the origins of contemporary france-5-第66部分

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consideration　would　they　remain　longer。　　2nd。　Second　call　for

volunteers　in　April　1792。　Only　mixed　levies；　partial；　raised　by　money；

most　of　them　even　without　occupation；　outcasts　and　unable　to　withstand

the　enemy。　3rd。　300；000　men　recruited；　which　measure　partly　fails；　the

recruit　can　always　get　off　by　furnishing　a　substitute。　4th。　Levy　in

mass　of　500；000　men；　called　volunteers；　but　really　conscripts。〃



＇64＇　〃Mémorial〃　（Speech　by　Napoleon　before　the　Council　of　State）。　〃I

am　inflexible　on　exemptions；　they　would　be　crimes；　how　relieve　one's

conscience　of　having　caused　one　man　to　die　in　the　place　of　another　？〃

…　〃The　conscription　was　an　unprivileged　militia：　it　was　an　eminently

national　institution　and　already　far　advanced　in　our　customs；　only

mothers　were　still　afflicted　by　it；　while　the　time　was　coming　when　a

girl　would　not　have　a　man　who　had　not　paid　his　debt　to　his　country。〃



＇65＇　Law　of　Fructidor　8；　year　XIII；　article　10。　…　Pelet　de　La　Lozère；

229。　（Speech　by　Napoleon；　Council　of　State；　May　29；　1804。）　…　Pelet

adds：　〃The　duration　of　the　service　was　not　fixed。　。　。　。　As　a　fact　in

itself；　the　man　was　exiled　from　his　home　for　the　rest　of　his　life；

regarding　it　as　a　desolating；　permanent　exile。　。　。　。　Entire　sacrifice

of　existence。　。　。　。　An　annual　crop　of　young　men　torn　from　their

families　and　sent　to　death。〃　…　Archives　nationales；　F7；　3014。　（Reports

of　prefects；　1806。）　After　this　date；　and　even　from　the　beginning；

there　is　extreme　repugnance　which　is　only　overcome　by　severe　means。　。

。　。　（Ardeche。）　〃If　the　state　of　the　country　were　to　be　judged　of　by

the　results　of　the　conscription　one　would　have　a　poor　idea　of　it。〃　…

（Ariège。）　〃At　Brussac；　district　of　Foix；　four　or　five　individuals　arm

themselves　with　stones　and　knives　to　help　a　conscript　escape；　arrested

by　the　gendarmes。　。　。　。　A　garrison　was　ordered　to　this　commune。〃　…　At

Massat；　district　of　Saint…Girons；　on　a　few　brigades　of　gendarmes

entering　this　commune　to　establish　a　garrison；　in　order　to　hasten　the

departure　of　refractory　conscripts；　they　were　stoned；　a　shot　even　was

fired　at　this　troop。　。　。　。　A　garrison　was　placed　in　these　hamlets　as

in　the　rest　of　the　commune。　…　During　the　night　of　Frimaire　16…17　last；

six　strange　men　presented　themselves　before　the　prison　of　Saint…Girons

and　loudly　demanded　Gouazé；　a　deserter　and　condemned。　On　the　jailor

coming　down　they　seized　him　and　struck　him　down。〃　…　（Haute…Loire。）

〃'The　flying　column　is　under　constant　orders　simultaneously　against

the　refractory　and　disobedient　among　the　classes　of　the　years　IX；　X；

XI；　XII；　and　XIII；　and　against　the　laggards　of　that　of　year　IV；　of

which　134　men　yet　remain　to　be　supplied。〃　…　（Bouches…du…Rh？ne。）　〃50

deserter　sailors　and　84　deserters　or　conscripts　of　different　classes

have　been　arrested。〃　…　（Dordogne。）　〃Out　of　1353　conscripts；　134　have

failed　to　reach　their　destination；　124　refractory　or　deserters　from

the　country　and　41　others　have　been　arrested；　81　conscripts　have

surrendered　as　a　result　of　placing　a　garrison　amongst　them；　186　have

not　surrendered。　Out　of　892　conscripts　of　the　year　XIV　on　the　march；

101　deserted　on　the　road。〃　…　（Gard。）　〃76　refractory　or　deserters

arrested。〃　…　（Landes。）　〃Out　of　406　men　who　left；　51　deserted　on　the

