washington and his comrades in arms-µÚ7²¿·Ö
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
Congress¡¡sent¡¡six¡¡regiments¡¡to¡¡reinforce¡¡the¡¡army¡¡which¡¡had¡¡fled¡¡from¡¡Quebec¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡desperate¡¡venture¡£¡¡Washington's¡¡orders¡¡were¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Americans¡¡should¡¡fight¡¡the¡¡new¡¡British¡¡army¡¡as¡¡near¡¡Quebec¡¡as¡¡possible¡£¡¡The¡¡decisive¡¡struggle¡¡took¡¡place¡¡on¡¡the¡¡8th¡¡of¡¡June¡£¡¡An¡¡American¡¡force¡¡under¡¡the¡¡command¡¡of¡¡General¡¡Thompson¡¡attacked¡¡Three¡¡Rivers£»¡¡a¡¡town¡¡on¡¡the¡¡St¡£¡¡Lawrence£»¡¡half¡¡way¡¡between¡¡Quebec¡¡and¡¡Montreal¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡repulsed¡¡and¡¡the¡¡general¡¡was¡¡taken¡¡prisoner¡£¡¡The¡¡wonder¡¡is¡¡indeed¡¡that¡¡the¡¡army¡¡was¡¡not¡¡annihilated¡£¡¡Then¡¡followed¡¡a¡¡disastrous¡¡retreat¡£¡¡Short¡¡of¡¡supplies£»¡¡ravaged¡¡by¡¡smallpox£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡bad¡¡weather£»¡¡the¡¡invaders¡¡tried¡¡to¡¡make¡¡their¡¡way¡¡back¡¡to¡¡Lake¡¡Champlain¡£¡¡They¡¡evacuated¡¡Montreal¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡hard¡¡enough¡¡in¡¡the¡¡day¡¡of¡¡success¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡together¡¡an¡¡untrained¡¡army¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡day¡¡of¡¡defeat¡¡such¡¡a¡¡force¡¡is¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡become¡¡a¡¡mere¡¡rabble¡£¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡regiments¡¡preserved¡¡discipline¡£¡¡Others¡¡fell¡¡into¡¡complete¡¡disorder¡¡as£»¡¡weak¡¡and¡¡discouraged£»¡¡they¡¡retired¡¡to¡¡Lake¡¡Champlain¡£¡¡Many¡¡soldiers¡¡perished¡¡of¡¡disease¡£¡¡¡¨I¡¡did¡¡not¡¡look¡¡into¡¡a¡¡hut¡¡or¡¡a¡¡tent£»¡¨¡¡says¡¡an¡¡observer£»¡¡¡¨in¡¡which¡¡I¡¡did¡¡not¡¡find¡¡a¡¡dead¡¡or¡¡dying¡¡man¡£¡¨¡¡Those¡¡who¡¡had¡¡huts¡¡were¡¡fortunate¡£¡¡The¡¡fate¡¡of¡¡some¡¡was¡¡to¡¡die¡¡without¡¡medical¡¡care¡¡and¡¡without¡¡cover¡£¡¡By¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡June¡¡what¡¡was¡¡left¡£¡¡of¡¡the¡¡force¡¡had¡¡reached¡¡Crown¡¡Point¡¡on¡¡Lake¡¡Champlain¡£
Benedict¡¡Arnold£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡been¡¡wounded¡¡at¡¡Quebec£»¡¡was¡¡now¡¡at¡¡Crown¡¡Point¡£¡¡Competent¡¡critics¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡¡have¡¡held¡¡that¡¡what¡¡Arnold¡¡now¡¡did¡¡saved¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡£¡¡In¡¡another¡¡scene£»¡¡before¡¡the¡¡summer¡¡ended£»¡¡the¡¡British¡¡had¡¡taken¡¡New¡¡York¡¡and¡¡made¡¡themselves¡¡masters¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡Hudson