the origins of contemporary france-2-第67部分
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grand…privot; March 6;1790。
'31' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3196。 Letters of M。 du Miran;
April 11th and 16th; and May 1; 1790。
'32' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3196。 Procés…verbal of events on
the 30th of April。
'33' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3196。 Letters of the Municipality
of Marseilles to the National Assembly; May 5 and 20; 1790。
'34' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3196。 Order of the king; May10。
Letter of M。 de Saint…Priest to the National Assembly; May 11。
Decree of the National Assembly; May 12。 Letter of the Municipality
to the King。 May 20。 Letter of M。 de Rubum; May 20。 Note sent
from Marseilles; May 31。 Address of the Municipality to the
President of the Friends of the Constitution; at Paris; May 5。 In
his narration of the taking of the forts we read the following
sentence: 〃We arrived without hindrance in the presence of the
commandant; whom we brought to an agreement by means of the
influence which force; fear and reason give to persuasion。〃
'35' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3196; Letter of M。 de Miran; May 5。
The spirit of the ruling party at Marseilles is indicated by
several printed documents joined to the dossier; and; among others;
by a 〃Requéte à Desmoulins; procureur…général de la Lanterne。〃 It
relates to a 〃patriotic inkstand;〃 recently made out of the stones
of the demolished citadel; representing a hydra with four heads;
symbolizing the nobility; the clergy; the ministry and the judges。
〃It is from the four patriotic skulls of the hydra that the ink of
proscription will he taken for the enemies of the Constitution。
This inkstand; cut out of the first stone that fell in the
demolition of Fort Saint…Nicolas; is dedicated to the patriotic
Assembly of Marseilles。 The magic art of the hero of the liberty of
Marseilles; that Renaud who; under the mask of devotion; surprised
the watchful sentinel of Notre…Dame de la Garde; and whose manly
courage and cunning ensured the conquest of that key of the great
focus of counter…revolution; has just given birth to a new trait of
genius a new Deucalion; he personifies this stone which Liberty has
flung from the summit of our menacing Bastilles; etc。〃
'36' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7。 3198。 Letters of the royal
commissioners; April 13 and 5; 1791。
'37' De Ségur; 〃Memoires;〃 III; 482 (early in 1790)。
'38' De Dampmartin; I。 184 (January; 1791)。
'39' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 KK; 1105。 Correspondence of M。 de
Thiard (October 12; 1789)。
'40' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3250。 Minutes from the meeting of
the directory of the department。 March 28; 1792。 〃As the ferment
was at the highest point and fears were entertained that greater
evils would follow; M。 le Président; with painful emotion declared
that he yielded and passed the unconstitutional act。〃 Reply of the
minister; June 23: 〃 If the constituted authorities are thus forced
to yield to the arbitrary will of a wild multitude; government no
longer exists and we are in the saddest stage of anarchy。 If you
think it best I will propose to the King to reverse your last
decision。〃
'41' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3250。 Letter of M。 Duport;
minister of justice; December 24; 1791。
'42' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3248; Report of the members of the
department; finished March 18; 1792。 Buchez and Roux; IX。 240
(Report of M。 Alquier)。
'43' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3268。 Extract from the
deliberations of the directory of Seine…et…Oise; with the documents
relating to the insurrection at Etampes; September 16; 1791。 Letter
of M。 Venard; administrator of the district; September 20 〃 I
shall not set foot in Etampes until the re…establishment of order
and tranquility; and the first thing I shall do will be to record
my resignation in the register。 I am tired of making sacrifices;
for ungrateful wretches。〃
'44' Moniteur; March 16; 1792。 Mortimer…Ternaux; 〃Histoire de la
Terreur〃 (Proceedings against the assassins of Simoneau); I。 381。
'45' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3226。 Letter and memorandum of
Chenantin; cultivator; November 7; 1792。 Extract from the
deliberations of the directory of Langeais; November 5; 1792
(sedition at Chapelle…Blanche; near Langeais; October 5; 1792)。
'46' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3105。 Report of the commissioners
sent by the National Assembly and the King; February 23; 1791。 (On
the events of December 12 and 14; 1790) Mercure de France;
February 29; 5791。 (Letters from Aix; and notably a letter from
seven officers shut up in prison at Aix; January 30; 1791。) The
oldest Jacobin Club formed in February; 1790; was entitled 〃(Club
des vrais amis de la Constitution。〃 The second Jacobin club; formed
in October; 1790; was 〃composed from the beginning of artisans and
