the malay archipelago-2-第60部分

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on　is　on　the　whole　almost　as　well　defined　and　strongly　contrasted；　as　is　the　corresponding　zoological　division　of　the　Archipelago；　into　an　Indo…Malayan　and　Austro…Malayan　region。

I　must　briefly　explain　the　reasons　that　have　led　me　to　consider　this　division　of　the　Oceanic　races　to　be　a　true　and　natural　one。　The　Malayan　race；　as　a　whole；　undoubtedly　very　closely　resembles　the　East　Asian　populations；　from　Siam　to　Mandchouria。　I　was　much　struck　with　this；　when　in　the　island　of　Bali　I　saw　Chinese　traders　who　had　adopted　the　costume　of　that　country；　and　who　could　then　hardly　be　distinguished　from　Malays；　and；　on　the　other　hand；　I　have　seen　natives　of　Java　who；　as　far　as　physiognomy　was　concerned；　would　pass　very　well　for　Chinese。　Then；　again；　we　have　the　most　typical　of　the　Malayan　tribes　inhabiting　a　portion　of　the　Asiatic　continent　itself；　together　with　those　great　islands　which；　possessing　the　same　species　of　large　Mammalia　with　the　adjacent　parts　of　the　continent；　have　in　all　probability　formed　a　connected　portion　of　Asia　during　the　human　period。　The　Negritos　are；　no　doubt；　quite　a　distinct　race　from　the　Malay；　but　yet；　as　some　of　them　inhabit　a　portion　of　the　continent；　and　others　the　Andaman　Islands　in　the　Bay　of　Bengal；　they　must　be　considered　to　have　had；　in　all　probability；　an　Asiatic　rather　than　a　Polynesian　origin。

Now；　turning　to　the　eastern　parts　of　the　Archipelago；　I　find；　by　comparing　my　own　observations　with　those　of　the　most　trustworthy　travellers　and　missionaries；　that　a　race　identical　in　all　its　chief　features　with　the　Papuan；　is　found　in　all　the　islands　as　far　east　as　the　Fijis；　beyond　this　the　brown　Polynesian　race；　or　some　intermediate　type；　is　spread　everywhere　over　the　Pacific。　The　descriptions　of　these　latter　often　agree　exactly　with　the　characters　of　the　brown　indigenes　of　Gilolo　and　Ceram。

It　is　to　be　especially　remarked　that　the　brown　and　the　black　Polynesian　races　closely　resemble　each　other。　Their　features　are　almost　identical；　so　that　portraits　of　a　New　Zealander　or　Otaheitan　will　often　serve　accurately　to　represent　a　Papuan　or　Timorese；　the　darker　colour　and　more　frizzly　hair　of　the　latter　being　the　only　differences。　They　are　both　tall　races。　They　agree　in　their　love　of　art　and　the　style　of　their　decorations。　They　are　energetic；　demonstrative；　joyous；　and　laughter…loving；　and　in　all　these　particulars　they　differ　widely　from　the　Malay。

I　believe；　therefore；　that　the　numerous　intermediate　forms　that　occur　among　the　countless　islands　of　the　Pacific；　are　not　merely　the　result　of　a　mixture　of　these　races；　but　are；　to　some　extent；　truly　intermediate　or　transitional；　and　that　the　brown　and　the　black；　the　Papuan；　the　natives　of　Gilolo　and　Ceram；　the　Fijian；　the　inhabitants　of　the　Sandwich　Islands　and　those　of　New　Zealand；　are　all　varying　forms　of　one　great　Oceanic　or　Polynesian　race。

