how to learn any language-第12部分
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French! The knowledge that the text – newspaper; book; magazine; whatever – is a real
world document that does not condescend to a student’s level is a tremendous confidence
builder and energiser for your assault upon your target language。 The awareness that
you’re making progress; albeit slowly; through typical text; genuine text; the kind the
natives buy off their newsstands and read in their coffee shops; gives even the rank
beginner something of the pride of a battle toughened marine。
Memorise Your Part
You are now; let’s say; beginning chapter six of your grammar book and fighting your
way valiantly down the first column of your text。 Keep going on both these fronts; and
pick up another tool。
Open your phrase book and read the introduction carefully; paying particularly
close attention to the rules of transliteration。 All such books will have three columns: the
English word or phrase; the foreign language translation; and then the transliteration;
which is your guide to proper pronunciation using the English alphabet。
When you get the hang of the language; you won’t need the transliteration crutch。
Until you do; you need it totally。 But note that there is no recognised standard system of
transliteration。 The International Phonetic Alphabet is supposed to be; but nobody uses it
because learning it is almost as hard as learning another language itself。
There are at least half a dozen ways to transliterate the capital of China。 The
Chinese communists prefer Beijing。 The Chinese nationalists prefer Peking。 If that were
the only word you wanted to learn and there were no need for you to learn transliteration
systems; we could write it Bay…jing; adding that the Bay is pronounced like the English
word for the body of water and the jing like the first syllable of “jingle。”
Your phrase book will take mercifully little space to tell you how to pronounce the
words according to their chosen system of transliteration。 Usually in less than a page
you’ll be told to pronounce ai like the y in “sky”; ei like the eigh in “weigh” and so on
through all the needed sounds。 Some phrase books indicate which syllable gets the stress
by placing an accent mark on top of it; others by capitalising every letter in the syllable。
Don’t be impatient because you suddenly feel you’re called upon to learn another written
language which is neither English nor the language you’re trying to learn。 Look upon the
transliteration guide as your opportunity to learn the combination to a safe that will let
you help yourself to the correct pronunciation of every word in that book!
Advance now to the first page of phrases in the phrase book。 Your newspaper didn’t
teach you how to say “How are you?” and it’s a good bet the first five lessons of your
grammar didn’t either。 Here it comes! This is your first chance to learn how to actually
say things。
“Yes。” “No。” “Please。” “Thank you。” “You’re welcome。” “Good morning。” “Good
afternoon。” “Good evening。” ”I’m very pleased to meet you。” “How are you?” “Very
well; thanks; and you?” “Fine。”
You’ll master these precious nuggets of real life communication quickly。 But don’t
stop with merely mastering them。 Use that phrase book and plot a conversational pattern;
a routine you go into when you meet someone who speaks your target language。 Treat it
as though you’re memorising your part in a play。
”How do you do?” “My name is _______。” “What’s your name?” “Where are you
from?” “How long have you been here?” “I don’t speak your language well。” “How do
you say that in your language?” “May I get you something to drink?” “I don’t
understand。” “Would you please repeat?”
Here again; traditionalists would frown。 “That’s not learning a language;” they’d
protest。 “That’s just learning how to parrot a few phrases!”
And right they’d be; if that were all you were doing。 But you are now accumulating
flash cards with vocabulary and moving through lesson seven or eight of the grammar; so
don’t feel you have to apologise for learning how to parrot a few handy phrases。
Your ability to bandy some useful phrases is a motivator。 There you are; speaking
the language! Isn’t that what you started all this for? Admittedly you’re not debating the
economic consequences of his government’s latest reversal on tariff agreements; but you
are asking someone if he’s too cold and telling him you hope to meet him again。
More magic happens when you’re at that peak motivation。 You find yourself
acquiring more material; more conversational gems gleaned from his end of the
conversation。 Remember; you’re a confessed beginner。 When you don’t understand
something; you’re excused for asking him to repeat it; spell it; write it down on one of
your blank flash cards。 (Always carry some。)
It’s gratifying; in fact; enthralling; to enter your next conversation with your powers
to converse enhanced by the previous encounter。
A note of caution; however。 Eventually you may find yourself about to small talk so
fluently you’ll mistake that ability for having arrived。 Back to the newspaper and the
grammar with you before such thoughts corrupt!
