the origins of contemporary france-5-第42部分

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d'Acre；　which　holds　on　to　Malta；　which　robs　him　of　his　substance；　his

patrimony；　his　Mediterranean；　is　that　of　a　Roman　consul　against

Carthage；　it　leads　him　to　conquer　all　western　Europe　against　her　and

to　〃resuscitate　the　empire　of　the　Occident。〃　（Note　to　Otto；　his

ambassador　at　London；　Oct。。　23；　1802。）　…　Emperor　of　the　French；　king

of　Italy；　master　of　Rome；　suzerain　of　the　Pope；　protector　of　the

confederation　of　the　Rhine；　he　succeeds　the　German　emperors；　the

titularies　of　the　Holy　Roman　Empire　which　has　just　ended　in　1806；　he

is　accordingly　the　heir　of　Charlemagne　and；　through　Charlemagne；　the

heir　of　the　ancient　C？sars。　…　In　fact；　he　reproduces　the　work　of　the

ancient　C？sars　by　analogies　of　imagination；　situation　and　character；

but　in　a　different　Europe；　and　where　this　posthumous　reproduction　can

be　only　an　anachronism。



＇40＇　〃Correspondance；〃　note　for　M。　Cretet；　minister　of　the　interior；

April　12；　1808。



＇41＇　Metternich；　〃Mémoires；〃　I。；　107　（Conversations　with　Napoleon；；

1810）：　〃I　was　surprised　to　find　that　this　man；　so　wonderfully　endowed；

had　such　completely　false　ideas　concerning　England；　its　vital　forces

and　intellectual　progress。　He　would　not　admit　any　ideas　contrary　to

his　own；　and　sought　to　explain　these　by　prejudices　which　he

condemned。〃　…　Cf。　Forsyth；　〃History　of　the　Captivity　of　Napoleon　at

Saint…Helena；〃　III。；　306；　（False　calculations　of　Napoleon　at　Saint…

Helena　based　on　his　ignorance　of　the　English　parliamentary　system；）

and　Stanislas　Girardin；　III。；　296；　（Words　of　the　First　Consul；　Floreal

24；　year　XI；　quoted　above。）



＇42＇　Cf。；　amongst　other　documents；　his　letter　to　Jerome；　King　of

Westphalia；　October　15；　1807；　and　the　constitution　he　gives　to　that

kingdom　on　that　date；　and　especially　titles　4　to　12：　〃The　welfare　of

your　people　concerns　me；　not　only　through　the　influence　it　may

exercise　on　your　fame　and　my　own；　but　likewise　from　the　point　of　view

of　the　general　European　system。　。　。　。　Individuals　who　have　talent　and

are　not　noble　must　enjoy　equal　consideration　and　employment　from　you。

。　。　。　Let　every　species　of　serfage　and　of　intermediary　lien　between

the　sovereign　and　the　lowest　class　of　people　be　abolished。　The

benefits　of　the　code　Napoleon；　the　publicity　of　proceedings；　the

establishment　of　juries；　will　form　so　many　distinctive　characteristics

of　your　monarchy。〃　…　His　leading　object　is　the　suppression　of

feudalism；　that　is　to　say；　of　the　great　families　and　old　historic

authorities。　He　relies　for　this　especially　on　his　civil　code：　〃That　is

the　great　advantage　of　the　code；　。　。　。　it　is　what　has　induced　me　to

preach　a　civil　code　and　made　me　decide　on　establishing　it。〃　（Letter　to

Joseph；　King　of　Naples；　June　5；　1806。）　…　〃The　code　Napoleon　is　adopted

throughout　Italy。　Florence　has　it；　and　Rome　will　soon　have　it。〃

（Letter　to　Joachim；　King　of　the　Two　Sicilies；　Nov。　27；　1808。）　…　〃　My

intention　is　to　have　the　Hanseatic　towns　adopt　the　code　Napoleon　and

be　governed　by　it　from　and　after　the　1st　of　January。〃　…　The　same　with

Dantzic：　〃Insinuate　gently　and　not　by　writing　to　the　King　of　Bavaria；

the　Prince…primate；　the　grand…dukes　of　Hesse…Darmstadt　and　of　Baden；

that　the　civil　code　should　be　established　in　their　states　by