It　is；　however；　quite　possible；　and　perhaps　probable；　that　the　brown　Polynesians　were　originally　the　produce　of　a　mixture　of　Malays；　or　some　lighter　coloured　Mongol　race　with　the　dark　Papuans；　but　if　so；　the　intermingling　took　place　at　such　a　remote　epoch；　and　has　been　so　assisted　by　the　continued　influence　of　physical　conditions　and　of　natural　selection；　leading　to　the　preservation　of　a　special　type　suited　to　those　conditions；　that　it　has　become　a　fixed　and　stable　race　with　no　signs　of　mongrelism；　and　showing　such　a　decided　preponderance　of　Papuan　character；　that　it　can　best　be　classified　as　a　modification　of　the　Papuan　type。　The　occurrence　of　a　decided　Malay　element　in　the　Polynesian　languages；　has　evidently　nothing　to　do　with　any　such　ancient　physical　connexion。　It　is　altogether　a　recent　phenomenon；　originating　in　the　roaming　habits　of　the　chief　Malay　tribes；　and　this　is　proved　by　the　fact　that　we　find　actual　modern　words　of　the　Malay　and　Javanese　languages　in　use　in　Polynesia；　so　little　disguised　by　peculiarities　of　pronunciation　as　to　be　easily　recognisablenot　mere　Malay　roots　only　to　be　detected　by　the　elaborate　researches　of　the　philologist；　as　would　certainly　have　been　the　case　had　their　introduction　been　as　remote　as　the　origin　of　a　very　distinct　racea　race　as　different　from　the　Malay　in　mental　and　moral；　as　it　is　in　physical　characters。

As　bearing　upon　this　question　it　is　important　to　point　out　the　harmony　which　exists；　between　the　line　of　separation　of　the　human　races　of　the　Archipelago　and　that　of　the　animal　productions　of　the　same　country；　which　I　have　already　so　fully　explained　and　illustrated。　The　dividing　lines　do　not；　it　is　true；　exactly　agree；　but　I　think　it　is　a　remarkable　fact；　and　something　more　than　a　mere　coincidence；　that　they　should　traverse　the　same　district　and　approach　each　other　so　closely　as　they　do。　If；　however；　I　am　right　in　my　supposition　that　the　region　where　the　dividing　line　of　the　Indo…Malayan　and　Austro…Malayan　regions　of　zoology　can　now　be　drawn；　was　formerly　occupied　by　a　much　wider　sea　than　at　present；　and　if　man　existed　on　the　earth　at　that　period；　we　shall　see　good　reason　why　the　races　inhabiting　the　Asiatic　and　Pacific　areas　should　now　meet　and　partially　intermingle　in　the　vicinity　of　that　dividing　line。

It　has　recently　been　maintained　by　Professor　Huxley；　that　the　Papuans　are　more　closely　allied　to　the　negroes　of　Africa　than　to　any　other　race。　The　resemblance　both　in　physical　and　mental　characteristics　had　often　struck　myself；　but　the　difficulties　in　the　way　of　accepting　it　as　probable　or　possible；　have　hitherto　prevented　me　front　giving　full　weight　to　those　resemblances。　Geographical；　zoological；　and　ethnological　considerations　render　it　almost　certain；　that　if　these　two　races　ever　had　a　common　origin；　it　could　only　have　been　at　a　period　far　more　remote　than　any　which　has　yet　been　assigned　to　the　antiquity　of　the　human　race。　And　even　if　their　lenity　could　be　proved；　it　would　in　no　way　affect　my　argument　for　the　close　affinity　of　the　Papuan　and　Polynesian　races；　and　the　radical　distinctness　of　both　from　the　Malay。

Polynesia　is　pre…eminently　an　area　of　subsidence；　and　its　goat　widespread　groups　of　coral…reefs　mark　out　tile　position　of　former　continents　and　islands。　The　rich　and　varied；　yet　strangely　isolated　productions　of　Australia　and　New　Guinea；　also　indicate　an　extensive　continent　where　such　specialized　forms　were　developed。　The　races　of　men　now　inhabiting　these　countries　are；　therefore；　most　probably　the　descendants　of　the　races　which　inhabited　these　continents　and　islands。　This　is　the　most　simple　and　natural　supposition　to　make。　And　if　we　find　any　signs　of　direct　affinity　between　the　inhabitants　of　any　other　part　of　the　world　and　those　of　Polynesia；　it　by　no　means　follows　that　the　latter　were　derived　from　the　former。　For　as；　when　a　Pacific　continent　existed；　the　whole　geography　of　the　earth's　surface　would　probably　be　very　different　from　what　it　now　is；　the　present　continents　may　not　then　have　risen　above　the　ocean；　and；　when　they　were　formed　at　a　subsequent　epoch；　may　have　derived　some　of　their　inhabitants　from　the　Polynesian　area　itself。　It　is　undoubtedly　true　that　there　are　proofs　of　extensive　migrations　among　the　Pacific　islands；　which　have　led　to　community　of　language　from　the　sandwich　group　to　New　Zealand；　but　there　are　no　proofs　whatever　of　recent　migration　from　any　surrounding　country　to　Polynesia；　since　there　is　no　people　to　be　found　elsewhere　sufficiently　resembling　the　Polynesian　race　in　their　chief　physical　and　mental　characteristics。

