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councillors of State on mission during the year IX; published by

Rocquam; with omissions; among which is the following; in the report

of Fran?ois de Nantes。) 〃The steps taken by the mayors of Marseilles

are sufficiently effective to enable an émigré under surveillance and

just landed; to walk about Marseilles without being knocked down or

knocking anybody else down; an alternative to which they have been

thus far subject。 And yet there are in this town nearly 500 men who

have slaughtered with their own hands; or been the accomplices of

slaughterers; at different times during the Revolution。 。 。 。 The

inhabitants of this town are so accustomed to being annoyed and

despoiled; and to being treated like those of a rebellious town or

colony; that arbitrary power no longer frightens them; and they simply

ask that their lives and property be protected against murderers and

pillagers; and that things be entrusted to sure and impartial hands。〃



'10' Roederer; III。; 481。 (Report on the Sénatorerie of Caen; Germinal

2; year XIII。)… Faber; 〃Notice sur l'intérieur de la France〃(1807);

p。110; 112。  〃Justice is one of the bright sides of France of to…day。

It is costly; but it cannot be called venal。〃



'11' Rocquain; ibid。; 19。 (Report of Fran?ois de Nantes on the 8th

military division。) 〃For the past eighteen months a calm has prevailed

here equal to that which existed before the Revolution。 Balls and

parties have been resumed in the towns; while the old dances of

Provence; suspended for ten years; now gladden the people of the

country。〃



'12'  Proclamation to the French people; Dec。 15; 1799。



'13' See 〃The Revolution;〃 vol。 III。; p。292。 (Notes。) (Laff。  II; the

notes on pp。 218…219。)



'14' Decision of the Council of State; Pluvi?se 5; year VIII (Jan。 25;

1800)。



'15' Forneron; 〃Histoire générale des émigrés;〃 II。; 374。 In 1800; the

army of Condé still comprised 1007 officers and 5840 volunteers。



'16' Decrees of Brumaire 3; year IV; and of Frimaire 9; year VI。 (Cf。

〃The Revolution;〃 pp。433; 460。)



'17' Constitution of Frimaire 22; year VIII。 (December 13; 1799);

article 93。 〃The French nation declares that in no case will it suffer

the return of the Frenchmen who; having abandoned their country since

the 14th of July 1789; are not comprised in the exceptions made to the

laws rendered against émigrés。 It interdicts every new exception in

this respect。〃



'18' Opinion of the Council of State; Dec。 25; 1799。



'19' Resolution of Dec。 26; 1799。 … Two ultra…Jacobins; exiled after

Thermidor; are added to the list; Barère and Vadier; undoubtedly by

way of compensation and not to let it appear that the scales inclined

too much on one side。



'20' Resolution of Dec。 30; 1799。



'21' Resolutions of February 26; March 2; and March 3; 1800。



'22' Thibaudeau; 〃Mémoires sur le Consulat;〃 199。 (Stated by the First

Consul at Regnault at a meeting of the council of state; Aug。12;

1801。) 〃I am glad to hear the denunciation of striking off names。 How

many have you yourselves not asked for? It could not be otherwise。

Everybody has some relation or friend on the lists。〃



'23' Thibaudeau。 ibid。 (Speech by the First Consul。) 〃Never have there

been lists of émigrés;〃 there are only lists of absentees。 The proof

of this is that names have always been struck off。 I have seen members

of the Convention and even generals on the lists。 Citizen Monge was

inscribed。〃



'24' Thibaudeau; ibid。; 97。 … 〃The minister of police made a great hue

and cry over the arrest and sending back of a few émigrés who returned

without permission; or who annoyed the buyers of their property;

while; at the same time; it granted surveillance to all who asked for

it; paying no attention to the distinction made by the resolution of

Vendémiaire 28。〃



'25' Sénatus…consulte of April 26; 1802。



'26' Sénatus…consulte of April 26; 1802; title II。; articles 16 and

17。 … Gaudin; Duc de Ga?te; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 183。 (Report on the

administration of the Finances in 1803。) 〃The old proprietors have

been reinstated in more than 20;000 hectares of forests。〃



'27' Thibaudeau; ibid。; p。 98。 (Speech of the First Consul; Thermidor

24; year IX。) Some of the émigrés who have been pardoned are cutting

down their forests; either from necessity or to send money abroad。 I

will not allow the worst enemies of the republic; the defenders of

ancient prejudices; to recover their fortunes and despoil France。 I am

glad to welcome them back; but it is important that the nation should

preserve its forests; the navy needs them。〃



'28' An arpent measures about an acre and a half。(TR。)



