anomalies and curiosities of medicine-第58部分

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　are　of　great　length　and　thickness。　The　Chinese　nobility　allow　their　finger…nails　to　grow　to　a　great　length　and　spend　much　time　in　the　care　of　these　nails。　Some　savage　tribes　have　long　and　thick　nails　resembling　the　claws　of　beasts；　and　use　them　in　the　same　way　as　the　lower　animals。　There　is　a　description　of　a　person　with　finger…nails　that　resembled　the　horns　of　a　goat。　

Neuhof；　in　his　books　on　Tartary　and　China；　says　that　many　Chinamen　have　two　nails　on　the　little　toe；　and　other　instances　of　double　nails　have　been　reported。

The　nails　may　be　reversed　or　arise　from　anomalous　positions。　Bartholinus　speaks　of　nails　from　the　inner　side　of　the　digits；　in　another　case；　in　which　the　fingers　were　wanting；　he　found　the　nails　implanted　on　the　stumps。　Tulpius　says　he　knew　of　a　case　in　which　nails　came　from　the　articulations　of　three　digits；　and　many　other　curious　arrangements　of　nails　are　to　be　found。

Rouhuot　sent　a　description　and　drawing　of　some　monstrous　nails　to　the　Academie　des　Sciences　de　Paris。　The　largest　of　these　was　the　left　great　toe…nail；　which；　from　its　extremity　to　its　root；　measured　4　3/4　inches；　the　laminae　of　which　it　consisted　were　placed　one　over　the　other；　like　the　tiles　on　a　roof；　only　reversed。　This　nail　and　several　of　the　others　were　of　unequal　thickness　and　were　variously　curved；　probably　on　account　of　the　pressure　of　the　shoe　or　the　neighboring　digits。　Rayer　mentions　two　nails　sent　to　him　by　Bricheteau；　physician　of　the　Hopital　Necker；　belonging　to　an　old　woman　who　had　lived　in　the　Salpetriere。　They　were　very　thick　and　spirally　twisted；　like　the　horns　of　a　ram。　Saviard　informs　us　that　he　saw　a　patient　at　the　Hotel　Dieu　who　had　a　horn　like　that　of　a　ram；　instead　of　a　nail；　on　each　great　toe；　the　extremities　of　which　were　turned　to　the　metatarsus　and　overlapped　the　whole　of　the　other　toes　of　each　foot。　The　skeleton　of　Simore；　preserved　in　Paris；　is　remarkable　for　the　ankylosis　of　all　the　articulations　and　the　considerable　size　of　all　the　nails。　The　fingers　and　toes；　spread　out　and　ankylosed；　ended　in　nails　of　great　length　and　nearly　of　equal　thickness。　A　woman　by　the　name　of　Melin；　living　in　the　last　century　in　Paris；　was　surnamed　〃the　woman　with　nails；〃　according　to　the　description　given　by　Saillant　in　1776　she　presented　another　and　not　less　curious　instance　of　the　excessive　growth　of　the　nails。

Musaeus　gives　an　account　of　the　nails　of　a　girl　of　twenty；　which　grew　to　such　a　size　that　some　of　those　of　the　fingers　were　five　inches　in　length。　They　were　composed　of　several　layers；　whitish　interiorly；　reddish…gray　on　the　exterior；　and　full　of　black　points。　These　nails　fell　off　at　the　end　of　four　months　and　were　succeeded　by　others。　There　were　also　horny　laminae　on　the　knees　and　shoulders　and　elbows　which　bore　a　resemblance　to　nails；　or　rather　talons。　They　were　sensitive　only　at　the　point　of　insertion　into　the　skin。　Various　other　parts　of　the　body；　particularly　the　backs　of　the　hands；　presented　these　horny　productions。　One　of　them　was　four　inches　in　length。　This　horny　growth　appeared　after　small…pox。　Ash；　in　the　Philosophical　Transactions；　records　a　somewhat　similar　case　in　a　girl　of　twelve。