suppressing　all　customary　law　and　confining　themselves　wholly　to　the

code　Napoleon。〃　（Letter　to　M。　de　Champagny；　Oct。　31；　1807。）　…　〃　The

Romans　gave　their　laws　to　their　allies。　Why　should　not　France　have　its

laws　adopted　in　Holland？　。　。　。　It　is　equally　essential　that　you　should

adopt　the　French　monetary　system。〃　（Letter　to　Louis；　King　of　Holland；

Nov。　13；　1807。）　　…　To　the　Spaniards：　〃Your　nephews　will　honor　me　as

their　regenerator。〃　（Allocution　addressed　to　Madrid　Dec。　9；　1808。）　　…

〃Spain　must　be　French。　The　country　must　be　French　and　the　government

must　be　French。〃　（Roederer；　III。；　529；　536；　words　of　Napoleon；　Feb。

11；　1809。）　…　In　short；　following　the　example　of　Rome；　which　had

Latinized　the　entire　Mediterranean　coast；　he　wanted　to　render　all

western　Europe　French。　The　object　was；　as　he　declared；　〃to　establish

and　consecrate　at　last　the　empire　of　reason　and　the　full　exercise；　the

complete　enjoyment　of　every　human　faculty。〃　（Mémorial。）









BOOK　THIRD。　Object　and　Merits　of　the　System。



CHAPTER　I。　　Recovery　of　Social　Order。



I。　Rule　as　the　mass　want　to　be　ruled。



How　Napoleon　comprehends　the　sovereignty　of　the　people。　…　His　maxim　on

the　will　of　the　majority　and　on　the　office　of　government。　…　Two　groups

of　prominent　and　obvious　desires　in　1799。



HOWEVER　clear　and　energetic　his　artistic　convictions　may　be；　his　mind

is　absorbed　by　the　preoccupations　of　the　ruler：　It　is　not　enough　for

him　that　his　edifice　should　be　monumental；　symmetrical；　and　beautiful。

As　he　lives　in　it　and　derives　the　greatest　benefit　from　it；　he　wants

first　of　all　that　it　should　be　fit　to　live　in；　habitable　for　Frenchmen

of　the　year　1800。　Consequently；　he　takes　into　account　the　habits　and

dispositions　of　his　tenants；　the　pressing　and　permanent　wants。　But

these　needs　must　not　be　theoretic　and　vague；　but　verified　and　defined；

for　he　is　as　accurate　as　he　is　shrewd；　and　deals　only　with　positive

facts。



〃My　political　system；〃　says　he　to　the　Council　of　State；＇1＇　〃is　to　rule

men　as　the　mass　want　to　be　ruled。　。　。　　By　constituting　myself　a

Catholic　I　put　an　end　to　the　war　in　La　Vendée；　by　turning　into　a

Moslem　I　established　myself　in　Egypt：　by　turning　ultramontane＇2＇　I

gained　over　the　priests　in　Italy。　Were　I　to　govern　a　population　of

Jews；　I　would　restore　the　temple　of　Solomon。　I　shall　speak　just　in

this　fashion　about　liberty　in　the　free　part　of　St。　Domingo；　I　shall

confirm　slavery　in　the　Ile…de…France　and　even　in　the　slave　section　of

St。　Domingo；　with　the　reservation　of　diminishing　and　limiting　slavery

where　I　maintain　it；　and　of　restoring　order　and　keeping　up　discipline

where　I　maintain　freedom。　I　think　that　is　the　way　to　recognize　the

sovereignty　of　the　people。〃



〃　Now；　in　France；　at　this　epoch；　there　are　two　groups　of　preponderant

desires　which　evidently　outweigh　all　others；　one　dating　back　the　past

ten　years；　and　the　other　for　a　century　or　more：　the　question　is　how　to

satisfy　these；　and　the　sagacious　constructor；　who　estimates　them　for

what　they　are　worth；　combines　to　this　end　the　proportions；　plan；

arrangement；　and　entire　interior　economy　of　his　edifice。



II。　The　Revolution　Ends。



Necessities　dating　from　the　Revolution。　…　Lack　of　security　for

Persons；　Property；　and　Consciences。　…　Requisite　conditions　for　the

establishment　of　order。　…　End　of　Civil　war；　Brigandage；　and　Anarchy。　…

Universal　relief　and　final　security。