If　the　past　history　of　these　varied　races　is　obscure　and　uncertain；　the　future　is　no　less　so。　The　true　Polynesians；　inhabiting　the　farthest　isles　of　the　Pacific；　are　no　doubt　doomed　to　an　early　extinction。　But　the　more　numerous　Malay　race　seems　well　adapted　to　survive　as　the　cultivator　of　the　soil；　even　when　his　country　and　government　have　passed　into　the　hands　of　Europeans。　If　the　tide　of　colonization　should　be　turned　to　New　Guinea；　there　can　be　little　doubt　of　the　early　extinction　of　the　Papuan　race。　A　warlike　and　energetic　people；　who　will　not　submit　to　national　slavery　or　to　domestic　servitude；　must　disappear　before　the　white　man　as　surely　as　do　the　wolf　and　the　tiger。

I　have　now　concluded　my　task。　I　have　given；　in　more　or　less　detail；　a　sketch　of　my　eight　years'　wanderings　among　the　largest　and　the　most　luxuriant　islands　which　adorn　our　earth's　surface。　I　have　endeavoured　to　convey　my　impressions　of　their　scenery；　their　vegetation；　their　animal　productions；　and　their　human　inhabitants。　I　have　dwelt　at　some　length　on　the　varied　and　interesting　problems　they　offer　to　the　student　of　nature。　Before　bidding　my　reader　farewell；　I　wish　to　make　a　few　observations　on　a　subject　of　yet　higher　interest　and　deeper　importance；　which　the　contemplation　of　savage　life　has　suggested；　and　on　which　I　believe　that　the　civilized　can　learn　something　from　the　savage　man。

We　most　of　us　believe　that　we；　the　higher　races　have　progressed　and　are　progressing。　If　so；　there　must　be　some　state　of　perfection；　some　ultimate　goal；　which　we　may　never　reach；　but　to　which　all　true　progress　must　bring　nearer。　What　is　this　ideally　perfect　social　state　towards　which　mankind　ever　has　been；　and　still　is　tending？　Our　best　thinkers　maintain；　that　it　is　a　state　of　individual　freedom　and　self…government；　rendered　possible　by　the　equal　development　and　just　balance　of　the　intellectual；　moral；　and　physical　parts　of　our　nature；a　state　in　which　we　shall　each　be　so　perfectly　fitted　for　a　social　existence；　by　knowing　what　is　right；　and　at　the　same　time　feeling　an　irresistible　impulse　to　do　what　we　know　to　be　right。；　that　all　laws　and　all　punishments　shall　be　unnecessary。　In　such　a　state　every　man　would　have　a　sufficiently　well…balanced　intellectual　organization；　to　understand　the　moral　law　in　all　its　details；　and　would　require　no　other　motive　but　the　free　impulses　of　his　own　nature　to　obey　that　law。

Now　it　is　very　remarkable；　that　among　people　in　a　very　low　stage　of　civilization；　we　find　some　approach　to　such　a　perfect　social　state。　I　have　lived　with　communities　of　savages　in　South　America　and　in　the　East；　who　have　no　laws　or　law　courts　but　the　public　opinion　of　the　village　freely　expressed。　Each　man　scrupulously　respects　the　rights　of　his　fellow；　and　any　infraction　of　those　rights　rarely　or　never　takes　place。　In　such　a　community；　all　are　nearly　equal。　There　are　cone