Anomalies　of　the　Teeth。Pliny；　Colombus；　van　Swieten；　Haller；　Marcellus　Donatus；　Baudelocque；　Soemmering；　and　Gardien　all　cite　instances　in　which　children　have　come　into　the　world　with　several　teeth　already　erupted。　Haller　has　collected　19　cases　of　children　born　with　teeth。　Polydorus　Virgilus　describes　an　infant　who　was　born　with　six　teeth。　Some　celebrated　men　are　supposed　to　have　been　born　with　teeth；　Louis　XIV　was　accredited　with　having　two　teeth　at　birth。　Bigot；　a　physician　and　philosopher　of　the　sixteenth　century；　Boyd；　the　poet；　Valerian；　Richard　III；　as　well　as　some　of　the　ancient　Greeks　and　Romans；　were　reputed　to　have　had　this　anomaly。　The　significance　of　the　natal　eruption　of　teeth　is　not　always　that　of　vigor；　as　many　of　the　subjects　succumb　early　in　life。　There　were　two　cases　typical　of　fetal　dentition　shown　before　the　Academie　de　Medecine　de　Paris。　One　of　the　subjects　had　two　middle　incisors　in　the　lower　jaw　and　the　other　had　one　tooth　well　through。　Levison　saw　a　female　born　with　two　central　incisors　in　the　lower　jaw。

Thomas　mentions　a　case　of　antenatal　development　of　nine　teeth。　Puech；　Mattei；　Dumas；　Belluzi；　and　others　report　the　eruption　of　teeth　in　the　newborn。　In　Dumas'　case　the　teeth　had　to　be　extracted　on　account　of　ulceration　of　the　tongue。　Instances　of　triple　dentition　late　in　life　are　quite　numerous；　many　occurring　after　a　hundred　years。　Mentzelius　speaks　of　a　man　of　one　hundred　and　ten　who　had　nine　new　teeth。　Lord　Bacon　cites　the　case　of　a　Countess　Desmond；　who　when　over　a　century　old　had　two　new　teeth；　Hufeland　saw　an　instance　of　dentition　at　one　hundred　and　sixteen；　Nitzsch　speaks　of　one　at　one　hundred；　and　the　Ephemerides　contain　an　account　of　a　triple　dentition　at　one　hundred　and　twenty。　There　is　an　account　of　a　country　laborer　who　lost　all　his　teeth　by　the　time　he　arrived　at　his　sixtieth　year　of　age；　but　about　a　half　year　afterward　a　new　set　made　their　appearance。　Bisset　mentions　an　account　of　an　old　woman　who　acquired　twelve　molar　teeth　at　the　age　of　ninety…eight。　Carre　notes　a　case　of　dental　eruption　in　an　individual　of　eighty…five。　Mazzoti　speaks　of　a　third　dentition；　and　Ysabeau　writes　of　dentition　of　a　molar　at　the　age　of　ninety…two。　There　is　a　record　of　a　physician　of　the　name　of　Slave　who　retained　all　his　second　teeth　until　the　age　of　eighty；　when　they　fell　out；　after　five　years　another　set　appeared；　which　he　retained　until　his　death　at　one　hundred。　In　the　same　report　there　is　mentioned　an　old　Scotchman　who　died　at　one　hundred　and　ten；　whose　teeth　were　renewed　at　an　advanced　age　after　he　had　lost　his　second　teeth。　One　of　the　older　journals　speaks　of　dentition　at　seventy；　eighty…four；　ninety；　and　one　hundred　and　fourteen。　The　Philosophical　Transactions　of　London　contain　accounts　of　dentition　at　seventy…five　and　eighty…one。　Bassett　tells　of　an　old　woman　who　had　twelve　molar　teeth　at　the　age　of　eighty…eight。　In　France　there　is　recorded　dentition　at　eighty…five　and　an　account　of　an　old　man　of　seventy…three　who　had　six　new　teeth。　Von　Helmont　relates　an　instance　of　triple　dentition　at　the　same　age。　There　is　recorded　in　Germany　an　account　of　a　woman　of　ninety　who　had　dentition　at　forty…seven　and　sixty…seven；　each　time　a　new　set　of　teeth　appearing；　Hunter　and　Petrequin　have　observed　similar　cases。　Carter　describes　an　example　of　third　dentition。　Lison　makes　a　curious　observation　of　a　sixth　dentition。

