the malay archipelago-2-第59部分

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　frizzled　mop　which　is　the　Papuans'　pride　and　glory。　The　face　is　adorned　with　a　beard　of　the　same　frizzly　nature　as　the　hair　of　the　head。　The　arms；　legs；　and　breast　are　also　more　or　less　clothed　with　hair　of　a　similar　nature。

In　stature　the　Papuan　decidedly　surpasses　the　Malay；　and　is　perhaps　equal；　or　even　superior；　to　the　average　of　Europeans。　The　legs　are　long　and　thin；　and　the　hands　and　feet　larger　than　in　the　Malays。　The　face　is　somewhat　elongated；　the　forehead　flatfish；　the　brows　very　prominent；　the　nose　is　large；　rather　arched　and　high；　the　base　thick；　the　nostrils　broad；　with　the　aperture　hidden；　owing　to　the　tip　of　the　nose　being　elongated；　the　mouth　is　large；　the　lips　thick　and　protuberant。　The　face　has　thus　an　altogether　more　European　aspect　than　in　the　Malay；　owing　to　the　large　nose；　and　the　peculiar　form　of　this　organ；　with　the　more　prominent　brows　and　the　character　of　the　hair　on　the　head；　face；　and　body；　enable　us　at　a　glance　to　distinguish　the　two　races。　I　have　observed　that　most　of　these　characteristic　features　are　as　distinctly　visible　in　children　of　ten　or　twelve　years　old　as　in　adults；　and　the　peculiar　form　of　the　nose　is　always　shown　in　the　figures　which　they　carve　for　ornaments　to　their　houses；　or　as　charms　to　wear　round　their　necks。

The　moral　characteristics　of　the　Papuan　appear　to　me　to　separate　him　as　distinctly　from　the　Malay　as　do　his　form　and　features。　He　is　impulsive　and　demonstrative　in　speech　and　action。　His　emotions　and　passions　express　themselves　in　shouts　and　laughter；　in　yells　and　frantic　leapings。　Women　and　children　take　their　share　in　every　discussion；　and　seem　little　alarmed　at　the　sight　of　strangers　and　Europeans。

Of　the　intellect　of　this　race　it　is　very　difficult　to　judge；　but　I　am　inclined　to　rate　it　somewhat　higher　than　that　of　the　Malays；　notwithstanding　the　fact　that　the　Papuans　have　never　yet　made　any　advance　towards　civilization。　It　must　be　remembered；　however；　that　for　centuries　the　Malays　have　been　influenced　by　Hindoo；　Chinese；　and　Arabic　immigration；　whereas　the　Papuan　race　has　only　been　subjected　to　the　very　partial　and　local　influence　of　Malay　traders。　The　Papuan　has　much　more　vital　energy；　which　would　certainly　greatly　assist　his　intellectual　development。　Papuan　slaves　show　no　inferiority　of　intellect。　compared　with　Malays；　but　rather　the　contrary；　and　in　the　Moluccas　they　are　often　promoted　to　places　of　considerable　trust。　The　Papuan　has　a　greater　feeling　for　art　than　the　Malay。　He　decorates　his　canoe；　his　house；　and　almost　every　domestic　utensil　with　elaborate　carving；　a　habit　which　is　rarely　found　among　tribes　of　the　Malay　race。

In　the　affections　and　moral　sentiments；　on　the　other　hand；　the　Papuans　seem　very　deficient。　In　the　treatment　of　their　children　they　are　often　violent　and　cruel；　whereas　the　Malays　are　almost　invariably　kind　and　gentle；　hardly　ever　interfering　at　all　with　their　children's　pursuits　and　amusements；　and　giving　them　perfect　liberty　at　whatever　age　they　wish　to　claim　it。　But　these　very　peaceful　relations　between　parents　and　children　are　no　doubt；　in　a　great　measure；　due　to　the　listless　and　apathetic　character　of　the　race；　which　never　leads　the　younger　members　into　serious　opposition　to　the　elders；　while　the　harsher　discipline　of　the　Papuans　may　be　chiefly　due　to　that　greater　vigour　and　energy　of　mind　which　always；　sooner　or　later；　leads　to　the　rebellion　of　the　weaker　against　the　stronger；the　people　against　their　rulers；　the　slave　against　his　master；　or　the　child　against　its　parent。