way；〃　etc。　…　This　repugnance　becomes　more　and　more　aggravated。　（Cf。

analogous　reports　of　1812　and　1813；　F7；　3018　and　3019；　in　〃Journal

d'un　bourgeois　d'Evreux；〃　p。　150　to　214；　and　〃Histoire　de　1814；〃　by

Henry　Houssaye；　p。8　to　24。）



＇66＇　Law　of　Fructidor；　year　VI。



＇67＇　Decree　of　July　29；　1811　（on　the　exemption　of　pupils　in　the　école

Normale）。　…　Decree　of　March　30；　1810；　title　II。；　articles　2；　4；　5；　6

（on　the　police　and　system　of　the　école　Normale）。　…　Decree　on　the

organization　of　the　University；　titles　6　and　13；　March　7；　1808。



＇68＇　Law　of　Vent？se　17；　year　VIII；　title　III。；　articles　I　and　13。　…

Law　of　Fructidor　8；　year　XIII；　articles　50；　54；　and　55。



＇69＇　Law　of　Fructidor　8；　year　XIII；　article　51



＇70＇　Law　of　Vent？se　17；　year　VIII；　title　3；　article　I。



＇71＇　Thibaudeau；　p。　108。　（Speech　of　the　First　Consul　before　the

Council　of　State。）　　〃Art；　science　and　the　professions　must　be　thought

of。　We　are　not　Spartans。　。　。　。　As　to　substitution；　it　must　be　allowed。

In　a　nation　where　fortunes　are　equal　each　individual　should　serve

personally；　but；　with　a　people　whose　existence　depends　on　the

inequality　of　fortunes；　the　rich　must　be　allowed　the　right　of

substitution；　only　we　must　take　care　that　the　substitutes　be　good；　and

that　conscripts　pay　some　of　the　money　serving　to　defray　the　expense　of

a　part　of　the　equipment　of　the　army　of　reserve。〃



＇72＇　Pelet　de　La　Lozère；　228。



＇73＇　Archives　nationales；　F7；　3014。　（Reports　of　prefects；　1806。）

Average　price　of　a　substitute：　Basses　Alpes；　from　2；000　to　2；500

francs；　Bouches…du…Rh？ne；　from　1；800　to　3；000；　Dordogne；　2；400；　Gard；

3；000；　Gers；　4；000；　Haute…Garonne；　from　2；000　to　3；000；　Hérault；

4；000；　Vaucluse；　2；500；　Landes；　4；000。　　Average　rate　of　interest

（Ardèche）：　〃Money；　which　was　from　11/4　　to　11/2　％；　has　declined；　it　is

now　at　3　1/4　％　a　month　or　10　％　per　annum。〃　…　（Basses　Alpes）：　〃The　rate

of　money　has　varied　in　commerce　from　1　to　3/4　％　per　month。〃　…　（Gard）：

〃Interest　is　at　1　％　a　month　in　commerce；　proprietors　can　readily

borrow　at　9　or　10　％　per　annum。〃　…　（Hérault）：　〃The　interest　on　money　is

1　1/4　％　per　month。〃　…　（Vaucluse）：　〃Money　is　from　3/4　to　11/4　　％　per

month。〃



＇74＇　Thiers；　VII。；　p。23　and　467。　In　November　1806；　Napoleon　orders　the

conscription　of　1807；　in　March　1807；　he　orders　the　conscription　of

1808；　and　so　on；　always　from　worse　to　worse。　…　Decrees　of　1808　and

1813　against　young　men　of　family　already　bought　off　or　exempted。　…

〃Journal　d'un　Bourgeois　d'Evreux；〃　214。　Desolate　state　of　things　in

1813；　〃general　depression　and　discouragement。〃　…　Miot　de　Mélito；　III。；

304。　（Report　of　Miot　to　the　Emperor　after　a　tour　in　the　departments　in

1815。）　〃Everywhere；　almost；　the　women　are　your　declared　enemies。〃



＇75＇　Law　of　Vent？se　17；　year　VIII；　title　3；　articles　6；　7；　8；　9。　…

Exemption　is　granted　as　a　favor　only　to　the　ignorantin　brothers　and　to

seminarians　assigned　to　the　priesthood。　　…　Cf。　the　law　of　March　10；

1818；　articles　15　and　18。







CHAPTER　III。　Ambition　and　Self…esteem。



I。　Rights　and　benefits。



The　assignment　of　right。　…　Those　out　of　favor　and　the　preferred　under

former　governments。　…　Under　the　Ancient　Regime。　…　During　the

Revolution。　…　French　conception　of　Equality　and　Rights。　…　Its

ingredients　and　its　excesses。　…　The　satisfaction　it　obtains　under　the

new　regime。　…　Abolition　of　legal　incapacity　and　equality　in　the