laborers from the faubourgs and suburbs。〃 Its title was〃 Société des
frères anti…politiques;〃 or 〃frères vrais; justes et utiles à la
patrie。〃 The opposition club; formed in December; 1790; bore the
title; according to some; of 〃Les Amis du Roi; de la paix et de la
religion;〃 according to others; 〃Les amis de la paix;〃 and finally;
according to another report; 〃Les Défenseurs de la religion; des
personnes et des proprietés。〃
'47' A special series of religious services。 (TR)
'48' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3195。 Letters of the commissioners;
March 20; February 11; May 10; 1791。
CHAPTER II。 SOVEREIGNTY OF UNRESTRAINED PASSIONS。
Under these conditions when passions are freed; any determined and
competent man who can gather a couple of hundred men may form a band
and slip through the enlarged or weakened meshes of the net held by
the passive or ineffective government。 An experiment on a grand
scale is about to be made on human society; owing to the slackening
of the regular restraints which have maintained it; it is now
possible to measure the force of the permanent instincts which
attack it。 They are always there even in ordinary times; we do not
notice them because they are kept in check; but they are not the
less energetic and effective; and; moreover; indestructible。 The
moment their repression ceases; their power of mischief becomes
evident; just as that of the water which floats a ship; but which;
at the first leak enters into it and sinks it。
I。
Old Religious Grudges … Montauban and N?mes in 1790。
Religious passions; to begin with; are not to be kept down by
federations; embraces; and effusions of fraternity。 In the south;
where the Protestants have been persecuted for more than a century;
hatreds exist more than a century old。'1' In vain have the odious
edicts which oppressed them fallen into desuetude for the past
twenty years; in vain have civil rights been restored to them since
1787: The past still lives in transmitted recollections; and two
groups are confronting each other; one Protestant and the other
Catholic; each defiant; hostile; ready to act on the defensive; and
interpreting the preparations of its adversary as a plan of attack。
Under such circumstances the guns go off of their own accord。 … On
a sudden alarm at Uzès'2' the Catholics; two thousand in number;
take possession of the bishop's palace and the H?tel…de…Ville; while
the Protestants; numbering four hundred; assemble outside the walls
on the esplanade; and pass the night under arms; each troop
persuaded that the other is going to massacre it; one party
summoning the Catholics of Jalès to its aid; and the other the
Protestants of Gardonnenque。 … There is but one way of avoiding
civil war between parties in such an attitude; and that is the
ascendancy of an energetic third party; impartial and on the spot。
A plan to this effect; which promises well; is proposed by the
military commandant of Languedoc。'3' According to him the two
firebrands are; on the one hand; the bishops of Lower Languedoc; and
on the other; MM。 Rabaut…Saint…Etienne; father and two sons; all
three being pastors。 Let them be responsible 〃with their heads〃 for
any mob; insurrection; or attempt to debauch the army; let a
tribunal of twelve judges be selected from the municipal bodies of
twelve towns; and all delinquents be brought before it; let this be
the court of final appeal; and its sentence immediately executed。
The system in vogue; however; is just the reverse。 Both parties
being organized into a body of militia; each takes care of itself;
and is sure to fire on the other; and the more readily; inasmuch as
the new ecclesiastical regulations; which are issued from month to
month; strike like so many hammers on Catholic sensibility; and
scatter showers of sparks on the primings of the already loaded
guns。
At Montauban; on the 10th of May; 1790; the day of the inventory and
expropriation of the religious communities;'4' the commissioners are
not allowed to enter。 Women in a state of frenzy lie across the
thresholds of the doors; and it would be necessary to pass over
their bodies; a large mob gathers around the 〃Cordeliers;〃 and a
petition is signed to have the convents maintained。 … The
Protestants who witness this commotion become alarmed; and eighty of
their National Guards march to the H?tel…de…Ville; and take forcible
possession of the guard…house which protects it。 The municipal
authorities order them to withdraw; which they refuse to do。
Thereupon the Catholics assembled at the 〃Cordeliers〃 begin a riot;
throw stones; and drive in the doors with pieces of timber; while a
cry is heard that the Protestants; who have taken refuge in the
guard…house; are firing from the windows。 The enraged multitude
immediately invade the arsenal; seize all the guns they can lay
their hands on; and fire volleys on the guard…house; the effect of
which is to kill five of the Protestants and wound twenty…four
others。 The rest are saved by a municipal officer and the police;
but they are oblige