It　appears；　therefore；　that；　whether　we　consider　their　physical　conformation；　their　moral　characteristics；　or　their　intellectual　capacities；　the　Malay　and　Papuan　races　offer　remarkable　differences　and　striking　contrasts。　The　Malay　is　of　short　stature；　brown…skinned；　straight…haired；　beardless；　and　smooth…　bodied。　The　Papuan　is　taller；　is　black…skinned；　frizzly…haired；　bearded；　and　hairy…bodied。　The　former　is　broad…faced；　has　a　small　nose；　and　flat　eyebrows；　the　latter　is　long…faced；　has　a　large　and　prominent　nose；　and　projecting　eyebrows。　The　Malay　is　bashful；　cold；　undemonstrative；　and　quiet；　the　Papuan　is　bold；　impetuous；　excitable；　and　noisy。　The　former　is　grave　and　seldom　laughs；　the　latter　is　joyous　arid　laughter…loving；the　one　conceals　his　emotions；　the　other　displays　them。

Having　thus　described　in　some　detail；　the　great　physical；　intellectual；　and　moral　differences　between　the　Malays　and　Papuans；　we　have　to　consider　the　inhabitants　of　the　numerous　islands　which　do　not　agree　very　closely　with　either　of　these　races。　The　islands　of　Obi；　Batchian；　and　the　three　southern　peninsulas　of　Gilolo；　possess　no　true　indigenous　population；　but　the　northern　peninsula　is　inhabited　by　a　native　race；　the　so…　called　Alfuros　of　Sahoe　and　Galela。　These　people　are　quite　distinct　from　the　Malays；　and　almost　equally　so　from　the　Papuans。　They　are　tall　and　well…made；　with　Papuan　features；　and　curly　hair；　they　are　bearded　and　hairy…limbed；　but　quite　as　light　in　colour　as　the　Malays。　They　are　an　industrious　and　enterprising　race；　cultivating　rice　and　vegetables；　and　indefatigable　in　their　search　after　game；　fish；　tripang；　pearls；　and　tortoiseshell。

In　the　great　island　of　Ceram　there　is　also　an　indigenous　race　very　similar　to　that　of　Northern　Gilolo。　Bourn　seems　to　contain　two　distinct　races；a　shorter；　round…faced　people；　with　a　Malay　physiognomy；　who　may　probably　have　come　from　Celebes　by　way　of　the　Sula　islands；　and　a　taller　bearded　race；　resembling　that　of　Ceram。

Far　south　of　the　Moluccas　lies　the　island　of　Timor；　inhabited　by　tribes　much　nearer　to　the　true　Papuan　than　those　of　the　Moluccas。

The　Timorese　of　the　interior　are　dusky　brown　or　blackish；　with　bushy　frizzled　hair；　and　the　long　Papuan　nose。　They　are　of　medium　height；　and　rather　slender　figures。　The　universal　dress　is　a　long　cloth　twisted　round　the　waist；　the　fringed　ends　of　which　hang　below　the　knee。　The　people　are　said　to　be　great　thieves；　and　the　tribes　are　always　at　war　with　each　other；　but　they　are　not　very　courageous　or　bloodthirsty。　The　custom　of　〃tabu；〃　called　here　〃pomali；〃　is　very　general；　fruit　trees；　houses；　crop；　and　property　of　all　kinds　being　protected　from　depredation　by　this　ceremony；　the　reverence　for　which　is　very　great。　A　palm　branch　stuck　across　an　open　door；　showing　that　the　house　is　tabooed；　is　a　more　effectual　guard　against　robbery　than　any　amount　of　locks　and　bars。　The　houses　in　Timor　are　different　from　those　of　most　of　the　other　islands；　they　seem　all　roof；　the　thatch　overhanging　the　low　walls　and　reaching　the　ground；　except　where　it　is　cut　away　for　an　entrance。　In　some　parts　of　the　west　end　of　Timor；　and　on　the　little　island　of　Semau；　the　houses　more　resemble　those　of　the　Hottentots；　being　egg…shaped；　very　small；　and　with　a　door　only　about　three　feet　high。　These　are　built　on　the　ground；　while　those　of　the　eastern　districts　art；　raised　a　few　feet　on　posts。　In　their　excitable　disposition；　loud　voices；　and　fearless　demeanour；　the　Timorese　closely　resemble　the　people　of　New　Guinea。

