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sensual; yet they are sensuous; and often nothing more。  The

cultivation of a taste for beauty of form or colour; of sound or

attitude; has no necessary effect upon the cultivation of the mind

or the development of the character。  The contemplation of fine

works of art will doubtless improve the taste; and excite

admiration; but a single noble action done in the sight of men

will more influence the mind; and stimulate the character to

imitation; than the sight of miles of statuary or acres of

pictures。  For it is mind; soul; and heartnot taste or art

that make men great。



It is indeed doubtful whether the cultivation of artwhich

usually ministers to luxuryhas done so much for human progress

as is generally supposed。  It is even possible that its too

exclusive culture may effeminate rather than strengthen the

character; by laying it more open to the temptations of the

senses。  〃It is the nature of the imaginative temperament

cultivated by the arts;〃 says Sir Henry Taylor; 〃to undermine the

courage; and; by abating strength of character; to render men more

easily subservientSEQUACES; CEREOS; ET AD MANDATA DUCTILES。〃

(17)  The gift of the artist greatly differs from that of the

thinker; his highest idea is to mould his subjectwhether it be

of painting; or music; or literatureinto that perfect grace of

form in which thought (it may not be of the deepest) finds its

apotheosis and immortality。



Art has usually flourished most during the decadence of nations;

when it has been hired by wealth as the minister of luxury。

Exquisite art and degrading corruption were contemporary in Greece

as well as in Rome。  Phidias and Iktinos had scarcely completed

the Parthenon; when the glory of Athens had departed; Phidias died

in prison; and the Spartans set up in the city the memorials of

their own triumph and of Athenian defeat。  It was the same in

ancient Rome; where art was at its greatest height when the people

were in their most degraded condition。  Nero was an artist; as

well as Domitian; two of the greatest monsters of the Empire。

If the 〃Beautiful〃 had been the 〃Good;〃 Commodus must have

been one of the best of men。  But according to history he was

one of the worst。



Again; the greatest period of modern Roman art was that in which

Pope Leo X。 flourished; of whose reign it has been said; that

〃profligacy and licentiousness prevailed amongst the people and

clergy; as they had done almost uncontrolled ever since the

pontificate of Alexander VI。〃  In like manner; the period at which

art reached its highest point in the Low Countries was that which

immediately succeeded the destruction of civil and religious

liberty; and the prostration of the national life under the

despotism of Spain。  If art could elevate a nation; and the

contemplation of The Beautiful were calculated to make men The

Goodthen Paris ought to contain a population of the wisest and

best of human beings。  Rome also is a great city of art; and yet

there; the VIRTUS or valour of the ancient Romans has

characteristically degenerated into VERTU; or a taste for

knicknacks; whilst; according to recent accounts; the city itself

is inexpressibly foul。 (18)



Art would sometimes even appear to have a close connection with

dirt; and it is said of Mr。 Ruskin; that when searching for works

of art in Venice; his attendant in his explorations would sniff an

ill…odour; and when it was strong would say; 〃Now we are coming to

something very old and fine!〃meaning in art。 (19)  A little

common education in cleanliness; where it is wanting; would

probably be much more improving; as well as wholesome; than any

amount of education in fine art。  Ruffles are all very well; but

it is folly to cultivate them to the neglect of the shirt。



Whilst; therefore; grace of manner; politeness of behaviour;

elegance of demeanour; and all the arts that contribute to make

life pleasant and beautiful; are worthy of cultivation; it must

not be at the expense of the more solid and enduring qualities of

honesty; sincerity; and truthfulness。  The fountain of beauty must

be in the heart; more than in the eye; and if art do not tend to

produce beautiful life and noble practice; it will be of

comparatively little avail。  Politeness of manner is not worth

much; unless accompanied by polite action。  Grace may be but skin…

deepvery pleasant and attractive; and yet very heartless。  Art

is a source of innocent enjoyment; and an important aid to higher

culture; but unless it leads to higher culture; it will probably

be merely sensuous。  And when art is merely sensuous; it is

enfeebling and demoralizing rather than strengthening or

elevating。  Honest courage is of greater worth than any amount of

grace; purity is better than elegance; and cleanliness of body;

mind; and heart; than any amount of fine art。



In fine; while the cultivation of the graces is not to be

neglected; it should ever be held in mind that there is something

far higher and nobler to be aimed atgreater than pleasure;

