the origins of contemporary france-5-第49部分

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national　domain；　several　distinct　morsels　in　each　district　or

department；　amounting　in　all　to　four　millions　of　annual　income　derived

from　productive　real…estate；＇121＇　which　he　distributes　among　the

asylums；　pro　rata；　according　to　their　losses。　He　assigns　to　them；

moreover；　all　the　rents；　in　money　or　in　kind；　due　for　foundations　to

parishes；　curés；　fabriques　and　corporations；　finally；　〃he　applies　to

their　wants〃　various　outstanding　claims；　all　national　domains　which

have　been　usurped　by　individuals　or　communes　and　which　may　be

subsequently　recovered；　〃all　rentals　be…longing　to　the　Republic；　the

recognition　and　payment　of　which　have　been　interrupted。〃＇122＇　　In

short；　he　rummages　every　corner　and　picks　out　the　scraps　which　may

help　them　along；　then；　resuming　and　extending　another　undertaking　of

the　Directory；　he　assigns　to　them；　not　merely　in　Paris；　but　in　many

other　towns；　a　portion　of　the　product　derived　from　theatres　and

octrois。＇123＇　…　Having　thus　increased　their　income；　he　applies　himself

to　diminishing　their　expenses。　On　the　one　hand；　he　gives　them　back

their　special　servants；　those　who　cost　the　least　and　work　the　best；　I

mean　the　Sisters　of　Charity。　On　the　other　hand；　he　binds　them　down

rigidly　to　exact　accounts；　he　subjects　them　to　strict　supervision；　he

selects　for　them　competent　and　suitable　administrators；　he　stops；　here

as　everywhere　else；　waste　and　peculation。　Henceforth；　the　public

reservoir　to　which　the　poor　come　to　quench　their　thirst　is　repaired

and　cleaned；　the　water　remains　pure　and　no　longer　oozes　out；　private

charity　may　therefore　pour　into　it　its　fresh　streams　with　full

security；　on　this　side；　they　flow　in　naturally；　and；　at　this　moment；

with　more　force　than　usual；　for；　in　the　reservoir；　half…emptied　by

revolutionary　confiscations；　the　level　is　always　low。



There　remain　the　institutions　for　instruction。　With　respect　to　these；

the　restoration　seems　more　difficult；　for　their　ancient　endowment　is

almost　entirely　wasted；　the　government　has　nothing　to　give　back　but

dilapidated　buildings；　a　few　scattered　investments　formerly　intended

for　the　maintenance　of　a　college　scholarship；＇124＇　or　for　a　village

schoolhouse。　And　to　whom　should　these　be　returned　since　the　college

and　the　schoolhouse　no　longer　exist？　…　Fortunately；　instruction　is　an

article　of　such　necessity　that　a　father　almost　always　tries　to　procure

it　for　his　children；　even　if　poor；　he　is　willing　to　pay　for　it；　if　not

too　dear；　only；　he　wants　that　which　pleases　him　in　kind　and　in　quality

and；　therefore；　from　a　particular　source；　bearing　this　or　that　factory

stamp　or　label。　If　you　want　him　to　buy　it　do　not　drive　the　purveyors

of　it　from　the　market　who　enjoy　his　confidence　and　who　sell　it

cheaply；　on　the　contrary；　welcome　them　and　allow　them　to　display　their

wares。　This　is　the　first　step；　an　act　of　toleration；　the　conseils…

généraux　demand　it　and　the　government　yields。＇125＇　　It　permits　the

return　of　the　Ignorantin　brethren；　allows　them　to　teach　and　authorizes

the　towns　to　employ　them；　later　on；　it　graduates　them　at　its

University：　in　1810；　they　already　possess　41　schoolhouses　and　8400

pupils。＇126＇　　Still　more　liberally；　it　authorizes　and　favors　female

educational　congregations；　down　to　the　end　of　the　empire　and

