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and later the FSB。  (SR。)



'18' 〃De Bouillé;〃 p。  50: 〃All the old noble families; save two or

three hundred; were ruined。〃



'19' Cf。  Doniol; 〃La Révolution et la Féodalité。〃



'20' Moniteur; sitting of August 6; !789。  Speech of Duport:

〃Whatever is unjust cannot last。  Similarly; no compensation for

these unjust rights can be maintained。〃 Sitting of February 27;

1790。  M。  Populus: 〃As slavery could not spring from a legitimate

contract; because liberty cannot be alienated; you have abolished

without indemnity hereditary property in persons。〃 Instructions and

decree of June 15…19; 1791: 〃The National Assembly has recognized in

the most emphatic manner that a man never could become the

proprietor of another man; and consequently; that the rights which

one had assumed to have over the person of the other; could not

become the property of the former。〃 Cf。  the diverse reports of

Merlin to the Committee of Feudality and the National Assembly。



'21' Duvergier; 〃Collection des Lois et Décrets。〃 Laws of the 4…11

August; 1789; March 15…28; 1790; May 3…9; 1790; June 15…19; 1791。



'22' Agrier percières  terms denoting taxes paid in the shape of

shares of produce。  Those which follow: lods; rentes; quint; requint

belong to the taxes levied on real property。  'Tr。'



'23' Doniol (〃Noveaux cahiers de 1790〃)。  Complaints of the copy…

holders of Rouergues and of Quercy; pp。  97…105。



'24' See further on; book III。  ch。  II。  § 4 and also ch。  III。



'25' Moniteur; sitting of March 2; 1790。  Speech by Merlin: 〃The

peasants have been made to believe that the annulation of the

banalities (the obligation to use the public mill; wine…press; and

oven; which belonged to the noble) carried along with it the loss to

the noble of all these; the peasants regarding themselves as

proprietors of them。〃



'26' Moniteur; sitting of June 9; !790。  Speech of M。  Charles de

Lameth  Duvergier (laws of June 19…23 1790; September 27 and

October 16; 1791)。



'27' Sauzay; V。  400 …410。



'28' Duvergier; laws of June 15…19; 1791; of June 18 …July 6; 1792;

of August 25…28; 1792。



'29' 〃Institution du Droit Fran?ais;〃 par Argou; I。103。  (He wrote

under the Regency。) 〃The origin of most of the feoffs is so ancient

that; if the seigneurs were obliged to produce the titles of the

original concession to obtain their rents; there would scarcely be

one able to produce them。  This deficiency is made up by common

law。〃



'30' Duvergier (laws of April 8…15; 1791; March 7…11; October 26;

1791; January 6…10; 1794)。   Mirabeau had already proposed to

reduce the disposable portion to one…tenth。



'31' See farther on; book III; ch。  III。



'32' Mercure; September 10; 1791。  Article by Mallet du Pan。 … Ibid。

October 15; 1791。



'33' Should Hitler or Lenin have read and understood the

consequences of these events they would have deduced that given the

command from official sources or recognized leaders ordinary people

all over the world could easily be tempted to attack any group;

being it Jews; Protestants; Hindus or foreigners。  (SR。)



'34' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 II。  784。  Letters of M。  de Langeron;

October 16 and 18; 1789。    Albert Babeau; 〃Histoire de Troyes;〃

letters addressed to the Chevalier de Poterats ; July; 1790。  

〃Archives Nationales;〃 papers of the Committee on Reports; bundle 4;

letter of M。  le Belin…Chatellenot to the to the President of the

National Assembly; July 1; 1791。   Mercure; October 15; 1791。

Article by Mallet du Pan: 〃Such is literally the language of these

emigrants; I do not add a word。〃 … Ibid。  May 15; 1790。  Letter of

the Baron de Bois d'Aizy; April 29;1790; demanding a decree of

protection fur the nobles。  〃We shall know (then) whether we are

outlawed or are of any account in the rights of man written out with

so much blood; or whether; finally; no other option is left to us

but that of carrying to distant skies the remains of our property

and our wretched existence。〃



'35' Mercure; October 15; 1791; and September 10; 1791。  Read the

admirable letter of the Chevalier de Mesgrigny; appointed colonel

during the suspension of the King; and refusing his new rank。



'36' Cf。  the 〃Mémoires〃 of M。  de Boustaquet; a Norman gentleman。



'37' Cf。  〃The Ancient Régime;〃 books I。  and II。



'38' Boivin… Champeaux; 〃Notice Historique sur la Révolution dans le

Département de L'Eure;〃 the register of grievances。  In 1788; at

Rouen; there was not a single profession made by men。  In the

monastery of the Deux…Amants the chapter convoked in 1789 consisted

of two monks。   〃Archives Nationales;〃 papers of the ecclesiastic

committee; passim。



'39' 〃Apologie de l'état Religieux〃 (1775); with statistics。  Since

1768 the decline is 〃frightful。〃 〃It is easy to foresee that in ten

or twelve years most of the regular bodies will be absolutely

extinct; or reduced to a state of feebleness akin to death。〃



'40' Sanzay; I。  224 (November; 1790)。  At Besan?on; out of 266

monks; 〃79 only showed any loyalty to their engements or any

affection for their calling。〃 Others preferred to abandon it;