possession　of　rights。　…　Confiscation　of　collective　action　and　equality

in　the　deprivation　of　rights。　…　Careers　in　the　modern　State。　…　Equal

right　of　all　to　offices　and　to　promotion。　…　Napoleon's　distribution　of

employments。　…　His　staff　of　officials　recruited　from　all　classes　and

parties。



Now　that　the　State　has　just　made　a　new　allotment　of　the　burdens　and

duties　which　it　imposes　it　must　make　a　new　assignment　of　the　rights

and　benefits　it　confers。　Distributive　justice；　on　both　sides；　and　long

before　1789；　was　defective；　and；　under　the　monarchy；　exclusions　had

become　as　obnoxious　as　exemptions；　all　the　more　because；　through　a

double　iniquity；　the　ancient　Régime　in　each　group　distinguished　two

other　groups；　one　to　which　it　granted　every　exemption；　and　the　other

which　it　made　subject　to　every　exclusion。　The　reason　is　that；　from　the

first；　the　king；　in　the　formation　and　government　of　the　kingdom；　in

order　to　secure　the　services；　money；　collaboration　or　connivance　which

he　needed；　was　obliged　to　negotiate　always　with　corporations；　orders；

provinces；　seignories；　the　clergy；　churches；　monasteries；

universities；　parliaments；　professional　bodies　or　industrial　guilds

and　families；　that　is　to　say　with　constituted　powers；　more　or　less

difficult　to　bring　under　subjection　and　which；　to　be　kept　in

subjection；　stipulated　conditions。　Hence；　in　France；　so　many　different

conditions：　each　distinct　body　had　yielded　through　one　or　several

distinct　capitulations　and　possessed　its　own　separate　statute。　Hence；

again；　such　diversely　unequal　conditions：　the　bodies；　the　best　able　to

protect　themselves；　had；　of　course；　defended　themselves　the　best。

Their　statutes；　written　or　unwritten；　guaranteed　to　them　precious

privileges　which　the　other　bodies；　much　weaker；　could　neither　acquire

nor　preserve。　These　were　not　merely　immunities　but　likewise

prerogatives；　not　alone　alleviations　of　taxation　and　militia

dispensations；　but　likewise　political　and　administrative　liberties；

remnants　of　their　primitive　sovereignty；　with　many　other　positive

advantages。　The　very　least　being　precedence；　preferences；　social

priority；　with　an　incontestable　right　to　rank；　honors；　offices；　and

favors。　Such；　notably；　were　the　regions…states　possessing　their　own

government　（pays　d'états）；　compared　with　those　which　elected　the

magistrates　who　apportioned　taxation　（pays　d'élection）；＇1＇　the　two

highest　orders；　the　clergy　and　the　nobles；　compared　with　the　third…

estate；　and　the　bourgeoisie；　and　the　town　corporations　compared　with

the　rest　of　the　inhabitants。　On　the　other　hand；　opposed　to　these

historical　favorites　were　the　historical　disinherited；　the　latter　much

more　numerous　and　counting　by　millions　…　the　taxable　commons；　all

subjects　without　rank　or　quality；　in　short；　the　ordinary　run　of　men；

especially　the　common　herd　of　the　towns　and　particularly　of　the

country；　all　the　more　ground　down　on　account　of　their　lower　status；

along　with　the　Jews　lower　yet；　a　sort　of　foreign　class　scarcely

tolerated；　with　the　Calvinists；　not　only　deprived　of　the　humblest

rights　but；　again；　persecuted　by　the　State　for　the　past　one　hundred

years。



All　these　people；　who　have　been　transported　far　outside　of　civic

relationships　by　historic　right；　are　brought　back；　in　1789；　by

philosophic　right。　After　the　declaratio