In　the　islands　west　of　Timor；　as　far　as　Flores　and　Sandalwood　Island；　a　very　similar　race　is　found；　which　also　extends　eastward　to　Timor…laut；　where　the　true　Papuan　race　begins　to　appear。　The　small　islands　of　Savu　and　Rotti；　however；　to　the　west　of　Timor；　are　very　remarkable　in　possessing　a　different　and；　in　some　respects；　peculiar　race。　These　people　are　very　handsome；　with　good　features；　resembling　in　many　characteristics　the　race　produced　by　the　mixture　of　the　Hindoo　or　Arab　with　the　Malay。　They　are　certainly　distinct　from　the　Timorese　or　Papuan　races；　and　must　be　classed　in　the　western　rather　than　the　eastern　ethnological　division　of　the　Archipelago。

The　whole　of　the　great　island　of　New　Guinea；　the　Ke　arid　Aru　Islands；　with　Mysol；　Salwatty；　and　Waigiou；　are　inhabited　almost　exclusively　by　the　typical　Papuans。　I　found　no　trace　of　any　other　tribes　inhabiting　the　interior　of　New　Guinea；　but　the　coast　people　are　in　some　places　mixed　with　the　browner　races　of　the　Moluccas。　The　same　Papuan　race　seems　to　extend　over　the　islands　east　of　New　Guinea　as　far　as　the　Fijis。

There　remain　to　be　noticed　the　black　woolly…haired　races　of　the　Philippines　and　the　Malay　peninsula；　the　former　called　〃Negritos；〃　and　the　latter　〃Semangs。〃　I　have　never　seen　these　people　myself；　but　from　the　numerous　accurate　descriptions　of　them　that　have　been　published；　I　have　had　no　difficulty　in　satisfying　myself　that　they　have　little　affinity　or　resemblance　to　the　Papuans；　with　which　they　have　been　hitherto　associated。　In　most　important　characters　they　differ　more　from　the　Papuan　than　they　do　from　the　Malay。　They　are　dwarfs　in　stature；　only　averaging　four　feet　six　inches　to　four　feet　eight　inches　high；　or　eight　inches　less　than　the　Malays；　whereas　the　Papuans　are　decidedly　taller　than　the　…Malays。　The　nose　is　invariably　represented　as　small；　flattened；　or　turned　up　at　the　apex；　whereas　the　most　universal　character　of　the　Papuan　race　is　to　have　the　nose　prominent　and　large；　with　the　apex　produced　downwards；　as　it　is　invariably　represented　in　their　own　rude　idols。　The　hair　of　these　dwarfish　races　agrees　with　that　of　the　Papuans；　but　so　it　does　with　that　of　the　negroes　of　Africa。　The　Negritos　and　the　Semangs　agree　very　closely　in　physical　characteristics　with　each　other　and　with　the　Andaman　Islanders；　while　they　differ　in　a　marked　manner　from　every　Papuan　race。

A　careful　study　of　these　varied　races；　comparing　them　with　those　of　Eastern　Asia；　the　Pacific　Islands；　and　Australia；　has　led　me　to　adopt　a　comparatively　simple　view　as　to　their　origin　and　affinities。

If　we　draw　a　line　（see　Physical　Map；　Vol。　1。　p。　14）；　commencing　to　the　east　of　the　Philippine　Islands；　thence　along　the　western　coast　of　Gilolo；　through　the　island　of　Bouru；　and　curving　round　the　west　end　of　Mores；　then　bending　back　by　Sandalwood　Island　to　take　in　Rotti；　we　shall　divide　the　Archipelago　into　two　portions；　the　races　of　which　have　strongly　marked　distinctive　peculiarities。　This　line　will　separate　the　Malayan　and　all　the　Asiatic　races；　from　the　Papuans　and　all　that　inhabit　the　Pacific；　and　though　along　the　line　of　junction　intermigration　and　commixture　have　taken　place；　yet　the　division　is　on　the　whole　almost　as　well　defined　and　strongly　contrasted；　as　is　the　corresponding　zoologica