afterwards；　nuns　are　about　the　only　instructors　of　young　girls；

especially　in　primary　education。　…　Owing　to　the　same　toleration；　the

upper　schools　are　likewise　reorganized；　and　not　less　spontaneously；

through　the　initiative　of　private　individuals；　communes；　bishops；

colleges　or　pensionnats；　at　Reims；　Fontainebleau；　Metz；　évreux；

Sorrèze；　Juilly；　La　Fléche　and　elsewhere　small　seminaries　in　all　the

dioceses。　Offer　and　demand　have　come　together；　instructors　meet　the

children　half…way；　and　education　begins　on　all　sides。＇127＇



Thought　can　now　be　given　to　its　endowment；　and　the　State　invites

everybody；　the　communes　as　well　as　private　persons；　to　the

undertaking。　It　is　on　their　liberality　that　it　relies　for　replacing

the　ancient　foundations；　it　solicits　gifts　and　legacies　in　favor　of

new　establishments；　and　it　promises　〃to　surround　these　donations　with

the　most　invariable　respect。〃＇128＇　　Meanwhile；　and　as　a　precautionary

measure；　it　assigns　to　each　its　eventual　duty；＇129＇　if　the　commune

establishes　a　primary　school　for　itself；　it　must　provide　the　tutor

with　a　lodging　and　the　parents　must　compensate　him；　if　the　commune

founds　a　college　or　accepts　a　lycée；　it　must　pay　for　the　annual

support　of　the　building；＇130＇　while　the　pupils；　either　day…scholars　or

boarders；　pay　accordingly。　In　this　way；　the　heavy　expenses　are　already

met；　and　the　State；　the　general…manager　of　the　service；　furnishes

simply　a　very　small　quota；　and　this　quota；　mediocre　as　a　rule；　is

found　almost　null　in　fact；　for　its　main　largess　consists　in　6400

scholarships　which　it　establishes　and　engages　to　support；　but　it

confers　only　about　3000　of　them；＇131＇　and　it　distributes　nearly　all　of

these　among　the　children　of　its　military　or　civilian　employees　This

way　a　son's　scholarship　becomes　additional　pay　or　an　increased　salary

for　the　father；　thus；　the　2　millions　which　the　State　seems；　under　this

head；　to　assign　to　the　lycées　are　actually　gratifications　which　it

distributes　among　its　functionaries　and　officials：　it　takes　back　with

one　hand　what　it　be…stows　with　the　other。　…　Having　put　this　in　place；

it　establishes　the　University。　It　is　not　at　its　own　expense；　however；

but　at　the　expense　of　others；　at　the　expense　of　private　persons　and

parents；　of　the　communes；　and　above　all　at　the　expense　of　rival

schools　and　private　boarding…schools；　of　the　free　institutions；　and

all　this　in　favor　of　the　University　monopoly　which　subjects　these　to

special　taxation　as　ingenious　as　it　is　multifarious。＇132＇　　A　private

individual　obtaining　diploma　to　open　on　a　boarding　school　must　pay

from　200　to　300　francs　to　the　University；　likewise；　every　person

obtaining　a　diploma　to　open　an　institution　shall　pay　from　400　to　600

francs　to　the　University；　likewise　every　person　obtaining　permission

to　lecture　on　law　or　medicine。＇133＇　　Every　student；　boarder；　half…

boarder　or　day…scholar　in　any　school；　institution；　seminary；　college

or　lycée；　must　pay　to　the　University　one…twentieth　of　the　sum　which

the　establishment　to　which　he　belongs　demands　of　each　of　its　pupils。

In　the　higher　schools；　in　the　faculties　of　law；　medicine；　science　and

literature；　the　students　pay　entrance　and　examination　fees　and　for

diplomas；　so　that　the　day　comes　when　superior　instruction　provides　for

its　expenditures　out　of　its　receipts　and　even　shows　on　its　budget　a