¡£¡¡Had¡¡they¡¡reached¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡season¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡Hudson¡¡by¡¡way¡¡of¡¡Lake¡¡Champlain¡¡they¡¡would¡¡have¡¡struck¡¡blows¡¡doubly¡¡staggering¡£¡¡This¡¡Arnold¡¡saw£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡object¡¡was¡¡to¡¡delay£»¡¡if¡¡he¡¡could¡¡not¡¡defeat£»¡¡the¡¡British¡¡advance¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡no¡¡road¡¡through¡¡the¡¡dense¡¡forest¡¡by¡¡the¡¡shores¡¡of¡¡Lake¡¡Champlain¡¡and¡¡Lake¡¡George¡¡to¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡Hudson¡£¡¡The¡¡British¡¡must¡¡go¡¡down¡¡the¡¡lake¡¡in¡¡boats¡£¡¡This¡¡General¡¡Carleton¡¡had¡¡foreseen¡¡and¡¡he¡¡had¡¡urged¡¡that¡¡with¡¡the¡¡fleet¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡Quebec¡¡should¡¡be¡¡sent¡¡from¡¡England£»¡¡in¡¡sections£»¡¡boats¡¡which¡¡could¡¡be¡¡quickly¡¡carried¡¡past¡¡the¡¡rapids¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Richelieu¡¡River¡¡and¡¡launched¡¡on¡¡Lake¡¡Champlain¡£¡¡They¡¡had¡¡not¡¡come¡¡and¡¡the¡¡only¡¡thing¡¡for¡¡Carleton¡¡to¡¡do¡¡was¡¡to¡¡build¡¡a¡¡flotilla¡¡which¡¡could¡¡carry¡¡an¡¡army¡¡up¡¡the¡¡lake¡¡and¡¡attack¡¡Crown¡¡Point¡£¡¡The¡¡thing¡¡was¡¡done¡¡but¡¡skilled¡¡workmen¡¡were¡¡few¡¡and¡¡not¡¡until¡¡the¡¡6th¡¡of¡¡October¡¡were¡¡the¡¡little¡¡ships¡¡afloat¡¡on¡¡Lake¡¡Champlain¡£¡¡Arnold£»¡¡too£»¡¡spent¡¡the¡¡summer¡¡in¡¡building¡¡boats¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡the¡¡attack¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡strange¡¡turn¡¡in¡¡warfare¡¡which¡¡now¡¡made¡¡him¡¡commander¡¡in¡¡a¡¡naval¡¡fight¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡a¡¡brisk¡¡struggle¡¡on¡¡Lake¡¡Champlain¡£¡¡Carleton¡¡had¡¡a¡¡score¡¡or¡¡so¡¡of¡¡vessels£»¡¡Arnold¡¡not¡¡so¡¡many¡£¡¡But¡¡he¡¡delayed¡¡Carleton¡£¡¡When¡¡he¡¡was¡¡beaten¡¡on¡¡the¡¡water¡¡he¡¡burned¡¡the¡¡ships¡¡not¡¡captured¡¡and¡¡took¡¡to¡¡the¡¡land¡£¡¡When¡¡he¡¡could¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡hold¡¡Crown¡¡Point¡¡he¡¡burned¡¡that¡¡place¡¡and¡¡retreated¡¡to¡¡Ticonderoga¡£
By¡¡this¡¡time¡¡it¡¡was¡¡late¡¡autumn¡£¡¡The¡¡British¡¡were¡¡far¡¡from¡¡their¡¡base¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Americans¡¡were¡¡retreating¡¡into¡¡a¡¡friendly¡¡country¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡little¡¡doubt¡¡that¡¡Carleton¡¡could¡¡have¡¡taken¡¡Fort¡¡Ticonderoga¡£¡¡It¡¡fell¡¡quite¡¡easily¡¡less¡¡than¡¡a¡¡year¡¡later¡£¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡his¡¡officers¡¡urged¡¡him¡¡to¡¡press¡¡on¡¡and¡¡do¡¡it¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡leaves¡¡had¡¡already¡¡fallen£»¡¡the¡¡bleak¡¡winter¡¡was¡¡near£»¡¡and¡¡Carleton¡¡pictured¡¡to¡¡himself¡¡an¡¡army¡¡buried¡¡deeply¡¡in¡¡an¡¡enemy¡¡country¡¡and¡¡separated¡¡from¡¡its¡¡base¡¡by¡¡many¡¡scores¡¡of¡¡miles¡¡of¡¡lake¡¡and¡¡forest¡£¡¡He¡¡withdrew¡¡to¡¡Canada¡¡and¡¡left¡¡Lake¡¡Champlain¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Americans¡£