greater than art; greater than wealth; greater than power; greater

than intellect; greater than geniusand that is; purity and

excellence of character。  Without a solid sterling basis of

individual goodness; all the grace; elegance; and art in the world

would fail to save or to elevate a people。







NOTES



(1) Locke thought it of greater importance that an educator of youth

should be well…bred and well…tempered; than that he should be

either a thorough classicist or man of science。  Writing to Lord

Peterborough on his son's education; Locke said: 〃Your Lordship

would have your son's tutor a thorough scholar; and I think it not

much matter whether he be any scholar or no: if he but understand

Latin well; and have a general scheme of the sciences; I think

that enough。  But I would have him WELL…BRED and WELL…TEMPERED。〃



(2) Mrs。 Hutchinson's 'Memoir of the Life of Lieut。…Colonel

Hutchinson;' p。 32。



(3) 'Letters and Essays;' p。 59。



(4) 'Lettres d'un Voyageur。'



(5) Sir Henry Taylor's 'Statesman;' p。 59。



(6) Introduction to the 'Principal Speeches and Addresses of His Royal

Highness the Prince Consort;' 1862。



(7) 〃When in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes;

       I all alone beween my outcast state;

    And troubled deaf heaven with my bootless cries;

       And look upon myself and curse my fate;

    WISHING ME LIKE TO ONE MORE RICH IN HOPE;

       Featured like him; like him with friends possessed;

    Desiring this man's art; and that man's scope;

       With what I most enjoy; contented least;

    Yet in these thoughts; MYSELF ALMOST DESPISING;

       Haply I think on thee;〃 &c。SONNET XXIX。



    〃So I; MADE LAME by sorrow's dearest spite;〃 &c。SONNET XXXVI



(8) 〃And strength; by LIMPING sway disabled;〃 &c。SONNET LXVI。



    〃Speak of MY LAMENESS; and I straight will halt。〃SONNET LXXXIX。



(9)  〃Alas! 'tis true; I have gone here and there;

       And MADE MYSELF A MOTLEY TO THE VIEW;

     Gored mine own thoughts; sold cheap what is most dear;

       Made old offences of affections new;〃 &c。SONNET CX。



     〃Oh; for my sake do you with fortune chide!

       The guilty goddess of my harmful deeds;

     That did not better for my life provide;

       THAN PUBLIC MEANS; WHICH PUBLIC MANNERS BREED;

     Thence comes it that my name receives a brand;

       And almost thence my nature is subdued;

     To what it works in like the dyer's hand;〃 &c。SONNET CXI。



(10) 〃In our two loves there is but one respect;

        Though in our loves a separable spite;

     Which though it alter not loves sole effect;

        Yet doth it steal sweet hours from love's delight;

     I may not evermore acknowledge thee;

        Lest MY BEWAILED GUILT SHOULD DO THEE SHAME。〃SONNET XXXVI。



(11) It is related of Garrick; that when subpoenaed on Baretti's trial;

and required to give his evidence before the courtthough he had

been accustomed for thirty years to act with the greatest self…

possession in the presence of thousandshe became so perplexed

and confused; that he was actually sent from the witness…box by

the judge; as a man from whom no evidence could be obtained。



(12)Mrs。 Mathews' 'Life and Correspondence of Charles Mathews;' (Ed。

1860) p。 232。



(13) Archbishop Whately's 'Commonplace Book。'



(14) Emerson is said to have had Nathaniel Hawthorne in his mind when

writing the following passage in his 'Society and Solitude:'

〃The most agreeable compliment you could pay him was; to imply

that you had not observed him in a house or a street where you had

met him。  Whilst he suffered at being seen where he was; he

consoled himself with the delicious thought of the inconceivable

number of places where he was not。  All he wished of his tailor

was to provide that sober mean of colour and cut which would never

detain the eye for a moment。。。。  He had a remorse; running to

despair; of his social GAUCHERIES; and walked miles and miles to

get the twitchings out of his face; and the starts and shrugs out

of his arms and shoulders。  'God may forgive sins;' he said; 'but

awkwardness has no forgiveness in heaven or earth。'〃



(15) In a series of clever articles in the REVUE DES DEUX MONDES;

entitled; 'Six mille Lieues a toute Vapeur;' giving a description

of his travels in North America; Maurice Sand keenly observed the

comparatively anti…social proclivities of the American compared

with the Frenchman。  The one; he says; is inspired by the spirit

of individuality; the other by the spirit of society。  In America

he sees the individual absorbing society; as in France he sees

society absorbing the individual。  〃Ce peuple Anglo…Saxon;〃 he

says; 〃qui trouvait devant lui la terre; l'instrument de travail;

sinon inepuisable; du mons inepuise; s'est mis a l'exploiter sous

l'inspiration de l'egoisme; et nous autres Francais; nous n'avons

rien su

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