bird neighbors-第21部分
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wren may more often be heard than seen； for he is more shy； if possible； than his long…billed cousin； and will dive down into the sedges at your approach； very much as a duck disappears under water。 But if you see him at all； it is usually while swaying to and fro as he clings to some tall stalk of grass； keeping his balance by the nervous； jerky tail motions characteristic of all the wrens； and singing with all his might。 Oftentimes his tail reaches backward almost to his head in a most exaggerated wren…fashion。
Samuels explains the peculiar habit both the long…billed and the short…billed marsh wrens have of building several nests in one season； by the theory that they are made to protect the sitting female； for it is noticed that the male bird always lures a visitor to an empty nest； and if this does not satisfy his curiosity； to another one； to prove conclusively that he has no family in prospect。
Wild rice is an ideal nesting place for a colony of these little marsh wrens。 The home is made of sedge grasses； softly lined with the softer meadow grass or plant…down； and placed in a tussock of tall grass； or even upon the ground。 The entrance is on the side。 But while fond of moist places； both for a home and feeding ground； it will be noticed that these wrens have no special fondness for running water； so dear to their long…billed relatives。 Another distinction is that the eggs of this species； instead of being so densely speckled as to look brown； are pure white。
BROWN THRASHER （Harporhynchus rufus） Thrasher and Mocking…bird family
Called also： BROWN THRUSH； GROUND THRUSH； RED THRUSH； BROWN MOCKING…BIRD； FRENCH MOCKING…BIRD； MAVIS
Length 11 to 11。5 inches。 Fully an inch longer than the robin。 Male Rusty red…brown or rufous above； darkest on wings； which have two short whitish bands。 Underneath white； heavily streaked （except on throat） with dark…brown； arrow…shaped spots。 Tail very long。 Yellow eyes。 Bill long and curved at tip。 Female Paler than male。 Range United States to Rockies。 Nests from Gulf States to Manitoba and Montreal。 Winters south of Virginia。 Migrations Late April。 October。 Common summer resident
〃There's a merry brown thrush sitting up in a tree； He is singing to me！ He is singing to me！ And what does he say； little girl； little boy？ 'Oh； the world's running over with joy！'〃
The hackneyed poem beginning with this stanza that delighted our nursery days； has left in our minds a fairly correct impression of the bird。 He still proves to be one of the perennially joyous singers； like a true cousin of the wrens； and when we study him afield； he appears to give his whole attention to his song with a self…consciousness that is rather amusing than the reverse。 〃What musician wouldn't be conscious of his own powers；〃 he seems to challenge us； 〃if he possessed such a gift？〃 Seated on a conspicuous perch； as if inviting attention to his performance； with uplifted head and drooping tail he repeats the one exultant； dashing air to which his repertoire is limited； without waiting for an encore。 Much practice has given the notes a brilliancy of execution to be compared only with the mockingbird's； but in spite of the name 〃ferruginous mocking…bird〃 that Audubon gave him； he does not seem to have the faculty of imitating other birds' songs。 Thoreau says the Massachusetts farmers； when planting their seed； always think they hear the thrasher say； 〃Drop it； drop it cover it up； cover it up pull it up； pull it up； pull it up。〃
One of the shatterings of childish impressions that age too often brings is when we learn by the books that our 〃merry brown thrush〃 is no thrush at all； but a thrasher first cousin to the wrens； in spite of his speckled breast； large size； and certain thrush…like instincts； such as never singing near the nest and shunning mankind in the nesting season； to mention only two。 Certainly his bold； swinging flight and habit of hopping and running over the ground would seem to indicate that he is not very far removed from the true thrushes。 But he has one undeniable wren…like trait； that of twitching； wagging； and thrashing his long tail about to help express his emotions。 It swings like a pendulum as he rests on a branch； and thrashes about in a most ludicrous way as he is feeding on the ground upon the worms； insects； and fruit that constitute his diet。
Before the fatal multiplication of cats； and in unfrequented； sandy locations still； the thrasher builds her nest upon the ground； thus earning the name 〃ground thrush〃 that is often given her； but with dearly paid…for wisdom she now most frequently selecting a low shrub or tree to cradle the two broods that all too early in the summer effectually silence the father's delightful song。
WILSON'S THRUSH （Turdus fuscescens） Thrush family
Called also： VEERY ｛AOU 1998＇； TAWNY THRUSH
Length 7 to 7。5 inches。 About one…fourth smaller than the robin。 Male and Female Uniform olive…brown； with a tawny cast above。 Centre of the throat white； with cream…buff on sides of throat and upper part of breast； which is lightly spotted with wedge…shaped； brown points。 Underneath white； or with a faint grayish tinge。 Range United States； westward to plains。 Migrations May。 October。 Summer resident。