CHAPTER¡¡III¡£¡¡INDEPENDENCE
Well¡meaning¡¡people¡¡in¡¡England¡¡found¡¡it¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡understand¡¡the¡¡intensity¡¡of¡¡feeling¡¡in¡¡America¡£¡¡Britain¡¡had¡¡piled¡¡up¡¡a¡¡huge¡¡debt¡¡in¡¡driving¡¡France¡¡from¡¡America¡£¡¡Landowners¡¡were¡¡paying¡¡in¡¡taxes¡¡no¡¡less¡¡than¡¡twenty¡¡per¡¡cent¡¡of¡¡their¡¡incomes¡¡from¡¡land¡£¡¡The¡¡people¡¡who¡¡had¡¡chiefly¡¡benefited¡¡by¡¡the¡¡humiliation¡¡of¡¡France¡¡were¡¡the¡¡colonists£»¡¡now¡¡freed¡¡from¡¡hostile¡¡menace¡¡and¡¡secure¡¡for¡¡extension¡¡over¡¡a¡¡whole¡¡continent¡£¡¡Why¡¡should¡¡not¡¡they¡¡pay¡¡some¡¡share¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡their¡¡own¡¡security£¿¡¡Certain¡¡facts¡¡tended¡¡to¡¡make¡¡Englishmen¡¡indignant¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Americans¡£¡¡Every¡¡effort¡¡had¡¡failed¡¡to¡¡get¡¡them¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡willingly¡¡for¡¡their¡¡defense¡£¡¡Before¡¡the¡¡Stamp¡¡Act¡¡had¡¡become¡¡law¡¡in¡¡1765¡¡the¡¡colonies¡¡were¡¡given¡¡a¡¡whole¡¡year¡¡to¡¡devise¡¡the¡¡raising¡¡of¡¡money¡¡in¡¡any¡¡way¡¡which¡¡they¡¡liked¡¡better¡£¡¡The¡¡burden¡¡of¡¡what¡¡was¡¡asked¡¡would¡¡be¡¡light¡£¡¡Why¡¡should¡¡not¡¡they¡¡agree¡¡to¡¡bear¡¡it£¿¡¡Why¡¡this¡¡talk£»¡¡repeated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Whigs¡¡in¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Parliament£»¡¡of¡¡brutal¡¡tyranny£»¡¡oppression£»¡¡hired¡¡minions¡¡imposing¡¡slavery£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡on¡£¡¡Where¡¡were¡¡the¡¡oppressed£¿¡¡Could¡¡any¡¡one¡¡point¡¡to¡¡a¡¡single¡¡person¡¡who¡¡before¡¡war¡¡broke¡¡out¡¡had¡¡known¡¡British¡¡tyranny£¿¡¡What¡¡suffering¡¡could¡¡any¡¡one¡¡point¡¡to¡¡as¡¡the¡¡result¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tax¡¡on¡¡tea£¿¡¡The¡¡people¡¡of¡¡England¡¡paid¡¡a¡¡tax¡¡on¡¡tea¡¡four¡¡times¡¡heavier¡¡than¡¡that¡¡paid¡¡in¡¡America¡£¡¡Was¡¡not¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Parliament¡¡supreme¡¡over¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡Empire£¿¡¡Did¡¡not¡¡the¡¡colonies¡¡themselves¡¡admit¡¡that¡¡it¡¡had¡¡the¡¡right¡¡to¡¡control¡¡their¡¡trade¡¡overseas£¿¡¡And¡¡if¡¡men¡¡shirk¡¡their¡¡duty¡¡should¡¡they¡¡not¡¡come¡¡under¡¡some¡¡law¡¡of¡¡compulsion£¿