'29' Stourm; 〃Les Finances de l'ancien régime et de la

révolution;〃II。; 459 to 461。 … (According to the figures appended to

the projected law of 1825。) … This relates only to their patrimony in

real estate; their personal estate was wholly swept away; at first

through the abolition; without indemnity; of their available feudal

rights under the Constituent and Legislative assemblies; and

afterwards through the legal and forced transformation of their

personal capital into national bonds (titres sur le grand…livre;

rentes) which the final bankruptcy of the Directory reduced to almost

nothing。



'30' Pelet de la Lozère; 〃Opinions de Napoléon au conseil d'état〃

(March 15th and July 1st; 1806): 〃One of the most unjust effects of

the revolution was to let an émigré; whose property was found to be

sold; starve to death; and give back 100;000 crowns of rente to

another whose property happened to be still in the hands of the

government。 How odd; again; to have returned unsold fields and to have

kept the woods! It would have been better; starting from the legal

forfeiture of all property; to return only 6000 francs of rente to one

alone and distribute what remained among the rest。〃



'31' Léonce de Lavergne; 〃Economie rurale de la France;〃 p。26。

(According to the table of names with indemnities awarded by the law

of 1825。) … Duc de Rovigo; Mémoires;〃 IV。; 400。



'32' De Puymaigre; 〃Souvenirs de l'émigration de l'empire et de la

restauration;〃 p。94。



'33' Pelet de la Lozère; ibid。; p。272。



'34' De Puymaigre; ibid。; passim。 …  Alexandrine des écherolles; 〃Une

famille noble pendant la Terreur;〃 pp。328; 402; 408。 … I add to

published documents personal souvenirs and family narrations。



'35' Duc de Rovigo; 〃Mémoires;〃 IV。; 399。 (On the provincial noblesse

which had emigrated and returned。) 〃The First Consul quietly gave

orders that none of the applications made by the large number of those

who asked for minor situations in various branches of the

administration should be rejected on account of emigration。〃



'36' M。 de Vitrolles; 〃Mémoires。〃 … M。 d'Haussonville; 〃Ma jeunesse;〃

p。 6o: 〃One morning; my father learns that he has been appointed

chamberlain; with a certain number of other persons belonging to the

greatest families of the faubourg Saint…Germain。〃



'37' Madame de Rémusat; 〃Mémoires;〃 II。; 312; 315 and following pages;

373。 … Madame de Sta?l; 〃Considérations sur la révolution fran?aise;〃

4th part; ch IV。



'38' Roederer; III。; 459。 (Speech by Napoleon; December 30; 1802。)〃

Very well; I do protect the nobles of France; but they must see that

they need protection。 。 。 。 I give places to many of them; I restore

them to public distinction and even to the honors of the drawing…room;

but they feel that it is alone through my good will。 … Ibid。; III。;

558 (January 1809): 〃I repent daily of a mistake I have made in my

government; the most serious one I ever made; and I perceive its bad

effects every day。 It was the giving back to the émigrés the totality

of their possessions。 I ought to have massed them in common and given

each one simply the chance of an income of 6000 francs。 As soon as I

saw my mistake I withdrew from thirty to forty millions of forests;

but far too many are still in the hands of a great number of them。〃 …

We here see the attitude he would impose on them; that of clients and

grateful pensioners。 They do not stand in this attitude。 (Roederer;

III。; 472。 Report on the Sénatorerie of Caen; 1803。) … 〃The returned

émigrés are not friendly nor even satisfied; their enjoyment of what

they have recovered is less than their indignation at what they have

lost。 They speak of the amnesty without gratitude; and as only partial

justice。 。 。 。 In other respects they appear submissive。〃



'39' Duc de Rovigo1 〃Memoires。〃 V。;  297。 Towards the end; large

numbers of the young nobles went into the army。 〃In 1812; there; was

not a marshal; or even a general; who had not some of these on his

staff; or as aids…de…camp。 Nearly all the cavalry regiments in the

army were commanded by officers belonging to these families。 They had

already attracted notice in the infantry。 All these young nobles had

openly joined the emperor because they were easily influenced by love

of glory。〃



'40' Madame de Rémusat II。; 299 (1806): 〃He began to surround himself

about this time with so much ceremony that none of us had scarcely any

intimate relations with him。 。 。 。 The court became more and more

crowded and monotonous; each doing on the minute what he had to do。

Nobody thought of venturing outside the brief series of ideas which

are generated within the restricted circle of the same duties。 。 。 。

Increasing despotism; 。 。 。 fear of a reproof if one failed in the

slightest particular; silence kept by us all。 。 。 。 There was no

opportunity to indulge emotion or interchange any observation of the

slightest importance。〃



'41' Roederer; III。;  558 (January 1809)。 … 〃The Modern Régime;〃 ante;

book I。; ch。 II。



'42' Madame de Rémusat; III。; 75; 155:  〃When the minister of police

learned that jesting or malicious remarks had been made in one of the

Paris drawing…rooms he at once notified the master or mistress 

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