net　surplus　of　profit。　The　new　University；　with　its　expenses　thus

defrayed；　will　support　itself　alone；　accordingly；　all　that　the　State

really　grants　to　it；　as　a　veritable　gift；　in　ready　cash；　is　400；000

francs　annual　income　on　the　public　ledger；　a　little　less　than　the

donation　of　one　single　college；　Louis…le…Grand；　in　1789。＇134＇　It　may

even　be　said　that　it　is　exactly　the　fortune　of　the　old　college　which；

after　being　made　use　of　in　many　ways；　turned　aside　and　with　other

mischance；　becomes　the　patrimony　of　the　new　University。＇135＇　From

high…school　to　University；　the　State　has　effected　the　transfer。　Such

is　its　generosity。　This　is　especially　apparent　in　connection　with

primary　instruction；　in　1812；　for　the　first　time；　it　allows　25；000

francs　for　this　purpose；　of　which　only　4；500　are　received。＇136＇



Such　is　the　final　liquidation　of　the　great　collective　fortunes。　A

settlement　of　accounts；　an　express　or　tacit　bargain；　intervenes

between　the　State　and　all　institutions　for　instruction；　worship　and

charity。　It　has　taken　from　the　poor；　from　the　young　and　from

believers；　5　milliards　of　capital　and　270　millions　of　revenue；＇137＇　it

gives　back　to　them；　in　public　income　and　treasury　interest；　about　17

millions　per　annum。　As　it　has　the　might　and　makes　the　law　it　has　no

difficulty　in　obtaining　or　in　giving　itself　its　own　discharge；　it　is　a

bankrupt　who；　having　spent　his　creditors　money；　bestows　on　these　6％。

of　their　claim　by　way　of　alms。



Naturally；　it　takes　the　opportunity　to　bring　them　under　its　strict　and

permanent　dependence；　in　adding　other　claims　to　those　with　which　the

old　monarchy　had　already　burdened　the　corporations　that　administered

collective　fortunes。　Napoleon　increases　the　weight　of　these　chains　and

screws　them　tighter。　Not　only　does　he　take　it　upon　himself　to　impose

order；　probity；　and　economy　on　the　administrators；　but；　again；　he

appoints　them；　dismisses　them；　and　prescribes　or　authorizes　each　of

their　acts。　He　puts　words　in　their　mouths；　he　wants　to　be　the　great

bishop；　the　universal　genius；　the　sole　tutor　and　professor；　in　short；

the　dictator　of　opinion；　the　creator　and　director　of　every　political；

social　and　moral　idea　throughout　his　empire。　…　With　what　rigidity　and

pertinacious　intent；　with　what　variety　and　convergence　of　means；　with

what　plenitude　and　certainty　of　execution；　with　what　detriment　and

with　what　danger；　present　and　to　come；　for　corporations；　for　the

public；　for　the　State；　for　himself；　we　shall　see　presently；　he

himself；　living　and　reigning；　is　to　realize　this。　For　his

interference；　pushed　to　extremes；　is　to　end　in　encountering　resistance

in　a　body　which　he　considers　as　his　own　creature；　the　Church：　here；

forgetting　that　she　has　roots　of　her　own；　deep　down　and　out　of　his

reach；　he　carries　off　the　Pope；　holds　him　captive；　sends　cardinals

into　the　interior；　（Page　198/504）imprisons　bishops；　banishes　priests；

and　incorporates　seminarians　in　his　regiments。＇138＇　　　He　decrees　the

closing　of　all　small　seminaries；＇139＇　alienates　forever　the　Catholic

clergy　like　the　royalist　nobility；　precisely　at　the　same　moment　and

through　the　same　absolutism；　through　the　same　abuse　of　power；　through

the　same　recurrence　to　revolutionary　tradition；　to　Jacobin　infatuation

and　brutality；　even　to　the　frustration　of　his　Concordat　of　1802　as

with　his　amnesty　of　1802；　even　to　compromis