It¡¡was¡¡thus¡¡that¡¡many¡¡a¡¡plain¡¡man¡¡reasoned¡¡in¡¡England¡£¡¡The¡¡plain¡¡man¡¡in¡¡America¡¡had¡¡his¡¡own¡¡opposing¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view¡£¡¡Debts¡¡and¡¡taxes¡¡in¡¡England¡¡were¡¡not¡¡his¡¡concern¡£¡¡He¡¡remembered¡¡the¡¡recent¡¡war¡¡as¡¡vividly¡¡as¡¡did¡¡the¡¡Englishman£»¡¡and£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡English¡¡paid¡¡its¡¡cost¡¡in¡¡gold£»¡¡he¡¡had¡¡paid¡¡his¡¡share¡¡in¡¡blood¡¡and¡¡tears¡£¡¡Who¡¡made¡¡up¡¡the¡¡armies¡¡led¡¡by¡¡the¡¡British¡¡generals¡¡in¡¡America£¿¡¡More¡¡than¡¡half¡¡the¡¡total¡¡number¡¡who¡¡served¡¡in¡¡America¡¡came¡¡from¡¡the¡¡colonies£»¡¡the¡¡colonies¡¡which¡¡had¡¡barely¡¡a¡¡third¡¡of¡¡the¡¡population¡¡of¡¡Great¡¡Britain¡£¡¡True£»¡¡Britain¡¡paid¡¡the¡¡bill¡¡in¡¡money¡¡but¡¡why¡¡not£¿¡¡She¡¡was¡¡rich¡¡with¡¡a¡¡vast¡¡accumulated¡¡capital¡£¡¡The¡¡war£»¡¡partly¡¡in¡¡America£»¡¡had¡¡given¡¡her¡¡the¡¡key¡¡to¡¡the¡¡wealth¡¡of¡¡India¡£¡¡Look¡¡at¡¡the¡¡magnificence£»¡¡the¡¡pomp¡¡of¡¡servants£»¡¡plate¡¡and¡¡pictures£»¡¡the¡¡parks¡¡and¡¡gardens£»¡¡of¡¡hundreds¡¡of¡¡English¡¡country¡¡houses£»¡¡and¡¡compare¡¡this¡¡opulence¡¡with¡¡the¡¡simple¡¡mode¡¡of¡¡life£»¡¡simplicity¡¡imposed¡¡by¡¡necessity£»¡¡of¡¡a¡¡country¡¡gentleman¡¡like¡¡George¡¡Washington¡¡of¡¡Virginia£»¡¡reputed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡richest¡¡man¡¡in¡¡America¡£¡¡Thousands¡¡of¡¡tenants¡¡in¡¡England£»¡¡owning¡¡no¡¡acre¡¡of¡¡land£»¡¡were¡¡making¡¡a¡¡larger¡¡income¡¡than¡¡was¡¡possible¡¡in¡¡America¡¡to¡¡any¡¡owner¡¡of¡¡broad¡¡acres¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡true¡¡that¡¡America¡¡had¡¡gained¡¡from¡¡the¡¡late¡¡war¡£¡¡The¡¡foreign¡¡enemy¡¡had¡¡been¡¡struck¡¡down¡£¡¡But¡¡had¡¡he¡¡not¡¡been¡¡struck¡¡down¡¡too¡¡for¡¡England£¿¡¡Had¡¡there¡¡not¡¡been¡¡far¡¡more¡¡dread¡¡in¡¡England¡¡of¡¡invasion¡¡by¡¡France¡¡and¡¡had¡¡not¡¡the¡¡colonies¡¡by¡¡helping¡¡to¡¡ruin¡¡France¡¡freed¡¡England¡¡as¡¡much¡¡as¡¡England¡¡had¡¡freed¡¡them£¿¡¡If¡¡now¡¡the¡¡colonies¡¡were¡¡asked¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡a¡¡share¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bill¡¡for¡¡the¡¡British¡¡army¡¡that¡¡was¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡for¡¡discussion¡£¡¡They¡¡had¡¡never¡¡before¡¡done¡¡it¡¡and¡¡they¡¡must¡¡not¡¡be¡¡told¡¡that¡¡they¡¡had¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡the¡¡demand¡¡within¡¡a¡¡year¡¡or¡¡be¡¡compelled¡¡to¡¡pay¡£¡¡Was¡¡it¡¡not¡¡to¡¡impose¡¡tyranny¡¡and¡¡slavery¡¡to¡¡tell¡¡a¡¡people¡¡that¡¡their¡¡property¡¡would¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡by¡¡force¡¡if¡¡they¡¡did¡¡not¡¡choose¡¡to¡¡give¡¡it£¿¡¡What¡¡free¡¡man¡¡would¡¡not¡¡rather¡¡die¡¡than¡¡yield¡¡on¡¡such¡¡a¡¡point£¿
