the　trouble。　Essays　on　teratogenesis；　with　reference　to　batrachians；　have　been　offered　by　Lombardini；　and　by　Lereboullet　and　Knoch　with　reference　to　fishes。　Foll　and　Warynski　have　reported　their　success　in　obtaining　visceral　inversion；　and　even　this　branch　of　the　subject　promises　to　become　scientific。

Terata　are　seen　in　the　lower　animals　and　always　excite　interest。　Pare　gives　the　history　of　a　sheep　with　three　heads；　born　in　1577；　the　central　head　was　larger　than　the　other　two；　as　shown　in　the　accompanying　illustration。　Many　of　the　Museums　of　Natural　History　contain　evidences　of　animal　terata。　At　Hallae　is　a　two…headed　mouse；　the　Conant　Museum　in　Maine　contains　the　skeleton　of　an　adult　sheep　with　two　heads；　there　was　an　account　of　a　two…headed　pigeon　published　in　France　in　1734；　Leidy　found　a　two…headed　snake　in　a　field　near　Philadelphia；　Geoffroy　Saint…Hilaire　and　Conant　both　found　similar　creatures；　and　there　is　one　in　the　Museum　at　Harvard；　Wyman　saw　a　living　double…headed　snake　in　the　Jardin　des　Plantes　in　Paris　in　1853；　and　many　parallel　instances　are　on　record。

Classification。We　shall　attempt　no　scientific　discussion　of　the　causation　or　embryologic　derivation　of　the　monster；　contenting　ourselves　with　simple　history　and　description；　adding　any　associate　facts　of　interest　that　may　be　suggested。　For　further　information；　the　reader　is　referred　to　the　authors　cited　or　to　any　of　the　standard　treatises　on　teratology。

Many　classifications　of　terata　have　been　offered；　and　each　possesses　some　advantage。　The　modern　reader　is　referred　to　the　modification　of　the　grouping　of　Geoffroy…Saint…Hilaire　given　by　Hirst　and　Piersol；　or　those　of　Blanc　and　Guinard。　For　convenience；　we　have　adopted　the　following　classification；　which　will　include　only　those　monsters　that　have　LIVED　AFTER　BIRTH；　and　who　have　attracted　general　notice　or　attained　some　fame　in　their　time；　as　attested　by　accounts　in　contemporary　literature。

CLASS　1。Union　of　several　fetuses。　　CLASS　2。Union　of　two　distinct　fetuses　by　a　connecting　band。　　CLASS　3。Union　of　two　distinct　fetuses　by　an　osseous　junction　of　the　cranial　bones。　　CLASS　4。Union　of　two　distinct　fetuses　in　which　one　or　more　parts　are　eliminated　by　the　junction。　　CLASS　5。Fusion　of　two　fetuses　by　a　bony　union　of　the　ischii。　CLASS　6。Fusion　of　two　fetuses　below　the　umbilicus　into　a　common　lower　extremity。　　CLASS　7。Bicephalic　monsters。　　CLASS　8。Parasitic　monsters。　　CLASS　9。Monsters　with　a　single　body　and　double　lower　extremities。　　CLASS　10。Diphallic　terata。　CLASS　11。Fetus　in　fet