To many of us the veery； as they call the Wilson's thrush in New England； is merely a voice； a sylvan mystery； reflecting the sweetness and wildness of the forest； a vocal 〃will…o'…the…wisp〃 that； after enticing us deeper and deeper into the woods； where we sink into the spongy moss of its damp retreats and become entangled in the wild grape…vines twined about the saplings and underbrush； still sings to us from unapproachable tangles。 Plainly； if we want to see the bird； we must let it seek us out on the fallen log where we have sunk exhausted in the chase。
Presently a brown bird scuds through the fern。 It is a thrush； you guess in a minute； from its slender； graceful body。 At first you notice no speckles on its breast； but as it comes nearer； obscure arrow…heads are visible not heavy； heart…shaped spots such as plentifully speckle the larger wood thrush or the smaller hermit。 It is the smallest of the three commoner thrushes； and it lacks the ring about the eye that both the others have。 Shy and elusive； it slips away again in a most unfriendly fashion； and is lost in the wet tangle before you have become acquainted。 You determine； however； before you leave the log； to cultivate the acquaintance of this bird the next spring； when； before it mates and retreats to the forest； it comes boldly into the gardens and scratches about in the dry leaves on the ground for the lurking insects beneath。 Miss Florence Merriam tells of having drawn a number of veeries about her by imitating their call…note； which is a whistled wheew； whoit； very easy to counterfeit when once heard。 〃Taweel…ah； taweel…ah； twil…ah； twil…ah！〃 Professor Ridgeway interprets their song； that descends in a succession of trills without break or pause； but no words can possibly convey an idea of the quality of the music。 The veery； that never claims an audience； sings at night also； and its weird； sweet strains floating through the woods at dusk； thrill one like the mysterious voice of a disembodied spirit。
Whittier mentions the veery in 〃The Playmate〃：
〃And here in spring the veeries sing The song of long ago。〃
WOOD THRUSH （Turdus mustelinus） Thrush family
Called also： SONG THRUSH； WOOD ROBIN； BELLBIRD
Length 8 to 8。3 inches。 About two inches shorter than the robin。 Male and Female Brown above； reddish on head and shoulders； shading into olive…brown on tail。 Throat； breast； and underneath white； plain in the middle； but heavily marked on sides and breast with heart…shaped spots of very dark brown。 Whitish eye…ring。 Migrations Late April or early May。 October。 Summer resident。
When Nuttall wrote of 〃this solitary and retiring songster；〃 before the country was as thickly settled as it is to…day； it possibly had not developed the confidence in men that now distinguishes the wood thrush from its shy congeners that are distinctly wood birds； which it can no longer strictly be said to be。 In city parks and country places； where plenty of trees shade the village streets and lawns； it comes near you； half hopping； half running； with dignified unconsciousness and even familiarity； all the more delightful in a bird whose family instincts should take it into secluded woodlands with their shady dells。 Perhaps； in its heart of hearts； it still prefers such retreats。 Many conservative wood thrushes keep to their wild haunts； and it must be owned not a few liberals； that discard family traditions at other times； seek the forest at nesting time。 But social as the wood thrush is and abundant； too； it is also eminently high…bred； and when contrasted with its tawny cousin； the veery； that skulks away to hide in the nearest bushes as you approach； or with the hermit thrush； that pours out its heavenly song in the solitude of the forest； how gracious and full of gentle confidence it seems！ Every gesture is graceful and elegant； even a wriggling beetle is eaten as daintily as caviare at the king's table。 It is only when its confidence in you is abused； and you pass too near the nest； that might easily be mistaken for a robin's； just above your head in a sapling； that the wood thrush so far forgets itself as to become excited。 Pit； pit； pit； sharply reiterated； is called out at you with a strident quality in the tone that is painful evidence of the fearful anxiety your presence gives this gentle bird。
Too many guardians of nests； whether out of excessive happiness or excessive stupidity； have a dangerous habit of singing very near them。 Not so the wood thrush。 〃Come to me；〃 as the opening notes of its flute…like song have been freely translated； invites the intruder far away from where the blue eggs lie cradled in ambush。 is as good a rendering into syllables of the luscious song as could very well be made。 Pure； liquid； rich； and luscious； it rings out from the trees on the summer air and penetrates our home like 〃Uoli…a…e…o…li…noli…nol…aeolee…lee！ strait of music from a stringed quartette。
HERMIT THRUSH