The¡¡familiar¡¡workings¡¡of¡¡modern¡¡democracy¡¡have¡¡taught¡¡us¡¡that¡¡a¡¡great¡¡political¡¡issue¡¡must¡¡be¡¡discussed¡¡in¡¡broad¡¡terms¡¡of¡¡high¡¡praise¡¡or¡¡severe¡¡blame¡£¡¡The¡¡contestants¡¡will¡¡exaggerate¡¡both¡¡the¡¡virtue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡side¡¡they¡¡espouse¡¡and¡¡the¡¡malignity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡opposing¡¡side£»¡¡nice¡¡discrimination¡¡is¡¡not¡¡possible¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡inevitable¡¡that¡¡the¡¡dispute¡¡with¡¡the¡¡colonies¡¡should¡¡arouse¡¡angry¡¡vehemence¡¡on¡¡both¡¡sides¡£¡¡The¡¡passionate¡¡speech¡¡of¡¡Patrick¡¡Henry¡¡in¡¡Virginia£»¡¡in¡¡1763£»¡¡which¡¡made¡¡him¡¡famous£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡the¡¡forerunner¡¡of¡¡his¡¡later¡¡appeal£»¡¡¡¨Give¡¡me¡¡Liberty¡¡or¡¡give¡¡me¡¡Death£»¡¡¡¨¡¡related¡¡to¡¡so¡¡prosaic¡¡a¡¡question¡¡as¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡disallowance¡¡by¡¡England¡¡of¡¡an¡¡act¡¡passed¡¡by¡¡a¡¡colonial¡¡legislature£»¡¡a¡¡right¡¡exercised¡¡long¡¡and¡¡often¡¡before¡¡that¡¡time¡¡and¡¡to¡¡this¡¡day¡¡a¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡constitutional¡¡machinery¡¡of¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Empire¡£¡¡Few¡¡men¡¡have¡¡lived¡¡more¡¡serenely¡¡poised¡¡than¡¡Washington£»¡¡yet£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡have¡¡seen£»¡¡he¡¡hated¡¡the¡¡British¡¡with¡¡an¡¡implacable¡¡hatred¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡a¡¡humane¡¡man¡£¡¡In¡¡earlier¡¡years£»¡¡Indian¡¡raids¡¡on¡¡the¡¡farmers¡¡of¡¡Virginia¡¡had¡¡stirred¡¡him¡¡to¡¡¡¨deadly¡¡sorrow£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡later£»¡¡during¡¡his¡¡retreat¡¡from¡¡New¡¡York£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡moved¡¡by¡¡the¡¡cries¡¡of¡¡the¡¡weak¡¡and¡¡infirm¡£¡¡Yet¡¡the¡¡same¡¡man¡¡felt¡¡no¡¡touch¡¡of¡¡pity¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Loyalists¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡£¡¡To¡¡him¡¡they¡¡were¡¡detestable¡¡parricides£»¡¡vile¡¡traitors£»¡¡with¡¡no¡¡right¡¡to¡¡live¡£¡¡When¡¡we¡¡find¡¡this¡¡note¡¡in¡¡Washington£»¡¡in¡¡America£»¡¡we¡¡hardly¡¡wonder¡¡that¡¡the¡¡high¡¡Tory£»¡¡Samuel¡¡Johnson£»¡¡in¡¡England£»¡¡should¡¡write¡¡that¡¡the¡¡proposed¡¡taxation¡¡was¡¡no¡¡tyranny£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡had¡¡not¡¡been¡¡imposed¡¡earlier¡¡because¡¡¡¨we¡¡do¡¡not¡¡put¡¡a¡¡calf¡¡into¡¡the¡¡plough£