especially all the Dominicans but five; all but one of the bare

footed Carmelites; and all the Grand Carmelites。  The same

disposition is apparent throughout the department; as; for instance;

with the Benedictines of Cluny except one; all the Minimes but

three; all the Capuchins but five; the Bernandins; Dominicans; and

Augustins; all preferring to leave。    Montalembert; 〃Les Moines

d'Occident;〃 introduction; pp。  105…164。  Letter of a Benedictine of

Saint…Germain…des…Prés to a Benedictine of Vannes。  〃Of all the

members of your congregation which come here to lodge; I have

scarcely found one capable of edifying us。  You may probably say the

same of those who came to you from our place。〃   Cf。  in the

〃Mémoires〃 of Merlin de Thionville the description of the Chartreuse

of Val St。  Pierre。



'41' Ch。  Guerin; 〃Revue des Questions Historiques〃 (July 1; 1875;

April 1; 1876)。   Abbé Guettée; 〃Histoire de l'Eglise de France;〃

XII; 128。  (〃Minutes of the meeting of l'Assemblée du Clergé;〃 in

1780。)  〃Archives nationales;〃 official reports and memorandums of

the States…General in 1789。  The most obnoxious proceeding to the

chiefs of the order is the postponement of the age at which vows may

be taken; it being; in their view; the ruin of their institutions。

  〃The Ancient Régime;〃 p。  403。



'42' In order for a modern uninstructed non…believing reader to

understand the motivation which moved thousands of self…less

sisters and brothers to do their useful and kind work read St。

Matthew chapter 25; verses 31 to 46 where Jesus predicts how he will

sit in judgment on mankind and separate the sheep from the goats。 (SR。)



'43' 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 P。33  Cf。  Guerin 〃The monastery of the

Trois…Rois; in the north of Franche…Comté; founded four villages

collected from foreign colonists。  It is the only center of charity

and civilization in a radius of three leagues。  It took care of two

hundred of the sick in a recent epidemic; it lodges the troops which

pass from Alsace into Franche…Comté; and in the late hailstorm it

supplied the whole neighborhood with food。〃



'44' Moniteur; sitting of February 13;1790。  (Speech of the Abbé de

Montesquiou)。    Archives Nationales;〃 papers of the

Ecclesiastical Committee; DXIX。  6; Visitation de Limoges; DXIX。

25; Annonciades de Saint…Denis; ibid。  Annonciades de Saint Amour;

Ursulines d'Auch; de Beaulieu; d'Eymoutier; de la Ciotat; de Pont

Saint…Esprit; Hospitalières d'Ernée; de Laval; Sainte Claire de

Laval; de Marseilles; etc。  〃



'45' Sauzay; I。  247。  Out of three hundred and seventy…seven nuns

at Doubs; three hundred and fifty…eight preferred to remain as they

were; especially at Pontarlier; all the Bernardines; Annonciades;

and Ursulines; at Besan?on; all the Carmelites; the Visitandines;

the Annonciades; the Clarisses; the Sisters of Refuge; the Nuns of

the Saint…Esprit and; save one; all the Benedictine Nuns。



'46' 〃Archives Nationales。〃 Papers of the Ecclesiastical Committee;

passim。 Suzay; I。  51。    Statistics of France for 1866。



'47' In 1993 this number has once more fallen; and continues to

fall; to 55 900。  〃Quid〃; 1996 page 623。  (SR。)



'48' Felix Rocquain; 〃La France aprés le 18 Brumaire。〃 (Reports of

the Councillors of State dispatched on this service; passim)。



'49' Moniteur; October 24; 1789。  (Speech of Dupont de Nemours。) All

these speeches; often more fully reported and with various

renderings; may be found in 〃Les Archives Parlementaires;〃 1st

series; vols。  VIII。  and IX。



'50' Duvergier; decree of June 14…17; 1791。  〃The annihilation of

every corporation of citizens of any one condition or profession

being on of the foundation…stones of the French constitution; it is

forbidden to re…establish these de…facto under any pretext or form

whatever。  Citizens of a like condition or profession; such as

contractors; shopkeepers; workmen of all classes; and associates in

any art whatever shall not; on assembling together; appoint either

president; or secretaries; or syndics; discuss or pass resolutions;

or frame any regulations in relation to their assumed common

interests。〃



'51' Moniteur; sitting of November 2nd; 1789。



'52' Moniteur; sitting of February 12; 1790。  Speeches of Dally

d'Agier and Barnave。



'53' Moniteur; sitting of August 10; 1789。  Speech by Garat;

February 12; 1790; speech by Pétion; October 30; 1789; speech by

Thouret。



'54' Moniteur; sitting of November 2; 1789。  Speech by Chapelier;

October 24; 1789; speech by Garat; October 30; 1789; speech by

Mirabeau; and the sitting of August 10; 1789。



'55' Moniteur; sitting of October 23; 1789。  Speech by Thouret。



'56' Moniteur; sitting of October 23; 1789。  Speech by Treilhard;

October24th; speech b

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