the origins of contemporary france-2-第95部分
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maybe been confirmed in his plan to create a new elite; an elite he
eventually began to make use of from 1917 and onwards; an elite
which continues to rule Russia and a great part of the world today。
(SR。)
'22' Mercure de France; June 4; 1790 (letter from Cahors; May 17;
and an Act of the Municipality; May 10; 1790)。
'23' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7;; 1223。 Letter of count Louis de
Beaumont; November 9; 1791。 His letter; in a very moderate tone;
thus end: 〃You must admit; sir; that it is very disagreeable and
even incredible; that the Municipal Officers should be the
originators of the disorders which occur in this town。〃
'24' Mercure de France; January 7; 1792。 M。 Granchier de Riom
petitions the Directory of his Department in relation to the
purchase of the cemetery; where his father had been interred four
years before; his object is to prevent it from being dug up; which
was decreed; and to preserve the family vault。 He at the same time
wishes to buy the church of Saint…Paul; in order to insure the
continuance of the masses in behalf of his father's soul。 The
Directory replies (December 5; 1791): 〃considering that the motives
which have determined the petitioner in his declaration are a
pretense of good feeling under which there is hidden an illusion
powerless to pervert a sound mind; the Directory decides that the
application of the sieur Granchier cannot be granted。〃
'25' De Ferrières; II。 268 (April 19; 1791)。
'26' De Montlosier; II。 307; 309; 312。
'27' Moniteur; VI。 556。 Letter of M d'Aymar; commodore; November 18;
1790。
'28' Mercure de France; May 28; and June 16; 1791 (letters from
Cahors and Castelnau; May 18)。
'29' Mercure de France; number of May 28; 1791。 At the festival of
the Federation; M。 de Massy would not order his cavalry to put their
chapeaux on the points of their swords; which was a difficult
maneuver。 He was accused of treason to the nation on account of
this; and obliged to leave Tulle for several months。 … 〃 Archives
Nationales;〃 F7; 3204。 Extract from the minutes of the tribunal of
Tulle; May 10; 1791。
'30' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3215; 〃Minutes of the meeting des
Officiers Municipaux de Brest;〃 June 23; 1791。
'31' 〃Mémoires de Cuvier〃 (〃Eloges Historiques;〃 by Flourens); I;
177。 Cuvier; who was then in Havre (1788); had pursued the higher
studies in a German administrative school。 〃M。 de Surville;〃 he
says; an officer in the Artuis regiment; has one of the must refined
minds and most amiable characters I ever encountered。 There were a
good many of this sort among his comrades; and I am always
astonished how such men could vegetate in the obscure ranks of an
infantry regiment。〃
'32' De Dampmartin; I。 133。 At the beginning of the year 1790;
〃inferior officers said: 'We ought to demand something; for we have
at least as many grievances as our troopers;' 〃 … M。 de la
Rochejacquelein; after his great success in La Vendée; said: 〃I hope
that the King; when once he is restored; will give me a regiment。〃
He aspired to nothing more (〃Mémoires de Madame de la
Rochejacquelein〃)。 … Cf。 〃Un Officier royaliste au Service de la
Republique;〃 by M。 de Bezancenet; in the letters and biography of
General de Dommartin killed in the expedition to Egypt。
'33' Correspondence of MM。 de Thiard; de Caraman; de Miran; de
Bercheny; etc。; above cited; passim。 … Correspondence of M。 de
Thiard; May 5; 1780: 〃The town of Vannes has an authoritative style
which begins to displease me。 It wants the King to furnish drum…
sticks。 The first log of wood would provide these; with greater
ease and promptness。〃
'34' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3248; March 16; 1791。 At Douai;
Nicolon; a grain…dealer; is hung because the municipal authorities
did not care to proclaim martial law。 The commandant; M。 de la
Noue; had not the right of ordering his men to move; and the murder
took place before his eyes。
'35' The last named; especially; died with heroic meekness (Mercure
de France; June 18; 1791)。 … Sitting of June 9; speeches by two
officers of the regiment of Port…au…Prince; one of them an eye…
witness。
'36' 〃De Dampmartin;〃 II。 214。 Desertion is very great; even in
ordinary times; supplying foreign armies with 〃a fourth of their
effective men。〃 … Towards the end of 1789; Dubois de Crancé; an
old musketeer and one of the future 〃men of the mountain;〃 stated to
the National Assembly that the old system of recruiting supplied the
army with 〃men without home or occupation; who often became soldiers
to avoid civil penalties〃 (Moniteur; II。 376; 381; sitting of
December 12; 1789)。
'37' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 KK; 1105; Correspondence of M。 de
Thiard; September 4 and 7; 1789; November 20; 1789; April 28; and
May 29; 1790。 〃The spirit of insubordination which begins to show