The　first　of　these　two　needs　is　urgent；　almost　physical。　For　the　last

ten　years；　the　government　has　not　done　its　duty；　or　has　ruled　in　a

contrary　sense。　By　turns　or　at　the　same　time　its　impotence　and

injustice　have　been　deplorable。　It　has　committed　or　allowed　too　many

outrages　on　persons；　property；　and　consciences。　All　in　all　the

Revolution　did　nothing　else；　and　it　is　time　that　this　should　stop。

Safety　and　security　for　consciences；　property；　and　persons　is　the　loud

and　unanimous　outcry　vibrating　in　all　hears。＇3＇　…　To　calm　things　down；

many　novelties　are　required：　To　start　with；　the　political　and

administrative　concentration　just　described；　a　centralization　of　all

powers　in　one　hand；　local　powers　conferred　by　the　central　power；　and；

to　exercise　this　supreme　power　a　resolute　chief；　equal　in　intelligence

to　his　high　position。　Next；　a　regularly　paid　army；＇4＇　carefully

equipped；　properly　clothed　and　fed；　strictly　disciplined　and　therefore

obedient　and　able　to　do　its　duty　without　wavering　or　faltering；　like

any　other　instrument　of　precision。　An　active　police　force　and

gendarmerie　kept　on　a　tight　rein。　Administrators　independent　of　those

under　their　jurisdiction；　and　judges　independent　of　those　due　to　be

tried。　All　appointed；　maintained；　watched；　and　restrained　from　above；

as　impartial　as　possible；　sufficiently　competent；　and；　in　their

official　spheres；　capable　functionaries。　Finally；　freedom　of　worship；

and；　accordingly；　a　treaty　with　Rome　and　the　restoration　of　the

Catholic　Church；　that　is　to　say；　a　legal　recognition　of　the　orthodox

hierarchy　and　of　the　only　clergy　which　the　faithful　may　accept　as

legitimate；　in　other　words；　the　institution　of　bishops　by　the　Pope；

and　of　priests　by　the　bishops。



This　done；　the　rest　is　easily　accomplished。　A　well…led　army　corps

marches　along　and　tramples　out　the　embers　of　the　conflagration　now

kindling　in　the　West；　while　religious　toleration　extinguishes　the

smoldering　fires　of　popular　insurrection。　Henceforth；　there　is　an　end

to　civil　war。＇5＇　Regiments　ready　to　act　in　harmony　with　the　military

commissions＇6＇　purge　the　South　and　the　valley　of　the　Rh？ne；

thenceforth；　there　are　no　more　roving　bands　in　the　rural　districts；

while　brigandage　on　a　grand　scale；　constantly　repressed；　ceases；　and

after　this；　that　on　a　small　scale。　No　more　chouans；　chauffeurs；　or

barbets；＇7＇　The　mail…coach　travels　without　a　guard；　and　the　highways

are　safe。＇8＇　There　is　longer　any　class　or　category　of　citizens

oppressed　or　excluded　from　the　common　law；　the　latest　Jacobin　decrees

and　the　forced　loan　have　been　at　once　revoked：　noble　or　plebeian；

ecclesiastic　or　layman；　rich　or　poor；　former　émigré　or　former

terrorist；　every　man；　whatever　his　past；　his　condition；　or　his

opinions；　now　enjoys　his　private　property　and　his　legal　rights；　he　has

no　longer　to　fear　the　violence　of　the　opposite　party；　he　may　relay　on

the　protection　of　the　authorities；＇9＇　and　on　the　equity　of　the

magistrates。＇10＇　So　long　as　he　respects　the　law　he　can　go　to　bed　at

night　and　sleep　tranquilly　with　the　certainty　of　awaking　in　freedom　on

the　morrow；　and　with　the　certainty　of　doing　as　he　pleases　the　entire

day；　with　the　privilege　of　working；　buying；　selling；　thinking；　amusing

himself；＇11＇　going　and　coming　at　his　pleasure；　and　especially　of　going

to　mass　or　of　staying　away　if　he　ch