»¡¡we¡¡wait¡¡till¡¡he¡¡is¡¡an¡¡ox£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Americans¡¡were¡¡¡¨a¡¡race¡¡of¡¡convicts£»¡¡and¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡thankful¡¡for¡¡anything¡¡which¡¡we¡¡allow¡¡them¡¡short¡¡of¡¡hanging¡£¡¨¡¡Tyranny¡¡and¡¡treason¡¡are¡¡both¡¡ugly¡¡things¡£¡¡Washington¡¡believed¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡fighting¡¡the¡¡one£»¡¡Johnson¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡fighting¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡and¡¡neither¡¡side¡¡would¡¡admit¡¡the¡¡charge¡¡against¡¡itself¡£
Such¡¡are¡¡the¡¡passions¡¡aroused¡¡by¡¡civil¡¡strife¡£¡¡We¡¡need¡¡not¡¡now£»¡¡when¡¡they¡¡are£»¡¡or¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be£»¡¡dead£»¡¡spend¡¡any¡¡time¡¡in¡¡deploring¡¡them¡£¡¡It¡¡suffices¡¡to¡¡explain¡¡them¡¡and¡¡the¡¡events¡¡to¡¡which¡¡they¡¡led¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡one¡¡and¡¡really¡¡only¡¡one¡¡final¡¡issue¡£¡¡Were¡¡the¡¡American¡¡colonies¡¡free¡¡to¡¡govern¡¡themselves¡¡as¡¡they¡¡liked¡¡or¡¡might¡¡their¡¡government¡¡in¡¡the¡¡last¡¡analysis¡¡be¡¡regulated¡¡by¡¡Great¡¡Britain£¿¡¡The¡¡truth¡¡is¡¡that¡¡the¡¡colonies¡¡had¡¡reached¡¡a¡¡condition¡¡in¡¡which¡¡they¡¡regarded¡¡themselves¡¡as¡¡British¡¡states¡¡with¡¡their¡¡own¡¡parliaments£»¡¡exercising¡¡complete¡¡jurisdiction¡¡in¡¡their¡¡own¡¡affairs¡£¡¡They¡¡intended¡¡to¡¡use¡¡their¡¡own¡¡judgment¡¡and¡¡they¡¡were¡¡as¡¡restless¡¡under¡¡attempted¡¡control¡¡from¡¡England¡¡as¡¡England¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡under¡¡control¡¡from¡¡America¡£¡¡We¡¡can¡¡indeed¡¡always¡¡understand¡¡the¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view¡¡of¡¡Washington¡¡if¡¡we¡¡reverse¡¡the¡¡position¡¡and¡¡imagine¡¡what¡¡an¡¡Englishman¡¡would¡¡have¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡a¡¡claim¡¡by¡¡America¡¡to¡¡tax¡¡him¡£
An¡¡ancient¡¡and¡¡proud¡¡society¡¡is¡¡reluctant¡¡to¡¡change¡£¡¡After¡¡a¡¡long¡¡and¡¡successful¡¡war¡¡England¡¡was¡¡prosperous¡£¡¡To¡¡her¡¡now¡¡came¡¡riches¡¡from¡¡India¡¡and¡¡the¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡earth¡£¡¡In¡¡society¡¡there¡¡was¡¡such¡¡lavish¡¡expenditure¡¡that¡¡Horace¡¡Walpole¡¡declared¡¡an¡¡income¡¡of¡¡twenty¡¡thousand¡¡pounds¡¡a¡¡year¡¡was¡¡barely¡¡enough¡£¡¡England¡¡had¡¡an¡¡aristocracy¡¡the¡¡proudest¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡had¡¡not¡¡only¡¡rank¡¡but¡¡wealth¡£¡¡The¡¡English¡¡people¡¡were¡¡certain¡¡of¡¡the¡¡invincible¡¡superiority¡¡of¡¡their¡¡nation¡£¡¡Every¡¡Englishman¡¡was¡¡taught£»¡¡as¡¡Disraeli¡¡said¡¡of¡¡a¡¡later¡¡peri