itself in the Bassigny regiment is an epidemic disease which is
insensibly spreading among all the troops。 。 。 。 The troops are
all in a state of gangrene; while all the municipalities oppose the
orders they receive concerning the movements of troops。〃
'38' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 H;1453。 Correspondence of M。 de
Bercheny; July 12; 1790。
'39' 〃Mémoire Justificatif〃 (by Grégoire); on behalf of two
soldiers; Emery and Delisle。 … De Bouillé; 〃Mémoires。〃 … De
Dampmartin; I。128; 144。 … 〃Archives Nationales;〃 KK; 1105;
Correspondence of M。 de Thiard; July 2 and 9; 1790。 … Moniteur;
sittings of September 3 and June 4; 1790。
'40' De Bouillé; p。 127。 … Moniteur; sitting of August 6; 1790;
and that of May 27; 1790。 … Full details in authentic documents
of the affair at Nancy; passim。 … Report of M。 Emmery; August 16;
1790; and other documents in Buchez and Roux; VII。 59…162。 … De
Bezancenet; p。35。 Letters of M。 de Dommartin (Metz; August 4;
1790)。 〃The Federation there passed off quietly; only; a short time
after; some soldiers of a regiment took it into their heads to
divide the (military) fund; and at once placed sentinels at the door
of the officer having charge of the chest; compelling him to open it
(désacquer)。 Another regiment has since put all its officers under
arrest。 A third has mutinied; and wanted to take all its horses to
the market…place and sell them。 。 。 。 Everywhere the soldiers are
heard to say that if they want money they know where to find it。〃
'41' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3215; letters of the Royal
Commissioners; September 27; October 1; 4; 8; 11; 1790。 the
commencement of the Revolution; had most to do with the
insurrections in the interior。 〃What means can four commissioners
employ to convince 20;000 men; most of whom are seduced by the real
enemies of the public welfare? In consequence of the replacing of
the men the crews are; for the most part; composed of those who are
almost ignorant of the sea; who know nothing of the rules of
subordination; and who; at the commencement of the Revolution; had
most to do with the insurrections in the interior。〃
'42' Mercure de France。 October 2; 1790。 Letter of the Admiral; M。
d'Albert de Rioms; September 16。 The soldiers of the Majestueux
have refused to drill; and the sailors of the Patriote to obey。 …
〃I wished to ascertain beforehand if they had any complaint to make
against their captain? … No。 … If they complained of myself? …
No。 … If they had any complaints to make against their officers ?
… No。 … It is the revolt of one class against another class;
their sole cry is 'Vive la Nation et les Aristocrates à la
lanterne!' The mob have set up a gibbet before the house of M。 de
Marigny; major…general of marines; he has handed in his resignation。
M。 d'Albert tenders his resignation。〃 … Ibid; June 18; 1791
(letter from Dunkirk; June 3)。
'43' De Dampmartin; I。 222; 219。 Mercure de France; September 3;
1791。 (Sitting of August 23。) … Cf。 Moniteur (same date)。 〃The
Ancient Régime;〃 p。377。
'44' Marshal Marmont; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。 24。 〃The sentiment I
entertained for the person of the King is difficult to define。 。 。
(It was) a sentiment of devotion of an almost religious character; a
profound respect as if due to a being of a superior order。 At this
time the word king possessed a magic power in all pure and upright
hearts which nothing had changed。 This delicate sentiment 。 。 。
still existed in the mass of the nation; especially among the well…
born; who; sufficiently remote from power; were rather impressed by
its brilliancy than by its imperfections。〃 De Bezancenet; 27。
Letter of M。 de Dommartin; August 24; 1790。 〃We have just renewed
our oath。 I hardly know what it all means。 I; a soldier; know only
my King; in reality I obey two masters; who; we are told; will
secure my happiness and that of my brethren; if they agree
together。〃
'45' De Dampmartin; I。 179。 See the details of his resignation
(III。 185) after June 20; 1792。 … Mercure de France; April 14;
1792。 Letter from the officers of the battalion of the Royal
chasseurs of Provence (March 9)。 They are confined to their
barracks by their soldiers; who refuse to obey their orders; and
they declare that; on this account; they abandon the service and
leave France。
'46' Rousset; 〃Les Volontaires de 1791 à 1794; p。 106。 Letter of
M。 de Biron to the minister (August; 1792); p。225; letter of Vezu;
commander of the 3rd battalion of Paris; to the army of the north
(July 24; 1793)。 … 〃A Residence in France from 1792 to 1795〃
(September; 1792。 Arras)。 See notes at the end of vol。 II。 for
the details of these violent proceedings。
'47' Mercure de France; March 5; June 4; September 3; October 22;
1791。 (Articles by Mallet du Pan。 … Ibid。 ; April 14; 1792。 More
than six hundred naval officers resigned after the mutiny of the
squadron at Brest。 〃Twenty…two grave revolts in the ports on
shipboard re