Add Cassettes
For most of the history of the world; there was no way the self taught language student
could hear the language spoken。 He had to rely on printed rules; grossly inadequate; to
guide him in pronunciation of his target language。
Then came the phonograph record; which seemed like ideal deliverance from
darkness; until the tape recorder came along; followed quickly by the portable cassette
tape recorder; which allowed language learners to pick up ear phones and listen to a wide
variety of foreign language fare as they jogged; shopped; ran errands; or walked to work。
As is the case with many technological breakthroughs; disappointment followed。
The closets of many fine; otherwise strong willed people are littered with the wreckage of
once beautifully packaged foreign language cassette courses。 They thought technology
had replaced study。 They thought all you had to do was pop a cassette into the machine;
press a button; and take in the language like a car takes in gasoline。
Remove that inflated expectation; resolve to do your part; and the invention of the
portable cassette tape player will indeed fulfill its promise to the language lover
endeavouring to become a language learner。
Are you presently armed with the right cassette course?
Unless your cassette was mislabelled and carries lessons in a language other than
the one you’d like to learn; it’s a good learning aid。 It may not be the best。 It may be far
behind the best; but so what? It will offer you words and phrases in your target language
with native accuracy in pronunciation。
You no more want to limit your hearing of the language to one cassette course than
you’d want to confine your tennis playing to one partner。 The ideal cassette library is one
in which the student can pull down a cassette for review in rotation and not quite
remember how the dialogue goes or what’s coming next。 A little mystery; rather than rote
familiarity; aids the student ear in its difficult mission of paying attention。
Within certain obvious limits; you can buy literally every course in your target
language that’s commercially available and still describe your adventure with the
language as “inexpensive。”
In your beginning stages you should insist on cassettes that come with a written
transcript of everything recorded。 (The Pimsleur courses are an exception。 Their
integration of written word exercises and their back and forth interaction between teacher
and student more than excuse the absence of word for word transcription。)
It’s a good idea to follow the text visually as you listen to the cassette the first few
times。 As you get a little bit familiar with the target material; divorce the two。 Take the
cassette and the tape player with you。 Listen even when you can’t follow the written text。
Read the text even when you can’t listen。 You’ll find the two excellent reinforcers for
each other。
If your cassette course is flat single rep or flat double rep; keep listening over and
over and try to capture as many words and phrases as you can。
When you’re ready – actually; long before you’re ready – challenge the cassette to a
duel。 Start at the beginning and see how many words and phrases you know。 After the
English; stop the cassette recorder with the pause button and ask yourself; “Do I know it
in the target language? Do I almost know it? Do I know any part of it – how the word or
phrase begins; how it ends; what major sound characterises it? Do I know enough to give
myself credit for at least partial conquest?”
Don’t be in a rush to release the pause button and see how well you did。 Make a
teasing game of it。 Make yourself wait for the fulfillment of hearing the term in the target
language。 That will make a stronger hit into your memory。 Drop a weighty object from a
higher tower than previously and it will sink deeper into the mud。
Then move on to the next term。 It’s a little like playing solitaire; no matter how you
write your own rules; it still retains the arresting power of a game。 Maybe you’ll ask
yourself if you can score one out of five correct; later; one out of four。 It’s hard to
imagine it in the early going; but you will eventually play the game by seeing if you can
get every term on the cassette correct from beginning to end。 But that’s not quite total
victory。 Total victory is seeing if you can do it without stopping to think。
And then; if your machine has the mechanism; try it at accelerated speed!
Hidden Moments
They taught us in the fable of the tortoise and the hare so early; most of us dismissed it as
a children’s tale and ignored the powerful lesson it contains: Others may be bri