Edentulousness。We　have　already　noticed　the　association　of　congenital　alopecia　with　edentulousness；　but；　strange　to　say；　Magitot　has　remarked　that　〃l'homme…chien；〃　was　the　subject　of　defective　dentition。　Borellus　found　atrophy　of　all　the　dental　follicles　in　a　woman　of　sixty　who　never　had　possessed　any　teeth。　Fanton…Touvet　saw　a　boy　of　nine　who　had　never　had　teeth；　and　Fox　a　woman　who　had　but　four　in　both　jaws；　Tomes　cites　several　similar　instances。　Hutchinson　speaks　of　a　child　who　was　perfectly　edentulous　as　to　temporary　teeth；　but　who　had　the　permanent　teeth　duly　and　fully　erupted。　Guilford　describes　a　man　of　forty…eight；　who　was　edentulous　from　birth；　who　also　totally　lacked　the　sense　of　smell；　and　was　almost　without　the　sense　of　taste；　the　surface　of　his　body　was　covered　with　fine　hairs　and　he　had　never　had　visible　perspiration。　This　is　probably　the　same　case　quoted　in　the　foregoing　paragraph　in　regard　to　the　anomalies　of　hair。　Otto；　quoted　by　Sedgwick；　speaks　of　two　brothers　who　were　both　totally　edentulous。　It　might　be　interesting　in　this　connection　to　note　that　Oudet　found　in　a　fetus　at　term　all　the　dental　follicles　in　a　process　of　suppuration；　leaving　no　doubt　that；　if　the　fetus　had　been　born　viable；　it　would　have　been　edentulous。　Giraldes　mentions　the　absence　of　teeth　in　an　infant　of　sixteen　months。　Bronzet　describes　a　child　of　twelve；　with　only　half　its　teeth；　in　whom　the　alveolar　borders　receded　as　in　age。　Baumes　remarks　that　he　had　seen　a　man　who　never　had　any　teeth。

The　anomalies　of　excessive　dentition　are　of　several　varieties；　those　of　simple　supernumerary　teeth；　double　or　triple　rows；　and　those　in　anomalous　positions。　Ibbetson　saw　a　child　with　five　incisors　in　the　inferior　maxillary　bone；　and　Fanton…Touvet　describes　a　young　lady　who　possessed　five　large　incisors　of　the　first　dentition　in　the　superior　maxilla。　Rayer　notes　a　case　of　dentition　of　four　canines；　which　first　made　their　appearance　after　pain　for　eight　days　in　the　jaws　and　associated　with　convulsions。　In　an　Ethiopian　Soemmering　has　seen　one　molar　too　many　on　each　side　and　in　each　jaw。　Ploucquet　and　Tesmer　have　seen　five　incisors　and　Fanchard　six。　Many　persons　have　the　supernumerary　teeth　parallel　with　their　neighbors；　anteriorly　or　posteriorly。　Costa　reports　a　case　in　which　there　were　five　canine　teeth　in　the　upper　jaw；　two　placed　laterally　on　either　side；　and　one　on　the　right　side　behind　the　other　two。　The　patient　was　twenty…six　years　of　age；　well　formed　and　in　good　health。

In　some　cases　there　is　fusion　of　the　teeth。　Pliny；　Bartholinus；　and　Melanthon　pretend　to　have　seen　the　union　of　all　the　teeth；　making　a　continuous　mass。　In　the　〃Musee　de　l'ecole　dentaire　de　Paris〃　there　are　several　milk…teeth；　both　of　the　superior　and　inferior　maxilla；　which　are　fused　together。　Bloch　cites　a　case　in　which　there　were　two　rows　of　teeth　in　the　superior　maxilla。　Hellwig　has　observed　three　rows　of　teeth；　and　the　Ephemerides　contain　an　account　of　a　similar　anomaly。

Extraoral　Dentition。Probably　the　most　curious　anomaly　of　teeth　is　that　in　which　they　are　found　in　other　than　normal　positions。　Albinus　speaks　of　teeth　in　the　nose　and　orbit；　Borellus；　in　the　palate；　Fabricius　Hildanus；　under　the　tongue；　Schenck；　from　the　palate；　and　there　are　many　similar　modern　records。　Heister　in　1743　wrote　a　dissertation　on　extraoral　teeth。　The　following　is　a　recent　quotation：　

〃In　the　Norsk　Magazin　fur　Laegevidenskaben；　January；　1895；　it　is　reported　that　Dr。　Dave；　at　a　meeting　of　the　Medical　Society　in　Christiania；　showed　a　tooth　removed　from　the　nose　of　a　woman　aged　fifty…three。　The　patient　had　consulted　him　for　ear…trouble；　and　the　tooth　was　found　accidentally　during　the　routine　examination。　It　was　easily　removed；　having　been　situated　in　a　small　depression　at